Mendelian Genetics

BEDURAL MARANGA VELASCO

 Our Team

BEDURAL, Christine Mae A. MARANGA, ERIKA L. VELASCO, Jonalyn

FUTURE RMT FUTURE RMT FUTURE RMT

bedural.christinemae@yahoo khaymaranga13@gmail.com jonavelasco878@yahoo.com

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Khay Lorete Maranga Jonalyn Velasco
Bedural CTiine

@amChrisArBe @khaymaranga @jhoanalinay

Table of Contents
SLIDE

3 Mendelian Genetics

9 Mendelian Ratio

14 Mitochondrial Gene and Linkage

Mendelian Genetics
GREGOR MENDEL
- Austrian monk and biologist
- studied inheritance using
common pea plant (1865)
- Father of Genetics
 PHENOTYPE

TYPE “A”
HOMOZYGOUS
TYPE “A”
HETEROZYGOUS

GENOTYPE
DOMINANT RECESSIVE
 3 Laws:
Law of Segragation: Each inherited trait is
defined by a gene pair. Parental genes are
randomly separated to the sex cells so that
sex cells contain only one gene of the pair.
Offspring therefore inherit one genetic allele
from each parent when sex cells unite in
fertilization.

Law of Independent Assortment: Genes for different traits are

sorted separately from one another

Law of Dominance: An organism with alternate forms of a gene

will express the form that is dominant.
 WHY PEA PLANTS?

1. MULTIPLE VARIABLE TRAITS ARE CLEARLY VISIBLE

2. GENERATIONS ARE SHORT AND OFFSPRING ARE
MANY
3. MATING IS EASY TO CONTROL (REMOVING
STAMENS OF CERTAIN PLANTS)
Mendelian Ratio
 MENDELIAN RATIO

It express the proportion of different genotypes in the

offspring of the parents of the particular combinations of
genotypes
 MONOHYBRID CROSS
It is a genetic mix between two individuals who have homozygous genotypes, or
genotypes that have completely dominant or completely recessive alleles, which result
in opposite phenotypes for a certain trait.

Genotypic ratio
1:2:1
Phenotypic ratio
3:1
 DIHYBRID CROSS
• Is a cross between two different genes that
differ in two observed traits.
• It describe a mating experiment between two
organisms that are identically hybrid for two
traits.

• Heterozygous (carries two different alleles at a

particular genetic position)

Phenotypic ratio = 9:3:3:1

9 = both traits dominant

3 = seed color dominant
3 = seed shape dominant
1 = both traits recessive
Mitochondrial Gene &
Linkage
 Human mitochondrial DNA

• Multicopy (466-806 nucleoids /cell)

• 16,569 bp length and 0.68mM diameter
• Genes lack introns
• Maternally inherited
• Sequenced in 1981 (Nature,1981, 290:457-65)
• Mutation rate ~1/33 generations
• Heteroplasmy (original and mutated forms co-exist)
• More stable for forensic analysis
 Organization of human
mitochondrial DNA.

44% GC
heavy (H) – G-rich and
light (L) strand – C rich

37 genes distributed, of which

28 genes have H as sense strand
9 genes have L as sense strand

24 genes encode mature RNA

13 encode enzymes involved in oxidative
phosphorylation
Mitochondrial genetic code

vertebrates
Codon Mitochondrial Universal
UGA Tryptophan Stop
AUA Methionine Isoleucine
AGA Stop Arginine
AGG Stop Arginine
sequential development of ageing
mechanisms
 Mitochondrial energy production
Three major steps in oxidative phosphorylation

1) Production of reducing equivalents (NADH, FADH2) from

glycolysis, fatty acid oxidation, and the citric acid cycle

2) Electron transport and generation of proton motive force

3) Phosphorylation - Synthesis of ATP, driven by the proton

motive force
Mitochondrial biogenesis requires proteins encoded in 2
genomes (nucleus and mtDNA)
mtDNA
•encodes few proteins
•1000’s of copies per cell
•genes transcribed as a
polycistron
•transcribed and translated
directly in mitochondria)
Nucleus
•encode most proteins
•2 copies of each gene per diploid
cell
•genes regulated independently
•proteins imported by post-
translational import from
cytoplasm
Mitochondrial DNA
The DNA molecules found in
mitochondria and chloroplasts
are small and circular, much
like the DNA of a typical
bacterium. There are usually
many copies of DNA in a
single mitochondrion or
chloroplasts.
Here are some ways that mitochondrial and
chloroplast DNA differ from the DNA found in
the nucleus:
High copy number. A mitochondrion or chloroplast has
multiple copies of its DNA, and a typical cell has many
mitochondria (and, in the case of a plant cell, chloroplasts).
As a result, cells usually have many copies – often
thousands – of mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA. [
Random segregation. Mitochondria and chloroplasts
(and the genes they carry) are randomly distributed to
daughter cells during mitosis and meiosis. When the
cell divides, the organelles that happen to be on
opposite sides of the cleavage furrow or cell plate will
end up in different daughter cells.
Single-parent inheritance. Non-nuclear DNA is often
inherited uniparentally, meaning that offspring get DNA only
from the male or the female parent, not both 44. In humans,
for example, children get mitochondrial DNA from their
mother (but not their father).
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Maternal inheritance of mitochondria in humans
Thank You
MENDELIAN GENETICS