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Instrumentation Analysis Details
Instrumentation Analysis Details
Method for Calculating the Heating Value of a Waste: Dulong
Equation
During this week (Week‐3) Example: What is the Heat Value of PVC
• Municipal Solid Waste Characteristics – PVC = C2H1Cl1
Continued from previous week 2(12)
%C 39.7 %
• Example problems, data analysis, statistics 2 (12 ) 1(1) 1( 35.45)
• Solid Waste Management Rules ‐2016 1(1)
%H 1.65 %
2(12) 1(1) 1(35.45)
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02‐06‐2017
Example Heat Values How do you measure concentration?
• Must use a chemical
Item BTU/lb test method
Wood 4700-7000 • RCRA chemical test
MSW 5000-6200
methods: SW846
• ASTM Methods
Paper 7000-8000
• Standard Methods for
Tires 14000 Water and Wastewater
(AWWA)
Objective of Chemical Analysis
• Determine the “amount” of a chemical of interest
that occurs in a particular environmental sample
Waste characterization by chemical
• How do you measure amount?
methods – Concentration (mg/L, mg/kg, ppm, ppb)
– Fraction or percent
– Wet or dry basis
Chemical Composition Concentration Units
• Waste may be characterized by specific • Most common concentration units encountered:
chemicals: – mg/L (liquids, wastewaters)
– e.g. paper – mg/kg (solids, soils)
• cellulose • Note: mg/L = ppm; mg/kg = ppm
• hemicellulose • Note: 1% = 10,000 ppm
• lignin
– e.g. Hazardous Waste Sludge
• TCE, Benzene, lead, arsenic etc. You need to be familiar with the use of ppm and ppb, but it is always best to use the actual units when
possible (to avoid confusion).
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Chemical Analysis Procedures Sample Preparation & analysis
• Direct chemical measurement
– Titration of sample for alkalinity or hardness
Physical Chemical
Sample Analysis
Preparation Preparation
• Use of a sensor or an instrument
– pH meter, chromatograph
Mixing, drying, Acid digestion, Titration,
• In many, some form of sample “preparation” will be grinding solvent extraction, electrode,
necessary chemical oxidation instrument
Methods
• How do you know which methods to use?
• Often spelled out directly in the regulations.
INTEGRATED WASTE MANAGEMENT FOR A • Several standardized method collections
SMART CITY – Standard methods
FOCUSSED ON MSW, C&D AND E-WASTE MANAGEMENT
– SW‐846
BRAJESH KUMAR DUBEY – ASTM (formerly American Society for Testing and
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Materials)
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Chemical Analysis Procedures Instrumental Analysis
• Many different instruments have been developed to measure
• Direct chemical measurement the concentration of pollutants in environmental samples
– Titration of sample for alkalinity or hardness
• These instruments give a “response” that correlates the
amount of sample present
• Use of a sensor or an instrument • Responses:
– pH meter, chromatograph – Increase in conductivity
– Absorbance of light
• In many, some form of sample “preparation” will be – Emission of light
necessary
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Quality Assurance / Quality Control (QA/QC) Plan
Instrumental Analysis • Standard Operating Procedures
QA project plans are list of detailed activities • Sampling strategy and procedures
performed at each stage of the dredged • Sample custody
material evaluation and outline project‐ • Calibration procedure and frequency
specific data quality objectives that should • Analytical procedures
be archived for field observations and
Response • Data validation, reduction and
measurements, physical analyses, laboratory reporting
chemical analyses, and biological tests.
• Internal QC checks
• Performance and system audits
• Preventive maintenance
• Calculation of data quality indicators
Concentration • Corrective actions
Instrumental Analysis
• Spectrophotometers – Measure
absorption of light at specific
wavelengths
• Some chemicals are directly
proportional to absorbance INTEGRATED WASTE MANAGEMENT FOR A
• Many methods that were developed SMART CITY
based on color changes in titrations FOCUSSED ON MSW, C&D AND E-WASTE MANAGEMENT
can be measured using absorbance
BRAJESH KUMAR DUBEY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
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Quality Control/Quality Assurance Method Detection Limit (MDL)
• QA/QC • “The minimum concentration of a substance
• Designed to make sure that the data you gather are that can be measured and reported with 99%
sufficiently accurate, precise, and repeatable
• Mechanisms confidence that the analyte concentration is
– Blanks greater than zero and is determined from
– Spikes analysis of a sample in a given matrix type
– Replicates containing the analyte” (EPA, 1992)
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Ion exchange chromatograph is used to analyze liquid samples for dissolved ionic or polar
materials by charge properties
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Gas Chromatograph / Mass Spectrometry Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP)
GC/MS is a GC equipped with
mass spectrometry as a ICP‐AES is used to analyze
detector. After complex elements such as heavy
chemicals are separated metals and cations using an
through a GC column, inductively coupled plasma
separated components are (ICP).
fragmented by high energy Each element can be
source in a mass recognized by
spectrometry. With size and electromagnetic radiation
patterns of fragments, produced by excited atoms
components can be at a wavelength of a
identified. particular element.
High‐Performance Liquid Chromatograph (HPLC) Atomic Absorption Spectrometer
Like other chromatograph, an
HPLC is also used to separate
complex chemicals to single
components. Unlike a GC, HPLC
uses liquid as a mobile phase.
Separated components can be
detected by UV‐Vis absorbance
detector. Since an HPLC can
handle only liquid sample, more
complex and greater molecular‐
weight chemicals can be
analyzed.
Liquid Chromatograph /Mass Spectrometry
Like GC‐MS, LC‐MS is a LC
equipped with mass
spectrometry as a detector. An
LC‐MS can be used to analyze INTEGRATED WASTE MANAGEMENT FOR A
large molecules such as SMART CITY
pharmaceutical products and FOCUSSED ON MSW, C&D AND E-WASTE MANAGEMENT
protein.
BRAJESH KUMAR DUBEY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
36
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Working with Concentrations Example
• Must be able to convert from chemical concentration
• You have two waste components:
based on dry weight and chemical concentration based
on wet (or total) weight. Sludge, 100 mg/kg (wet) Pb
Solids Content = 10%
Wood Chips, 300 mg/kg (wet) Pb
Moisture Content = 20%
Example Example (continued)
• Sludge has a total arsenic concentration of 0.6
• If you mix the components in a 50/50 mix by
mg/kg based on total weight.
total weight, what is the Pb concentration in
• Moisture content of sludge is 80% the dry sludge?
• Dry weight arsenic concentration is:
0.6 mg arsenic x 1 kg wet sludge 3.0 mg As
1 kg wet sludge 0.2 kg dry sludge kg dry sludge
Working with Concentrations Example (continued)
• You should be able to find the average 100 mg Pb
x 50 kg wet sludge
300 mg Pb
x 50 kg wet wood
1 kg wet sludge 1 kg wet wood
concentration of mixed waste streams 0 . 1 kg dry sludge 0 . 8 kg dry wood
50 kg wet sludge x 50 kg wet wood x
1 kg wet sludge 1 kg wet wood
444 mg Pb
kg dry waste
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Working with Concentrations Example (continued)
• Must be able to go back and forth between
mg Pb
“total” and “leachable” concentrations. x 0.1 kg soil 5.0 mg Pb
1 kg soil 2 L Leachate L
100 mg Pb
kg soil
Example Note
• You could do the same thing for SPLP and compare
• You have a soil contaminated with lead based to groundwater standards
paint debris.
• Below what total concentration (mg/kg) • You could also assume that only a fraction leached
would you know that the soil is not a toxicity
characteristic hazardous waste for lead?
• You could calculate the opposite direction
Example (continued) Statistical Calculations are Often Needed
• Toxicity Characteristic Concentration for lead = when Working with Concentrations
5 mg/l
• Since concentration results are often directly used as
• TCLP uses 100 g of waste and 2,000 g (2 L) of part of regulatory decision‐making (i.e. is it a
leaching fluid (20:1 liquid to solid ratio) hazardous waste, is it a safe to be land applied), it is
necessary to perform a statistical analysis.
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What is the Chemical Concentration of a Waste? The Type of Distribution Dictates How You
• Very rarely are wastes or contaminated soils completely Calculate the Central Tendency
homogenous with respect to chemical concentration.
• Consider the following data set for some TCLP
• You must collect and analysis multiple samples to
determine what some “representative” concentration is. results (in mg/L)
• The more heterogeneous the matrix, the more samples 3, 2, 3, 5, 4, 4, 5, 7, 8, 1, 6, 2, 5, 9, 6, 5, 7, 7, 3, 4, 2, 8,
may be needed to accurately describe the 5, 4, 5, 6, 6, 3, 5
“representative” concentration. N = 29
• Some estimate of the central tendency 7
– The mean (the average) 6
Arithmetic Mean = 4.83 mg/L
– The median (the middle number) Median = 5 mg/L
Number of Observances
5 Mode = 5 mg/L
– The mode (the most common number)
4
– Some upper or lower confidence limit
3
• Must consider
2
– The sample distribution
– What the data will be used for 1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
C o n c e n tr a tio n ( T C L P m g / L )
Sample Distributions The Type of Distribution Dictates How
You Calculate the Central Tendency
0 .4 5
Normal LogNormal • Consider a different data set, again for some
0 .4 0
0 .3 5
0 .4 5
0 .4 0
TCLP results (in mg/L)
0 .3 5
3, 5, 2, 5, 3, 3, 4, 3, 7, 1, 7, 2, 4, 9, 5, 5, 11, 6, 2, 6, 2,
0 .3 0
0 .3 0
0 .2 5
0 .2 5
0 .2 0
0 .1 5
0 .1 0
0 .2 0
0 .1 5
8, 4, 2, 4, 6, 16, 4, 20, 3, 3
0 .1 0
N = 31
0 .0 5
0 .0 5
0 .0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 .0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
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4 – Standard deviation = 4.10
3 – Variance = 16.8
2
• It is likely that the data are not normally
1
distributed
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
C o n c e n t r a tio n ( T C L P m g /L )
It is Important to Check for Normalcy How Do You Handle Data that are Not Normal?
• A quick test may be used to assess whether the • First step, check to see whether the data are
data are normally distributed: log‐normally distributed
• Is the mean greater than the standard • Environmental data are often log‐normally
deviation and the variance?
distributed
• If the mean is not greater than both, the data
set is probably not normally distributed. • Perform a log transform on the data and check
for normality again.
Previous Data Sets Transformed Data
• Transformed Data Set #2
• Data set I – Arithmetic mean = 1.46
– Arithmetic mean = 4.83 mg/L – Standard deviation = 0.65
– Standard deviation = 2.0 – Variance = 0.42
• The mean of the transformed data is greater than the
– Variance = 4.0
standard deviation and variation of the transformed
• It is likely that the data are normally data. It is thus reasonable to treat the original data as
distributed log‐normally distributed.
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Geometric Mean Incorporating Uncertainty
• When the mean of the transformed data is • We need to factor in this uncertainty.
transformed back, this is known as the • Calculate the upper confidence limit (UCL).
geometric mean. • The UCL is a conservative estimate of the
mean that takes into account uncertainties in
– Geometric mean of data set II: 4.28 mg/L the data set.
• It is associated with some degree of statistical
significance, e.g., 95% UCL.
What if the Data are Neither Normally or Log‐
Normally Distributed?
• Find another distribution
• Use a more advanced statistical method (e.g. a Standard Deviation
UCL 1 α Mean t α, n 1
nonparametric method) number of samples
Student t statistic
Incorporating Uncertainty Example
• Assume that the TCLP results presented for data sets • For data set I, find UCL Note:
1 and 2 were for lead. The TC limit is 5 mg/L.
at 95%. Higher
• The arithmetic mean for data set I (4.83 mg/L) and than TC
the geometric mean for data set II (4.28 mg/L) were Limit
less than 5 mg/L. 2 .0
UCL 1 0 . 05 4 . 83 1 . 701 5 . 46
• These were based on a limited number of samples, 29
and thus may be somewhat different than the true
T statistic at 0.05 level and 28 degrees of freedom
mean.
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Example
• For data set II, find UCL at 95%.
We must used transformed data.
0 . 65
INTEGRATED WASTE MANAGEMENT FOR A
UCL 1 0 . 05 1 . 46 1 . 697 1 . 65 SMART CITY
31 FOCUSSED ON MSW, C&D AND E-WASTE MANAGEMENT
e 1 . 65
5 . 19 BRAJESH KUMAR DUBEY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
T statistic at 0.05 level and 30 degrees of freedom
70
Data Below the Detection Limit
• In many cases, sample results will be below the analytical
instrument’s detection limit.
• If you have BDLs in your sample set, you must handle them WASTE MANAGEMENT RULES 2016
appropriately with statistics. You can not just neglect them;
they say something valuable about the data.
71
Ministry of Agriculture
Urban Development Departments
Waste Generator
Ministry of Power
Rural Development Departments Urban Local bodies
Ministry of New and Renewable
Energy Sources Research Centers/ Academic units Village Panchayats
72
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Waste Generators
Event organizers All waste generators shall pay such user fee for solid waste management, as
Areas under the control of Indian Railways,
Ports and harbours, airports/ airbases Street Vendors specified in the bye‐laws of the local bodies.
State and Central government organisations No person shall organize an event or gathering of more than one hundred persons
special economic zones, Defence establishments Market Associations
at any unlicensed place
Places of pilgrims and religious and historical Hotels and restaurants
importance as may be notified by respective
without intimating the local body, at least three working days in advance
State government from time to time Resident welfare Associations The organiser of such event shall ensure segregation of waste at source
Every domestic, institutional, commercial and
Gated Community having area Further, hand over segregated waste to waste collector or agency as specified
any other non residential solid waste generator
situated in the areas. more than 5000 sq.m by the local body.
73 76
74 77
Duties of The Ministry shall be responsible for over all monitoring the
Duties of waste generators MoEF &CC implementation of these rules in the country.
Construction and demolition waste generated in It shall constitute a Central Monitoring Committee under the Chairmanship
their premises shall be disposed as per C&D waste of Secretary, MoEF &CC, comprising officer not below the rank of Joint
rules 2016. Secretary or Advisor
Horticulture waste and garden waste as and when This Committee shall meet at least once in a year to monitor and review the
generated, in his own premises and shall be disposed progress. The Committee shall be renewed every three years.
as per the instructions of local bodies. Ministry of Urban Development Urban Development Departments of three
Committee members
Central Monitoring
75 78
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End of Week-3
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