Mechanical Energy Page 1

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KE = mv 2
Chem 1202 Formula Sheet
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PE = mgh 1st Law of Thermodynamics = Energy is conserved

∆E = q + w Was work performed? Const. Vol.

w=0
Is heat required? w is neg. for expansion
q is neg. for exothermic rxn (heat released) w is pos. for compression
q is pos. for endothermic rxn (heat absorbed)
w = − p∆V = −nRT (101.316 J = 1 atm·L)
q = ∆H at const. press.
w = F ⋅d = A ⋅ p × x (pg 6)
Area x pressure x distance
ΔH = Enthalpy (J)
ΔH is neg. for Exothermic (heat released)
ΔH is pos. for Endothermic (heat absorbed) (pg 28) State Functions
Cs (J/g·K) Something you can
return to (conserved)
N2(g) 1.04
(ΔHvap)water =
40.7 kJ/mol Al(s) 0.90 P, T, V, mass
Fe(s) 0.45 ΔE , ΔH, ΔSsys , ΔG
(ΔHfus)ice = ∆H vap × moles Cu(s) 0.387
100°C 6008 J/mol
Temperature

Boiling
Hg(l) 0.14 Path Functions
∆H fus × moles
H2O(l) 4.184 Gone forever (not conserved)
0°C H2O(s) 2.092
Melting
q, w, time
CO2(g) 0.84
-25°C
Heat(q) Added NH3 (l) 4.70 ΔSsurr , ΔSTOT , ΔSuniv
(pg 31)
CH4 (g) 2.20
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qrxn = − qcalor
J
Cs = q = C s × g × ∆T
g⋅K
Calorimeters
Cm =
J
mol ⋅ K
q = Cm × moles × ∆T (2 types) Most common type
for chemistry class

CTOT =
J
q = CTOT × ∆T
Constant Pressure
K Constant Volume (Coffee Cup)
(Bomb) Open to the atmosphere
Closed container w ≠ 0
2 objects – one hot, one cold Watch units
(no phase changes occurs) w = 0 qrxn = ∆H rxn convert kJ to J
q1 = − q2
∆Erxn = qrxn 1000 J
C1m1 (T f − T1 ) = −C2 m2 (T f − T2 ) C s × mass × ∆T = − molesreac tan t × ∆H ×
1 kJ
C1m1 (T f − T1 ) = C2 m2 (T2 − T f ) ( conversion factor )

Tf =
(C m T
1 1 1 + C2 m2T2 )
(C m 1 1 + C2 m2 )
Solution Enthalpy
1000 J
Cso ln × masstotal × ∆T = − molessolute × ∆H ×
1 kJ

q (heat) q (heat)
Solution temp. Solution temp.
goes down goes up
Rxn Rxn
Example: Reaction is Example: Reaction is
NaCl dissolves Endothermic Na metal Exothermic
in water in water
q = (+) q = (-)
ΔH = (+) ΔH = (-)
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Hess’ Law
Standard State
1 atm, 1 mole, 298 K
∆H of
Formation
Enthalpy
Natural State for Some Elements
Formation Reaction
Gases Liquids Solids

∆H rxn = Σ n × ∆H of − Σ m × ∆H of H2(g) Br2 (l) I2 (s)

products reactants N2(g) Al (s)
O2(g) C (graphite)
Reactants Products F2(g) S8(s)
(Reverse ΔH signs (Keep ΔH signs Cl2(g)
for Reactants) for Products)
Note that this
crystalline Sulfur
must have 8 atoms
to be considered
in it’s natural state
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J
2nd Law of Thermodynamics ΔS = Entropy  
K
(A measure of disorder)

Spontaneous ∆S univ > 0

(Irreversible)
(+)
To determine the sign
for ΔSuniv answer the question: Equilibrium
(Reversible) ∆S univ = 0
Is the process spontaneous?
Use life experiences to answer
Not Spontaneous ∆S univ < 0
(-)

∆Suniv = ∆S sys + ∆S surr

−q − ∆H
also
called ∆STOT also
called ∆S ∆S surr =
T
=
T
at const. press

To determine the sign for ΔSsurr look only at ΔH or q

To determine the sign for ΔSsys look only at the process ΔH and ΔSsurr always have opposite signs
s→l → g
∆S sys > 0 s → (aq)
(+) Exothermic
2 moles → 3 moles ∆S surr > 0 An example is freezing .
ΔT↗
(+) ΔH < 0 (-)
ΔV↗

∆S sys = 0 A↔B
A → B and B→ A ∆S surr < 0 Endothermic An example is melting
(-) ΔH > 0 (+)
∆S sys < 0 3 moles → 2 moles
(-) g →l →s
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3rd Law of Thermodynamics ∆Grxn
o
= Σn ∆G of ( products ) − Σm ∆G of (reactants )

At 0 K, the entropy (S) of a pure crystal = 0 ∆S rxn

o
= Σn S o ( products ) − Σm S o (reactants )
(this has nothing to do with ΔG)

 kJ 
Gibbs Free Energy = ΔG  
K
(Left-over heat from a reaction)

∆G = ∆H − T ∆S sys
ΔG is a State
Function ∆G = −T ∆STOT
∆G = 0 @ Boiling Point

Is reaction Spontaneous?
(-) oppo
(+)
∆G ↔ ∆STOT ∆S = ∆S sys s → l → aq → g
sign
Does reaction 2 mole → 3 moles
∆Suniv create disorder? ∆T ↑

oppo.
w = − p ∆V = −nRT
q = ∆H ↔ ∆S surr
const . press . sign (-) expansion
Rxn gives off heat = (-) exothermic (+) compression
w = 0 @ const. Vol
Rxn absorbs off heat = (+) endothermic