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Methods
Aggregate parameters vs specific components

Determination of Equivalency with oxygen demand (BOD, COD, ThOD)

Organics Content
Organic carbon determination (TOC)
Overview

Specific components determination; using GC, HPLC, MS, AAS, etc.

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BOD
BOD
An estimate of the amount of oxygen required to stabilize the
degradable organic materials in a sample of wastewater by a
heterogeneous microbial population. Measure organic carbon that can be degraded biochemically

BOD standard: 5 day incubation at 20 oC

BOD5 = (DO0-DO5) x dilution factor

Specifically, BOD measures the rate DO0 ~ 8 – 10 mg/l, 1.5 mg/l < DO5 < 7 mg/l
of oxygen utilization by
microorganisms in water samples at Addition of bacterial seed may be needed
20°C for 5 days Also, enrichment of nutrient and trace elements
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Kurva BOD
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Chemical Oxygen Demand
Chemical oxygen demand (COD) is a measure of oxygen
equivalence of the fraction of organic matter in a sample
susceptible to the oxidation of permanganate or
dichromate in an acid solution.
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COD
Measure total organic carbon (except for aromatics)
The reaction is oxidation-reduction; other reduced compounds (S, SO2,
Fe) will also be oxidized and calculated as COD
Oxidation by dichromate in acidic solution. If a catalyst is added (Ag
Sulphate), > 90% organics can be oxidized
Testing time approx. 3 hours
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TOC ThOD

Measure all carbon as CO2; inorganic carbons (CO2, HCO3-, etc.)

present in the sample must be removed first; otherwise Calculate theoretically the oxygen needed to oxidize
correction is needed organic matters into final products

Advantage of TOC measurement: simple, quick (3-6 min) and C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O
accurate, and therefore suitable for monitoring and control ThOD = 6 M O2/M C6H12O6 = 1.07
purposes

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Debit, Konsentrasi, dan Beban

Pendekatan modern vs tradisional untuk kualitas air: Beban Aktual vs
Konsentrasi Maksimum

Beban (mg COD/hari) = konsentrasi COD (mg/L) x debit (L/hari)

Minimisasi beban aktual limbah: menurunkan volume dan atau

konsentrasinya

Benchmarking efisiensi kinerja industri

kg BOD/ton Produk kg COD/ton Bahan m3 air/ton Produk

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Sumber Polutan Industri dan Beban

▪ Tekstil kg BOD5/m kain

▪ Rumah potong kg SS/ton karkas
▪ Penyamakan kulit kg Cr/ft2 kulit samak
▪ Tapioka kg BOD5/ton pati
▪ Pulp dan kertas kg COD/ton pulp
▪ Keju kg TKN/m3 susu