Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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* SECOND DIVISION.
564
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565
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be a just cause for dismissal, such misconduct (a) must be serious; (b) must
relate to the performance of the employee’s duties; and (c) must show that
the employee has become unfit to continue working for the employer.
Same; Same; Same; Same; A misconduct which is not serious or grave,
as that existing in the instant case, cannot be a valid basis for dismissing an
employee.—In the instant case, petitioners-employees of Promm-Gem may
have committed an error of judgment in claiming to be employees of P&G,
but it cannot be said that they were motivated by any wrongful intent in
doing so. As such, we find them guilty of only simple misconduct for
assailing the integrity of Promm-Gem as a legitimate and independent
promotion firm. A misconduct which is not serious or grave, as that existing
in the instant case, cannot be a valid basis for dismissing an employee.
Same; Same; Loss of Trust and Confidence; Loss of trust and
confidence, as a ground for dismissal, must be based on the willful breach of
the trust reposed in the employee by his employer.—Loss of trust and
confidence, as a ground for dismissal, must be based on the willful breach of
the trust reposed in the employee by his employer. Ordinary breach will not
suffice. A breach of trust is willful if it is done intentionally, knowingly and
purposely, without justifiable excuse, as distinguished from an act done
carelessly, thoughtlessly, heedlessly or inadvertently.
Same; Same; Same; In order to constitute a just cause for dismissal,
the act complained of must be work-related and must show that the
employee is unfit to continue to work for the employer.—Loss of trust and
confidence, as a cause for termination of employment, is premised on the
fact that the employee concerned holds a position of responsibility or of
trust and confidence. As such, he must be in-
566
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The facts are stated in the opinion of the Court.
Nenita C. Mahinay for petitioners.
Angara, Abello, Concepcion, Regala and Cruz for respondent
Procter & Gamble Philippines, Inc.
567
The instant petition for review assails the March 21, 2003
Decision1 of the Court of Appeals (CA) in CA-G.R. SP No. 52082
and its October 20, 2003 Resolution2 denying the motions for
reconsideration separately filed by petitioners and respondent
Procter & Gamble Phils. Inc. (P&G). The appellate court affirmed
the July 27, 1998 Decision of the National Labor Relations
Commission (NLRC), which in turn affirmed the November 29,
1996 Decision3 of the Labor Arbiter. All these decisions found
Promm-Gem, Inc. (Promm-Gem) and Sales and Promotions
Services (SAPS) to be legitimate independent contractors and the
employers of the petitioners.
Factual Antecedents
Petitioners worked as merchandisers of P&G from various dates,
allegedly starting as early as 1982 or as late as June 1991, to either
May 5, 1992 or March 11, 1993, more specifically as follows:
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1 Rollo, pp. 86-95; penned by Associate Justice Edgardo P. Cruz and concurred in
by Associate Justices Salvador J. Valdez, Jr. and Mario L. Guariña III.
2 Id., at pp. 97-98.
3 Id., at pp. 298-312.
568
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569
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570
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and methods by which their work was accomplished, were all done
and exercised by Promm-Gem/SAPS. He further found that Promm-
Gem and SAPS were legitimate independent job contractors. The
dispositive portion of his Decision reads:
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571
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572
I.
WHETHER X X X THE HONORABLE COURT OF APPEALS HAS
COMMITTED [A] REVERSIBLE ERROR WHEN IT DID NOT FIND
THE PUBLIC RESPONDENTS TO HAVE ACTED WITH GRAVE
ABUSE OF DISCRETION AMOUNTING TO LACK OF OR IN EXCESS
OF JURISDICTION IN RENDERING THE QUESTIONED JUDGMENT
WHEN, OBVIOUSLY, THE PETITIONERS WERE ABLE TO PROVE
AND ESTABLISH THAT RESPONDENT PROCTER & GAMBLE
PHILS., INC. IS THEIR EMPLOYER AND THAT THEY WERE
ILLEGALLY DISMISSED BY THE FORMER.
II.
WHETHER X X X THE HONORABLE COURT OF APPEALS HAS
COMMITTED [A] REVERSIBLE ERROR WHEN IT DID NOT
DECLARE THAT THE PUBLIC RESPONDENTS HAD ACTED WITH
GRAVE ABUSE OF DISCRETION WHEN THE LATTER DID NOT
FIND THE PRIVATE RESPONDENTS LIABLE TO THE PETITIONERS
FOR PAYMENT OF ACTUAL, MORAL AND EXEMPLARY
DAMAGES AS WELL AS LITIGATION COSTS AND ATTORNEY’S
FEES.17
Simply stated, the issues are: (1) whether P&G is the employer of
petitioners; (2) whether petitioners were illegally dismissed; and (3)
whether petitioners are entitled for payment of actual, moral and
exemplary damages as well as litigation costs and attorney’s fees.
Petitioners’ Arguments
Petitioners insist that they are employees of P&G. They claim
that they were recruited by the salesmen of P&G and
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17 Id., at p. 668.
573
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Petitioners further claim that P&G instigated their dismissal from
work as can be gleaned from its letter19 to SAPS dated February 24,
1993, informing the latter that their Merchandising Services
Contract will no longer be renewed.Petitioners further assert that
Promm-Gem and SAPS are labor-only contractors providing
services of manpower to their client. They claim that the contractors
have neither substantial capital nor tools and equipment to undertake
independent labor contracting. Petitioners insist that since they had
been engaged to perform activities which are necessary or desirable
in the usual business or trade of P&G, then they are its regular
employees.20
Respondents’ Arguments
On the other hand, P&G points out that the instant petition raises
only questions of fact and should thus be thrown out as the Court is
not a trier of facts. It argues that findings of facts of the NLRC,
particularly where the NLRC and the Labor Arbiter are in
agreement, are deemed binding and conclusive on the Supreme
Court.
P&G further argues that there is no employment relationship
between it and petitioners. It was Promm-Gem or SAPS that (1)
selected petitioners and engaged their services; (2) paid their
salaries; (3) wielded the power of dismissal; and (4) had the power
of control over their conduct of work.
_______________
18 Id., at p. 679.
19 Id., at p. 192.
20 Id., at pp. 693-697.
574
P&G also contends that the Labor Code neither defines nor limits
which services or activities may be validly outsourced. Thus, an
employer can farm out any of its activities to an independent
contractor, regardless of whether such activity is peripheral or core
in nature. It insists that the determination of whether to engage the
services of a job contractor or to engage in direct hiring is within the
ambit of management prerogative.
At this juncture, it is worth mentioning that on January 29, 2007,
we deemed as waived the filing of the Comment of Promm-Gem on
the petition.21 Also, although SAPS was impleaded as a party in the
proceedings before the Labor Arbiter and the NLRC, it was no
longer impleaded as a party in the proceedings before the CA.22
Hence, our pronouncements with regard to SAPS are only for the
purpose of determining the obligations of P&G, if any.
Our Ruling
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As a rule, the Court refrains from reviewing factual assessments
of lower courts and agencies exercising adjudicative functions, such
as the NLRC. Occasionally, however, the Court is constrained to
wade into factual matters when there is insufficient or insubstantial
evidence on record to support those factual findings; or when too
much is concluded, inferred or deduced from the bare or incomplete
facts appearing on record.23 In the present case, we find the need to
review the records to ascertain the facts.
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21 Id., at p. 652.
22 Id., at p. 89.
23 Pascua v. National Labor Relations Commission (Third Division), 351 Phil. 48,
61, 287 SCRA 554, 567 (1998).
575
Labor-only contracting and job contracting
In order to resolve the issue of whether P&G is the employer of
petitioners, it is necessary to first determine whether Promm-Gem
and SAPS are labor-only contractors or legitimate job contractors.
The pertinent Labor Code provision on the matter states:
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576
“x x x x
Section 3. Trilateral Relationship in Contracting Arrangements.—In
legitimate contracting, there exists a trilateral relationship under which there
is a contract for a specific job, work or service between the principal and the
contractor or subcontractor, and a contract of employment between the
contractor or subcontractor and its workers. Hence, there are three parties
involved in these arrangements, the principal which decides to farm out a
job or service to a contractor or subcontractor, the contractor or
subcontractor which has the capacity to independently undertake the
performance of the job, work or service, and the contractual workers
engaged by the contractor or subcontractor to accomplish the job[,] work or
service.
xxxx
Section 5. Prohibition against labor-only contracting.—Labor-only
contracting is hereby declared prohibited. For this purpose, labor-only
contracting shall refer to an arrangement where the contractor or
subcontractor merely recruits, supplies or places workers to perform a job,
work or service for a principal, and any of the following elements are
present:
i) The contractor or subcontractor does not have substantial capital or
investment which relates to the job, work or service to be performed and the
employees recruited, supplied or placed by such contractor or subcontractor
are performing activities which are directly related to the main business of
the principal; or
ii) [T]he contractor does not exercise the right to control over the
performance of the work of the contractual employee.
The foregoing provisions shall be without prejudice to the application of
Article 248 (c) of the Labor Code, as amended.
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24 Rules Implementing Articles 106 to 109 of the Labor Code, As Amended, approved
February 21, 2002.
577
“Substantial capital or investment” refers to capital stocks and
subscribed capitalization in the case of corporations, tools, equipment,
implements, machineries and work premises, actually and directly used by
the contractor or subcontractor in the performance or completion of the job,
work or service contracted out.
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The “right to control” shall refer to the right reserved to the person for
whom the services of the contractual workers are performed, to determine
not only the end to be achieved, but also the manner and means to be used in
reaching that end.
x x x x” (Underscoring supplied.)
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25 Escario v. National Labor Relations Commission, 388 Phil. 929, 938; 333
SCRA 257, 263-264 (2000).
578
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working under it as its regular, not merely contractual or project,
employees.32 This circumstance negates the existence of element (ii)
as stated in Section 5 of DOLE
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579
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33 The act of hiring and re-hiring workers over a period of time without
considering them as regular employees evinces bad faith on the part of the employer.
San Miguel Corporation v. National Labor Relations Commission, G.R. No. 147566,
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December 6, 2006, 510 SCRA 181, 189; Bustamante v. National Labor Relations
Commission, G. R. No. 111651, March 15, 1996, 255 SCRA 145, 150.
34 381 Phil. 460; 324 SCRA 469 (2000). This case involved an employee who
was dismissed and filed a labor case in 1991, about the same time frame as that
involved in this case for purposes of taking judicial notice of the economic
atmosphere in the country.
35 Id., at p. 476; p. 481.
36 Records, Vol. I, p. 556.
580
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37 Rollo, p. 412.
38 Tabas v. California Manufacturing Co., Inc., 251 Phil. 448, 454; 169 SCRA
497, 502 (1989).
39 Neri v. National Labor Relations Commission, G.R. Nos. 97008-09, July 23,
1993, 224 SCRA 717, 720, citing Philippine Bank of Communications v. National
Labor Relations Commission, 230 Phil. 430, 440; 146 SCRA 347, 356 (1986).
581
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labor-only contractor as if such employees had been directly
employed by the principal employer.40
Consequently, the following petitioners, having been recruited
and supplied by SAPS41—which engaged in labor-only contracting
—are considered as the employees of P&G: Arthur Corpuz, Eric
Aliviado, Monchito Ampeloquio, Abraham Basmayor, Jr., Jonathan
Mateo, Lorenzo Platon, Estanislao Buenaventura, Lope Salonga,
Franz David, Nestor Ignacio, Jr., Rolando Romasanta, Roehl Agoo,
Bonifacio Ortega, Arsenio Soriano, Jr., Arnel Endaya, Roberto
Enriquez, Edgardo Quiambao, Santos Bacalso, Samson Basco,
Alstando Montos, Rainer N. Salvador, Pedro G. Roy, Leonardo F.
Talledo, Enrique F. Talledo, Joel Billones, Allan Baltazar, Noli
Gabuyo, Gerry Gatpo, German Guevara, Gilbert V. Miranda,
Rodolfo C. Toledo, Jr., Arnold D. Laspoña, Philip M. Loza, Mario
N. Coldayon, Orlando P. Jimenez, Fred P. Jimenez, Restituto C.
Pamintuan, Jr., Rolando J. De Andres, Artuz Bustenera, Jr., Roberto
B. Cruz, Rosedy O. Yordan, Orlando S. Balangue, Emil Tawat,
Cresente J. Garcia, Melencio Casapao, Romeo Vasquez, Renato dela
Cruz, Romeo Viernes, Jr., Elias Basco and Dennis Dacasin.
The following petitioners, having worked under, and been
dismissed by Promm-Gem, are considered the employees of Promm-
Gem, not of P&G: Wilfredo Torres, John Sumergido, Edwin Garcia,
Mario P. Liongson, Jr., Ferdinand Salvo, Alejandrino Abaton,
Emmanuel A. Laban, Ernesto Soyosa, Aladino Gregore, Jr., Ramil
Reyes, Ruben Vasquez, Jr., Maximino Pascual, Willie Ortiz,
Armando Villar, Jose Fernando Gutierrez, Ramiro Pita, Fernando
Macabenta, Nestor Esquila, Julio Rey, Albert Leynes, Ernesto
Calanao, Roberto Rosales, Antonio Dacuma, Tadeo Durano, Raul
Dulay, Marino
_______________
40 San Miguel Corporation v. Aballa, G.R. No. 149011, June 28, 2005, 461 SCRA
392, 422.
41 Records, Vol. I, p. 340. SAPS has admitted that the complainants are its
employees.
582
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(a) Serious misconduct or willful disobedience by the employee of the
lawful orders of his employer or representative in connection with his work;
(b) Gross and habitual neglect by the employee of his duties;
(c) Fraud or willful breach by the employee of the trust reposed in him
by his employer or duly authorized representative;
(d) Commission of a crime or offense by the employee against the
person of his employer or any immediate member of his family or his duly
authorized representative; and
(e) Other causes analogous to the foregoing.
44 ART. 283. Closure of establishment and reduction of personnel.—The
employer may also terminate the employment of any employee due to the installation
of labor saving devices, redundancy, retrenchment to prevent losses or the closing or
cessation of operation of the establishment or undertaking unless the closing is for the
purpose of circumventing the provisions of this Title, by serving a written notice on
the workers and the Ministry of Labor and Employment at least one (1) month before
the intended date thereof x x x
ART. 284. Disease as ground for termination.—An employer may terminate
the services of an employee who has been found to be suffering from any disease and
whose continued em-
583
In the instant case, the termination letters given by Promm-Gem
to its employees uniformly specified the cause of dismissal as grave
misconduct and breach of trust, as follows:
“x x x x
This informs you that effective May 5, 1992, your employment with our
company, Promm-Gem, Inc. has been terminated. We find your expressed
admission, that you considered yourself as an employee of Procter &
Gamble Phils., Inc…. and assailing the integrity of the Company as
legitimate and independent promotion firm, is deemed as an act of disloyalty
prejudicial to the interests of our Company: serious misconduct and breach
of trust reposed upon you as employee of our Company which [co]nstitute
just cause for the termination of your employment.
x x x x”45
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45 Records, Vol. II, p. 447.
46 National Labor Relations Commission v. Salgarino, G.R. No. 164376, July 31,
2006, 497 SCRA 361, 375; Molina v. Pacific Plans, Inc., G.R. No.165476, March 10,
2006, 484 SCRA 498, 518; Samson v. National Labor Relations Commission, 386
Phil. 669, 682; 330 SCRA 460, 471 (2000).
47 Bañez v. De La Salle University, G.R. No. 167177, September 27, 2006, 503
SCRA 691, 700; Phil. Aeolus Automotive United Corp. v. National Labor Relations
Commission, 387 Phil. 250, 261; 331 SCRA 237, 245-246 (2000).
584
_______________
585
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Alviado vs. Procter & Gamble Phils., Inc.
“x x x x
5. On March 11, 1993, we were called to a meeting at SAPS office. We
were told by Mr. Saturnino A. Ponce that we should already stop working
immediately because that was the order of Procter and Gamble. According
to him he could not do otherwise because Procter and Gamble was the one
paying us. To prove that Procter and Gamble was the one responsible in our
dismissal, he showed to us the letter51 dated February 24, 1993, x x x
_______________
51 Rollo, p. 192.
586
Quezon City
Attention: Mr. Saturnino A. Ponce
President & General Manager
Gentlemen:
Based on our discussions last 5 and 19 February 1993, this formally
informs you that we will not be renewing our Merchandising Services
Contract with your agency.
Please immediately undertake efforts to ensure that your services to
the Company will terminate effective close of business hours of 11
March 1993.
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This is without prejudice to whatever obligations you may have to
the company under the abovementioned contract.
Very truly yours,
(Sgd.)
EMMANUEL M. NON
Sales Merchandising III
_______________
587
_______________
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53 National Labor Relations Commission v. Salgarino, supra note 46 at 383.
54 Royal Crown Internationale v. National Labor Relations Commission, G.R. No.
78085, October 16, 1989, 178 SCRA 569, 578.
Labor Code of the Philippines,
ART. 279.—Security of Tenure.—In cases of regular employment, the employer
shall not terminate the services of an employee except for a just cause or when
authorized by this Title. An employee who is unjustly dismissed from work shall be
entitled to reinstatement without loss of seniority rights and other privileges and to his
full backwages, inclusive of allowances, and to his other benefits or their monetary
equivalent computed from the time his compensation was withheld from him up to
the time of his actual reinstatement.
55 Pascua v. National Labor Relations Commission (Third Division), supra note
23 at 72; p. 578; Acuña v. Court of Appeals, G.R.
588
_______________
No.159832, May 5, 2006, 489 SCRA 658, 668; Quadra v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No.
147593, July 31, 2006, 497 SCRA 221, 227.
56 See Pascua v. National Labor Relations Commission (Third Division), supra
note 23 at 74. In the instant case, P&G’s act of taking an unconscionable and
unscrupulous advantage of the utter powerlessness of the individual concerned
petitioners to prevent the trampling of their rights to due process and security of
tenure constitutes bad faith.
57 Premier Development Bank v. Mantal, G.R. No. 167716, March 23, 2006, 485
SCRA 234, 242-243; Philippine Amusement and Gaming Corporation v. Angara,
G.R. No. 142937, July 25, 2006, 496 SCRA 453, 457.
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589
back wages and other benefits from the time of their illegal dismissal
up to the time of their actual reinstatement.
WHEREFORE, the petition is GRANTED. The Decision dated
March 21, 2003 of the Court of Appeals in CA-G.R. SP No. 52082
and the Resolution dated October 20, 2003 are REVERSED and
SET ASIDE. Procter & Gamble Phils., Inc. and Promm-Gem, Inc.
are ORDERED to reinstate their respective employees immediately
without loss of seniority rights and with full backwages and other
benefits from the time of their illegal dismissal up to the time of
their actual reinstatement. Procter & Gamble Phils., Inc. is further
ORDERED to pay each of those petitioners considered as its
employees, namely Arthur Corpuz, Eric Aliviado, Monchito
Ampeloquio, Abraham Basmayor, Jr., Jonathan Mateo, Lorenzo
Platon, Estanislao Buenaventura, Lope Salonga, Franz David,
Nestor Ignacio, Rolando Romasanta, Roehl Agoo, Bonifacio Ortega,
Arsenio Soriano, Jr., Arnel Endaya, Roberto Enriquez, Edgardo
Quiambao, Santos Bacalso, Samson Basco, Alstando Montos,
Rainer N. Salvador, Pedro G. Roy, Leonardo F. Talledo, Enrique F.
Talledo, Joel Billones, Allan Baltazar, Noli Gabuyo, Gerry Gatpo,
German Guevara, Gilbert Y. Miranda, Rodolfo C. Toledo, Jr.,
Arnold D. Laspoña, Philip M. Loza, Mario N. Coldayon, Orlando P.
Jimenez, Fred P. Jimenez, Restituto C. Pamintuan, Jr., Rolando J. De
Andres, Artuz Bustenera, Jr., Roberto B. Cruz, Rosedy O. Yordan,
Orlando S. Balangue, Emil Tawat, Cresente J. Garcia, Melencio
Casapao, Romeo Vasquez, Renato dela Cruz, Romeo Viernes, Jr.,
Elias Basco and Dennis Dacasin, P25,000.00 as moral damages plus
ten percent of the total sum as and for attorney’s fees.
Let this case be REMANDED to the Labor Arbiter for the
computation, within 30 days from receipt of this Decision, of
petitioners’ backwages and other benefits; and ten percent of the
total sum as and for attorney’s fees as stated above; and for
immediate execution.
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