NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY RAIPUR

C.G

Name-ASTHA NAYAK
Roll no. – 19113015
Branch-Chemical Engineering
Semester-5th
Subject-Process Equipment Design-I

TERM PROJECT
ON

Mechanical Aspects of Internal

Pressure Vessel
INTRODUCTION
A pressure vessel is a vessel designed to retain liquids or gases at
pressures lower or higher than the surrounding atmosphere. Construction
methods and materials can be tailored to the application, depending on
the size of the vessel, the contents, operating pressure, mass limitations,
and the number of components required.
Pressure vessels may be hazardous, and deadly incidents have happened
throughout their construction and use. As a result, pressure vessel
design, construction, and operation are governed by engineering
authority who are backed up by legislation. As a result of these factors,
the definition of a pressure vessel differs from nation to country. As we
use IS.2825.1969 code book for specification.
Design factors include the maximum safe operating pressure,
temperature, the corrosion allowance, the minimum design temperature,
etc. For example non-destructive testing methods used in construction
include ultrasonic testing and pressure tests.
Types of Pressure vessels
1. Internal Pressure vessel- The process in which inside pressure of
the equipment is higher than the outside pressure is known as
internal pressure vessel
2. External Pressure vessel- The process in which inside pressure of
the equipment is lower/vacuum than the outside pressure is known
as external pressure vessel.

Design of cylindrical and spherical vessel

Types of pressure vessel in the basis of shape there are two types
Cylindrical pressure vessel- Cylinders are commonly used for storage
since they are less expensive to make than spheres. However, because of
the weak point at either end, cylinders are not as powerful as spheres.
Storage pressure can be comparable to that of a sphere if the entire
cylinder is made of thicker material than a comparable spherical tank of
same capacity.

Spherical pressure vessel- This style of tank is ideal for storing high-
pressure fluids. A sphere is a very robust structure. The equal
distribution of stresses on the sphere's surfaces, both inside and
externally, indicates that no weak places exist. Spheres, on the other
hand, are significantly more expensive to produce than cylindrical
containers.
However, in the case of a thick vessel, when thickness is important,
radial stress, hoop stress, and longitudinal stress all play a role. So, if I
have a thick-walled vessel, whatever expression we have generated for
membrane stresses will not be appropriate. So, in order to build the
thick-walled vessel, we will employ a different analysis known as
Lame's analysis.
B
σ r= A+
r2

B
σ θ =A−
r2

Where constants are

(P0 r 20−Pi r 2i )
A=
(r 2i −r 20 )

( P0 −Pi) r 20 r 2i
B= 2 2
(r i −r 0)
Designing of Internal Pressure Vessel
For internal pressure vessel P0=0 (outside pressure), So would be
greatest when r equals r iand that would be the highest possible stress in
the system, which we can replace with the allowable stress value since
we would build the system at that value.
Chemical process equipment is often made of sheet metal, which
requires end-joints, which decreases the allowable strength of the
material by a factor known as joint efficiency factor (denoted J)
2 fJt
P=
2t

[ ]
[ Di +t
1+

1+
Di
t
Di
]

Limitations in IS: 2825-1969 for using design equations-

D0
≤1.5
Di

t
Maximum value of Di
=0.25
Design Cylindrical shell
200 fJt 200 fJt
P= =
D i+t D 0 −t

PDi PD 0
t= =
200 fJ −P 200 fJ + P

T=Minimum thickness of shell plates in mm

J=Joint factor
P=Design pressure in kgf/cm2
Di=Inside diameter of the shell in mm
D0=Outside diameter of the shell in mm
f=Allowable stress value in kgf/mm2

Design Spherical shell

400 fJt 400 fJt
P= =
D i+ t D 0−t
 PD i PD 0
t= =
400 fJ −P 400 fJ + P

T=Minimum thickness of shell plates in mm

J=Joint factor
P=Design pressure in kgf/cm2
Di=Inside diameter of the shell in mm
D0=Outside diameter of the shell in mm
f=Allowable stress value in kgf/mm2
Application

Result- These wall thickness (t) expressions reflect the theoretically

needed minimum wall thickness to safely resist the impact of internal
pressure (P). After making necessary adjustments for the theoretically
computed wall thickness, the final value should be selected from the
market's standard thickness of metal sheet and should be equal to or
greater than the estimated value.

Conclusion
Internal pressure failure can be interpreted as a vessel failing after
stresses surpass the material strength in part or in significant part.
Whatever stresses are created, if they surpass the material's strength,
failure will ensue. So, as far as internal pressure failure is concerned,
bursting of the vessel is not a problem. As illustrated in the figure, even
if the thickness is large, failure will occur because the stress exceeds the
material's strength, which is referred to as destructive stress.
Therefore the design standards should be maintained and studies during
designing of pressure vessel.

MCQ
1. Internal pressure can cause a thin cylindrical shell to fail.
a. Shear
b. Compression
c. Attrition
d. Tension
(Answer: d)

2. The failure of a thin spherical shell under internal pressure is caused

by
a. The principal tensile stress
a. The principal tensile stress
c. The principal compressive stress
d. None
(Answer: a)

3. A thin cylinder collapses due to internal pressure along the

a. Circumferential joint

b. Longitudinal joint
c. Longitudinal and circumferential joint

d. None (Ans: c)

4. Stresses in a thin cylindrical shell under internal pressure are

independent of

a. Diameter

b. Length

c. Thickness

d. Diameter and Thickness

(Answer: b)

5. When referring to a pressure vessel, the term "thick shell" is

used.

A. It is constructed of thick sheets.

B. The internal pressure is quite high. 

B. The internal pressure is quite high. 

D. The vessel's wall thickness to diameter ratio is more than one-

tenth.

Answer:D

6. Which of the cylindrical and spherical thin vessels with the same

material, diameter, and pressure has the lowest thickness?
a. spherical shell
b. cylindrical shell
c. cylindrical shell with semi spherical heads
d. none
(Answer: a)

7.The testing pressure of storage tanks and pressure vessels

constructed in accordance with Indian standard codes should be
about times____

the design pressure

1.5% to 2%

3 to 4 

4 to 5 

D. more than 5

8. Tangential stress throughout the thickness of a cylinder in a thick

cylindrical shell exposed to an internal pressure (p) is A, with maximum at the
outer surface and minimum at the inner surface.

B. Maximum on the inside and minimal on the outside.

C. Maximum on the outside and zero on the inside.

D. The inner surface has a maximum while the outside surface has a zero.
Option B is the answer.

9.What is designing thickness of cylindrical vessel(in m)?

PDi
A)t=
2000 fJ−P
 PDi
B)t=
2 fJ−P

PDi
C)t= 400 fJ −P

D)None

10. Corrosion allowance in pressure vessel/chemical equipment

design is not required if?

(A)Parts are made of plain carbon steel and cast iron.

(B)The wall thickness is greater than 30 mm.

(C)The building material is high alloy steel.

(D)None

Descriptive question
1. Describe the assumption used in Lame's theorem for thick cylinder
analysis.
1. The material is homogenous and isotropic.
2. The material is strained within its elastic limit.
3. All of the material's fibres must expand (or contract) freely, without
being limited by the surrounding fibres.
4. After applying internal pressure, the plane section perpendicular to the
longitudinal axis of the cylinder remains planar.

2. What is the maximum working pressure?

Ans: The maximum working pressure is the maximum gauge pressure
that may be applied to the vessel while it is in operation. This pressure
limit should never be exceeded for a vessel during operation to avoid
vessel failure. The pressure, including the static head, is utilised in
vessel design calculations to determine the minimum thickness of
various components. So, in addition to operational pressure, we must
include static head.
3.What is the design temperature?
Answer: The temperature utilised in the design shell must not be lower
than the metal temperature predicted under the operational conditions for
the items under consideration. In no circumstance may the temperature
at the metal's surface exceed the maximum temperature for materials.
When the occurrence of various metal temperatures during operation can
be defined for distinct zones of a vessel, the design of the different zones
may be based on the expected temperatures.
4.What is corrosion allowance?
Answer: When the term corrosion is used in the code, it refers to
corrosion, oxidation, scaling, erosion, and any other type of wastage.
Due to the complicated nature of corrosion, which can manifest itself in
a variety of ways, it is hard to establish precise preventive measures to
protect against its consequences.
5.Define
(i)Hoop stress: These work in a tangential direction to the shell's
diameter.
(ii) Longitudinal stress: Longitudinal stress is the tension in the
longitudinal direction caused by the tendency of the cylinder to bust
along the transverse location.

Numerical
1) Determine the thickness of a pipe owing to an internal pressure of
12 N/mm2 if the allowable stress is 100 N/mm2 and the pipe
diameter is 700 mm.
Solution: P=12 N/mm2 σ =100N/mm2 d=700mm
Pd
σ=
2t
Pd 12∗700
t= =
2 σ 2∗100
T=42 mm

2) Where a process vessel is to be built for maximum operating

pressure absolute, 501 kN/m2 is supplied. And understanding
between customer and manufacturer specifies that vessel should be
overdesigned by 6 % for maximum working pressure. As a result,
the vessel has an outside diameter of 1.5 m. It is composed of IS:
2000-1962 grade 2A material and has a design temperature of 435.
A 2 mm margin for corrosion is provided. Now we must design the
vessel per the class 1 IS specification, which calls for a single
welded butt junction with a backing strip. What we need to figure
out is how to determine the typical plate thicknesses for fabricating
the cylindrical vessel.
Solution: Class 1 J=9
D0=1.5 m=1500 mm
f=4.3kgf/mm2
P=1.06(501-101.325) = 4.32 kgf/cm2
PD 0
t min =
200 fJ+ P
t min =8.325 mm
t final=8.325+ 2=10.325 mm
t standard =11 mm

https://www.quora.com/What-is-pressure-vessel

https://cnipvc.com/business-portfolio/pressure-vessel/

https://arvengtraining.com/en/stresses-in-thin-walled-pressure-vessels/