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Validation of Hertzian Theory For Contact Stress Computation Using FEM PDF
Validation of Hertzian Theory For Contact Stress Computation Using FEM PDF
During the past few years, significant work has been done in II. POINT CONTACT
the theoretical study of stress and strength conditions arising GEOMETRY--Two semi-circular disk made up of elastic
when the two solid bodies are together in contact. This gives us material are pressed together by an external force of P, as shown
to increase an interest to study all machine members which are in figure 1. These two bodies are initially in point contact. The
in contact to work under same conditions [1]. Example of such section of boundaries of two bodies at the vicinity of contact is
machine is gear and roller bearings. When two elastic bodies are smooth enough before application of load. Let’s consider
in contact, there is formation of very high pressure. This may principal radii of curvature of upper solid at point of contact R1
cause failure in design if not considered during design phase of and R1’. Similarly, R2 and R2’ are principal radii of curvature of
equipment [4]. Hertz Theory defines to calculate the contact lower solid. Line of action of load P is perpendicular to plane
area and pressure between the two surfaces and predict the that is tangent to both bodies at point of contact. From figure1
resulting compression and deformation induced in the solids. there is no tendency for one body to slide with respect to other
There are two types of contact i) confirming contact -The body.
contact between two surfaces fit exactly together without
deformation is called confirming contact. These contacts are
ideal contact and it is never be used in engineering calculation.
ii) Nonconforming contact- the contact between two surfaces
deform when they are in contact is called nonconforming
contact.
When two non-conforming solids are in contact, there would
be a single point or line contact. Under the application of small
amount of load would result in elastic deformation at point of
contact, which may cause failure in design. The area of contact
would be finite enough compared with the dimensions of the
two bodies. This theory predicts shape of contact area and its
penetration at point of contact [5]. It can determine its limiting
size of the axes of elliptical contact area and the relative
Fig-1: Two Curved surfaces of solids
displacement of bodies.
b = 0.777 mm
b/ =1775.41 MPa
σmax = - Cσ * b/
C. Contact Setup
The contact between two semicircular surfaces are point
contact. It can be created by selecting a nodes at contact area.
The bonded type of contact is used for contact between two
solids. The point to surface contact was assigned by contact
element CONTA175. The target nodes were assigned by target
element TARGE170.
a). Meshing
Meshing is sensitive towards solution point of view. The fine
mesh was provided at contact area as it is an area of interest for
us. For meshing of contact surfaces, the nodes of contacting
surfaces were selected separately and meshed using small
element size. The semicircular disk was meshed by solid Fig-4: Boundary condition
element 187 (20 node tetra- element), Increase in nodes to be
selected leads to more accurate solution but require more time
E. Result Contact Stress Analysis
and space in system. The maximum von-Mises stress of 845 MPa was
observed vicinity of point of contact as shown in Fig 5.
Fig-3: Meshing
D. Analysis Setup
Fig-5: Volume: von Mises Stress (MPa)
The quarter part of semicircular solid disc was considered
in analysis; hence the symmetric boundaries has to be used at The maximum displacement was0.248 mm was observed on
external surface of solid. The boundary condition and constrain upper disk as it is free to translate in vertical direction as
of this solid includes symmetric surfaces, fixed surfaces and shown in Fig 6.
external applied load at tangent plane of solid disc. The solution
for this analysis was calculated using ANSYS mechanical
solver.
a) Constraints
As per the aim of this project, to calculate contact
stresses at point of contact region. We need to focus on contact
area of solids as a region of interest. Lower solid disk is fixed
in Y direction (vertical displacement constrained) by fixing its
bottom surface. Upper disk can translate in vertical direction
(i.e. vertical displacement is free for upper disk). The maximum
compressive load of 4500 N was applied at the center of the
disk as shown in fig 4. The coupled boundary condition was
applied on top surface of the upper disk, so that all nodes would
have similar behavior against applied load [5].
V. LINE CONTACT
Pmax = 2.34 N/mm2
Two parallel linear elastic half cylinders are having radius
R forced by small distributed pressure P. The region of contact
approximately equal to straight line element. The line Contact
between two circular cylinders are shown in figure5. The base
of lower cylinder is fixed in all direction, to study frictionless
line contact between two semi-circular cylinders. σ2 = 5.25N/mm2
A. Material
The material used for two solid cylinders in contact is
structural steel [7].
Fig-5: Modelling of half cylinder
B. Modelling
The line contact between cylinder bodies were modeled by
considering two half cylinders. The dimension of cylinder is
derived from the problem definition. The modelling was
completed in ANSYS APDL as shown in Fig 6.
C. Meshing
The contact area between the two cylinders are focus of
study hence geometry of contact surfaces needs to be fine [6].
The fine meshed element was generated near point of contact
area. Finer meshing leads to accurate result but requires more
time and high system resource. It is recommended that not to
have fine mesh everywhere in the model to reduce computation
time as well as system space. The mesh on cylinder is shown in
figure 7.
Fig-9: Deformation
F. Nodal von misses stresses:
Fig-7: Meshing
IX. CONCLUSION
This study represents validation of hertz theory to calculate
the contact area and pressure between the two solid bodies and
predict the resulting compression and stress induced in the
objects.
Hertz theory of contact is an important in mechanical
design. This theory allows you to predict contact area, pressure,
compression and stresses for continuous non-conforming
contact under loading condition. The small contact area that
results causes considerable design difficulties, may require
alternative design method. The obtained solution indicates that
the change in contact stresses of different contacting areas in
relation with contact positions.
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