Accepted: 2 October 2017

DOI: 10.1111/jocd.12454

ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTION

Examining polyquaternium polymers deposition on human

excised hair fibers

Javad Shokri PharmD, PhD1,2 | Maryam Shamseddini Lori PharmD3 |

Farnaz Monajjemzadeh PharmD, PhD4,2

1
Dermatology & Dermopharmacy Research
Team (DDRT), Tabriz University of Medical
Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
2
Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of
Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
3
Student Research Committee, Tabriz
University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
4
Food and Drug Safety Research Center,
Tabriz University of Medical Sciences,
Tabriz, Iran
Correspondence
Dr Farnaz Monajjemzadeh, Pharm-D, PhD of
Pharmaceutics, Associate Professor of
Pharmaceutical and cosmetic control, Faculty
of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of medical
sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
Email: Monajjemzadehf@yahoo.com
Summary
Background: Polyquaterniums (PQs) as important ingredients of hair products are
synthetic cationic polymers and are used in commercial hair volumizers and condi-
tioners.
Methods: Three different grades of polymers including PQ 87, 68, and 46 with vari-
ous concentrations were used, and their hair deposition efficacy was measured at 5
different pH values using hair diameters measurements by digital micrometer. Depo-
sition durability of polymer layer on the hair surface was tested by a defined wash-
ing test. Optical microscopic images and polarized light images were also taken from
treated and untreated samples for further investigation. Attenuated total reflectance
(ATR) spectral were recorded from hair samples to prove the polymer deposition
and probable interaction with hair fibers.
Results: PQ-68 with the highest molecular weight (300 kDa) at pH = 9 exhibited
the best hair deposition efficacy. The results revealed that the deposition of poly-
mers is directly proportional to the pH values. The best results were seen at pH = 9,
and at the lowest pH (pH = 5), the efficiency of polymers was approximately equal
to zero. The best resistance against washing was shown by PQ-44 at pH = 6. ATR
successfully tracked the presence of the polymers on the hair fibers and also pro-
posed specific wave numbers for each polymeric agent, individually.
Conclusions: In general, two main parameter which can mainly influence the deposi-
tion efficacy of PQs are the type of polymer or its molecular weight and also the
positive charge density on the polymer molecules.

KEYWORDS
cationic polymer, deposition, FTIR spectroscopy, hair treatment, polymers and surfactants,
polyquaternium

1 | INTRODUCTION compounds and silicone derivatives have been introduced and

The hair conditioners and hair volumizers belong to the same
group in the hair care products in the case of active ingredients,
and the difference is mainly related to the polymer type and the
concentration of the polymers in the formulations. The first gener-
ations of these active ingredients are cationic surfactants (CSs)
such as cethyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) or other quat-
ernized ammonium surfactants.1-3 In the last decades, polymeric
widely utilized to supplement the Cs performance. Polymeric
active ingredients may be cationic or nonionic. Silicon derivatives
may be cationic, anionic, or nonionic in nature. Cationic polymers
act with film-forming properties and also electrostatic attractions
and thus have higher volumizing and conditioning efficacy than
nonpolymeric types of conditioners. These polymers are also com-
patible with the human skin. Cationic polymers can be used alone
as volumizers but anionic or nonionic silicones should be used

J Cosmet Dermatol. 2017;1–8. wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/jocd © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. | 1

2 |
with a cationic polymer as adjuvant.4-7 Volumizing polymers have
been divided into natural polymers (such as guar gum, car-
rageenan, and xanthan), semisynthetic (such as quaternized guar or
cationic polysaccharides)8 and synthetic (PQs, silicones, and amine
oxides). PQs are one of the mostly used conditioners and volumiz-
ers in commercial hair care products, and their usage was signifi-
cantly increased in recent years due to their desired
supplementary effects. These polymers can be used in both rinsing
and nonrinsing (leave on) conditioners and volumizers with no
need for any organic solvent or co-solvent additive owing to their
high water solubility. There are various types of PQs with very
different physicochemical characteristics. Molecular weight and
molecular charge density are the main characteristics of these
polymers. Molecular weight of PQs varies in a wide range from
40 kDa (in PQ-16) to 1000 kDa (in PQ-11). Charge density of
PQs also varies from 0.5 (in PQ-68 and PQ-44) to 6.1 meq/g (in
PQ-16) at pH = 7. Charge density is directly related to the num-
ber and power of positive groups of molecules and is inversely
related to their molecular weights.9-11 The differences between
PQ grades result from the composition of their monomers. The
current monomers utilized in synthesis of PQs are vinyl-pyrroli-
done (VP), methacrylamide (VI), vinyl-immidazole (VA), dimethy-
laminoethyl-methacrylate (DMAEMA), vinyl-caprolactam (VCap), and
quaternized vinyl-immidazole (QVI). PQs are also used in pharma-
ceutical industries as antimicrobial preservative or contact lens dis-
infectants.12-14
In this research, the deposition efficacy of PQs (various molecular
weights) and durability of the maintenance at different pH values and
concentrations were examined on excised human hair fibers by means
of hair volume measurements, microscopic imaging, and ATR (FTIR)
analysis.
2 | MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 | Materials
Polyquaternium 87, Polyquqternium 68, and Polyquaternium 44
were received as a gift from BASF Chemical Co, Germany. Sodium
hydroxide and hydrochloric acid were prepared from Merck chemical
co, Germany.
2.2 | Equipments
ATR spectrophotometer (Bruker optics, Billerica, MA, USA), digital
micrometer with 0.1 lm accuracy (Mitotoyo, 0-25 mm,
15
0.001 mm, Japan), optical microscope (Carl Zeiss, Jena, Ger-
many) equipped to digital camera (dino lite, AnMo Electronics,
Hsinchu, Taiwan), dermatoscope equipped with a polarized light
imaging accessory (KC Tech Co Ltd, Anseong, Korea), dissolution
tester USP apparatus II (Erweka DT6K, Heusenstamm, Germany),
digital balance (AND GT-200, 0.0001 g, Japan), digital pH-meter
(Metrohm, Switzerland), air shaker-incubator (Heidolph, Germany).
SHOKRI ET AL.
2.3 | Methods
2.3.1 | Preparation of polymeric solutions
Polymeric solutions were prepared by dissolving different mass per-
centages of tested PQs in distilled water. Polymers were accurately
weighted, and distilled water was added to reach the required vol-
ume. The solutions were homogenized by stirring in 500 rpm for
20 minutes at room temperature. The resulting solutions were
adjusted to the desired pH by gradually adding diluted sodium
hydroxide or hydrochloric acid solutions (based on the desired pH of
the polymer solution) to a determined pH value, while stirring in the
presence of pH-meter electrode. Six percent’s (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6%
w/w) at 5 different pH values (5, 6, 7, 8, and 9) for any of the PQs
(PQ-87, PQ-68, and PQ-44) were prepared for the next step.
2.3.2 | Preparation of hair samples
In this study, the human natural and uncolored female hair fibers
were used as sample hair tresses. Due to high fiber to fiber and inter
fiber variability, the hair samples of different persons were separated
and divided into small groups with 20 hair fibers in each. To mini-
mize errors, each series of experiments were performed on the hair
of only one person. The samples were prepared from the lower parts
of the hair shafts.
2.3.3 | Treating of samples with polymers
The hair samples were treated by gently floating of hair samples in
fresh polymer solutions for 30 s at 35°C. After 30 s, the hair sam-
ples were withdrawn from the solutions and dried using a hair dryer,
after gently rinsing with distilled water to remove the residuals and
un-bonded polymers from the hair fibers. “Without Polymer” con-
trols were also performed for each pH condition.
In this study, we attempted to simulate the normal usage condi-
tion of no rinse hair conditioners due to increase extendibility of the
results to the real situation. Many people use these conditioning
products immediately after bath prior to drying of hairs by electric
hair dryer, and thus, we selected this process for our study.
2.3.4 | Measurement of hair fibers diameters
Hair diameters were measured by digital micrometer with 0.1 mm
accuracy after complete drying of the hair fibers. Measurement was
performed three times for each hair fiber, and the median of three
measurements was considered as the real diameter of the hair. The
average of 20 hair diameters in each sample was considered as the
final diameter for the calculation of increasing volume efficiency of
each polymer solution. The hair fiber diameters of untreated hair
samples “Without Polymer controls” were also measured for compar-
ison of treating process on the deposition efficacy of different PQs
on the hair fibers.
SHOKRI ET AL. | 3

presence of polymeric layer on the surface of the hair samples.

2.3.5 | Washing test
Washing test was carried out to evaluate the durability and mainte-
nance of polymer layers deposited on the hair fibers. For this test,
dissolution tester equipment was utilized (Erweka DT6K Dissolution
tester Germany, USP II apparatus). Washing test was performed at a
predetermined temperature (35°C) at a constant paddle shaft speed
(50 rpm) using a normal hair shampoo as a detergent. Hair samples
which were treated with various polymer solutions were put into the
bottom of the dissolution tester cells containing 500 mL distilled
water and 10 g normal hair shampoo as a detergent. Cell contents
were steered with standard paddles at 0.5 g rotation speed for
5 minutes. After 5 minutes, samples were withdrawn and dried with
warm air circulation. Each sample was washed three times with
24 hours intervals. After each washing and drying, the diameters of
the samples were measured by digital micrometer.
Using this method, one can take IR spectral directly from intact hair
without the need for sample preparation currently used in conven-
tional IR spectroscopy. The spectral were taken from intact hair,
treated hair, and pure polymeric film of each polymer. Polymeric
films were prepared by evaporation of solvents of polymeric solution
in air incubator at 40°C.
2.3.9 | Statistical analysis
All measurements were performed in triplicates. Hair fibers in each
test were at least equal to 20 fibers. Whenever necessary, the
means were compared using ANOVA test and the error was defined
at the level of 0.05.
3 | RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

2.3.6 | Calculations 3.1 | Results of optical microscopy

The changes in diameter and volume of the hair samples, thickness
The images of optical microscope from treated and untreated hair
of the polymeric layer, and related standard deviations were calcu-
samples obviously showed an increment in the hair diameter after
lated from below equations:
treating with different polymeric solutions. The samples of optical
D2 – D1 images of hair are shown in Figures 1 and 2. As shown in these fig-
Diameter change percent ¼  100 (1)
D1 ures, the treated hair is significantly thicker than the same hairs
without polymer treatment. This confirmed the results of diameter
D2 – D1
Polymeric layer thicknes ¼ (2) measurements using manual micrometer apparatus.
2
 
D2 3
Volume change percent ¼  100  100 (3) 3.2 | Results of ATR spectroscopy
D1
The ATR spectral of intact hair and treated hair fibers with three
STDEV
%RSD ¼  100: (4) polymers at three pH values are shown in Figures 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6.
Mean
These spectral confirmed the presence of polymeric layer on the hair
where D1 is untreated hair fibers “Without Polymer controls” mean fibers and propose a significant binding of the PQs to hair keratin
diameter, D2 is treated hair fiber samples mean diameter, and for all tested polymers.
STDEV is the standard deviation of data series related to each Untreated hair fiber ATR spectrum shown in Figure 3 illustrates
sample series. the main keratin vibrations which can vary between different races.

2.3.7 | Microscopic imaging

Two types of microscopic imaging were performed including optical
microscope imaging and polarized light imaging. Optical microscope
equipped with 5 MP digital camera and measuring software was
used for confirming the results of diameter measurements by digital
micrometer.
Microscopic imaging with polarized light was carried out for eval-
uating the deposition efficacy of different polymers on the hair sur-
face characteristics and ability of the polymers for improvement of
superficial properties of the hair.

2.3.8 | ATR spectroscopy

FTIR spectral were measured by ATR technique for the assessment F I G U R E 1 Optical Microscope image from untreated (below) and
of probable polymer-keratin interaction and confirmation of the treated (above) the same hair shaft in pH = 5 with PQ-44 solution
4 |
F I G U R E 2 Optical Microscope image from untreated (below) and
treated (above) the same hair shaft in pH = 5 with PQ-68 solution
Cysteine makes the major contribution to keratin structure in almost
all races. Cysteine is a naturally occurring, sulfur-containing amino
acid and is responsible for the disulfide linkages within the keratin
protein. The amide functionality in keratin results in three different
vibrational peaks in IR region namely Amide I, II, and III which appear
at different wave numbers. In this study, the main amide vibrations
were observed at 1639, 1529, and 1234 cm1. Other untreated hair
IR characteristic peaks were seen at 1460, 1052, and 1000 cm1
which can be attributed to C-H deformations and Cysteine monox-
ide and cysteic acid, respectively. Oxidative stresses of hair dryers or
sunshine, bleaching or waving, result in a chemical deformation of
Cysteine and its conversion to Cysteine monoxide, Cysteine dioxide,
and cysteic acid.16,17 Researchers have concluded that even in
untreated hair fibers, there are oxidative signs of age and environ-
mental conditions. Figures 4, 5, and 6 depict the ATR spectrum of
untreated hair compared with different polymeric solutions at vari-
ous pH values along with polymeric films for PQ 87, 67, and 44,
respectively. The presence of these PQs on the hair fibers can be
SHOKRI ET AL.
tracked using certain vibrational peaks. An IR vibrational marker for
PQ 87 was seen at 1373 cm1, while vibration at 1279 was
assigned as a characteristic peak for PQ 68. Three main markers
were related to the PQ 44 at 1278, 1344, and 1726 cm1. These
findings prove the binding of the polymers to the hair fibers by a sci-
entific method and can be used in qualitative and also quantitative
determination. Some researchers have reported similar markers in
forensic medicine aspects. ATR studies revealed FTIR characteristics
of the polymers and provided a proof for their localization on the
hair fibers in intact hair.17,18
3.3 | Effect of molecular weights and charge
density of polymers on their deposition efficiency
Figure 7 shows the hair volume enhancement for three different
polymers at 5 various pH values. Molecular weights of PQ-68, PQ-
44, and PQ-87 are 300, 200, and 150 kDa and their charge densities
are 0.5, 1, and 1.8, respectively. As shown in this figure, molecular
weight is an important factor in the deposition efficacy of polymer
at high pH values. The best volumizing power at high and or low pH
values belonged to PQ-68 and PQ-87, respectively. These results
show that MW is a key factor at high pH values, whereas the charge
density is the most important factor at the low pH values. Other
concentrations of polymers (1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5% w/w) also
showed similar results to that of 6% solution.
3.4 | Effect of polymer concentration on volumizing
efficiency of PQs
The volumizing efficacy of three polymers with different concentra-
tions at different pH values is shown in Figures 7, 8, 9, and 10. As
shown in these figures, the deposition efficiency of all polymers
increases with increase in the concentration of polymers in the solu-
tions. These results show that increasing the polymer concentration
results in thicker deposit of polymer layer on the surface of the hair
fibers. The effect of concentration of volume enhancers is very
FIGURE 3 ATR spectrum of untreated
hair
SHOKRI ET AL.
F I G U R E 4 ATR spectrum of untreated
hair (above), Pure PQ-87 film and treated
hair with PQ-87 in pH = 5, 7, and 9,
respectively
F I G U R E 5 ATR spectrum of untreated
hair (above), Pure PQ-68 film and treated
hair with PQ-68 in pH = 5, 7, and 9,
respectively
significant in all polymers but in polymer PQ-68, a plateau was seen
at 5% w/w concentration which shows that this concentration is the
optimum concentration for this purpose. The effect of polymer
concentration on volumizing efficacy is shown at all pH values. The
statistical difference was significantly based on ANOVA results (P-
value < .05).
3.5 | Effect of the polymer solutions pH value on
deposition efficiency of PQs
Effect of various pH values of the polymeric solutions on hair vol-
ume expanding efficacy of PQs is shown in Figures 7, 8 and 9. The
efficacy of all polymers increased with increase in the pH value of
the polymeric solutions regularly. This effect was seen in all polymer
concentrations. pH is one of the important factors in formulation of
hair care products. The pH value of the polymer in the formulation
| 5
of hair care products should be optimized based on the volumizing
efficacy and tissue irritancy. Using pH values above 9 can irritate the
skin and should be avoided and pH values lower than 7 will reduce
the deposition efficacy of the final product. The statistical difference
was significantly based on ANOVA results (P-value < .05).
Deposition durability of polymer layer on the hair surface was
tested by a defined washing test.
The washing test described here is a self-defined procedure by
the authors. According to Society of Hair Testing guidelines for drug
testing in hair, a precise definition of the hair washing procedure
being able to remove surface contaminations should be
introduced.19
Thus, in hair washing tests, it is important to define the proce-
dure completely and keep all parameters constant during the study.
Different washing medium volumes, washing agent, and stirring
rate and also washing durations have been used by different
6 |
F I G U R E 7 Enhancement of hair volume by three PQs n different
pHs in 6% concentration
researchers.20–22 For example, a similar duration of 5 minutes was
selected by Baeck et al. in hair washing test, but other parameters
20
were different. The presented method herein is derived from a
pharmacopeia apparatus for pharmaceutical dissolution testing
from pharmaceutical dosage form dissolution tests (GB Caleva Inc.,
UK) and is able to keep washing medium temperature, stirring rate
and also volume at a constant defined value (Figure 11). The vali-
dation was made, and accuracy, precision, and reproducibility of
the method in removing surface contamination were measured by
a validation test which was performed by applying an oily
SHOKRI ET AL.
F I G U R E 6 ATR spectrum of untreated
hair (above), Pure PQ-44 film and treated
hair with PQ-44 in pH = 5, 7 and 9,
respectively
F I G U R E 8 Volume enhancement efficacy of PQ-87 in different
pHs with different concentrations
substance on the hair tresses and measuring the efficacy of the
washing test in removing oil contamination. The oil was chemically
similar to sebaceous glands secretion and belongs to triglycerides
named Oleoyl polyoxyl-6 glycerides (Labrafilâ, Gattefosse). The
contaminated hair was immersed in the washing medium prepared
by dissolving 10 g of a normal washing shampoo in the dissolu-
tion apparatus vessel containing 500 mL of water. Temperature
was set at 35°C  0.5 at a constant paddle shaft speed of 0.5 g.
The weight of the hair tresses was measured after the washing,
SHOKRI ET AL.
F I G U R E 9 Volume enhancement efficacy of PQ-68 in different
pHs with different concentrations
F I G U R E 1 0 Volume enhancement efficacy of PQ-44 in different
pHs with different concentrations
and this was repeated for three different hair samples within a
day. The test was again repeated the day after, and the within
day and intraday differences were reported based on Relative
Standard Deviation (RSD) based on ICH guidelines.23
| 7
FIGURE 11 The washing test apparatus
The weight of the hair tresses after and before washing by the
defined procedure was used to calculate the accuracy as below:
Wcontaminated  Wafterwashing
Accuracy ¼  100:
Winitial
As the washing test purpose is based on decontamination, here
the accuracy of decontamination can be assumed as the washing
test accuracy.
Accuracy of the washing was in calculated as 96.5-97.6 percent
in removing oil contamination. The repeatability was measured as
0.551% and 0.451% (RSD) for interday and intraday precision,
respectively. The best resistance against washing was shown by PQ-44
at pH = 6.
4 | CONCLUSION
PQs have very good features for formulation of hair care products
due to their high skin compatibility, low toxicity, low irritancy, and
low interaction with other formulation ingredients especially anionic
surfactants.24,25,26 Some important parameters should be taken into
consideration to achieve an ideal quality and efficacy of such prod-
ucts. Different grades of PQs have different MWs and charge densi-
ties. Higher molecular weight PQs have higher volumizing power at
pH values above Thus in formulations with acidic pH values, PQs
with higher charge densities are preferred. The best pH range in the
formulation of these products is assigned to be between 7 and 9.
8 |
Concentration of polymers in the final preparation is also an impor-
tant factor for the quality assurance of PQs. Higher concentrations
result in higher volume expanding power but each polymer may have
an optimum concentration in the final product preparation.
ORCID
Farnaz Monajjemzadeh http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9369-5136
REFERENCES
1. Biswal S, Sahoo J, Murthy P. Physicochemical properties of solid dis-
persions of gliclazide in polyvinylpyrrolidone K90. AAPS PharmSci-
Tech. 2009;10:329-334.
2. Gattuso DJ. The true story of cosmetics. Exposing the Risks of the
Smear Campaign. Issue Analysis. 2011;6:1-38.
3. Bolduc C, Shapiro J. Hair care products: waving, straightening, condi-
tioning, and coloring. Clin Dermatol. 2001;19:431-436.
4. Murphy BR. Hair colourants. In: Butler H, ed. Poucher’s Perfumes,
Cosmetics and Soaps. Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media;
2013:307-325.
5. Wilgus LA, Davis K, LaBeaud L, Gandolfi L, Lochhead RY. A study of
the distribution of polymer/surfactant coacervate between solution
and foam in archetypal shampoo systems. J Cosmet Sci.
2010;62:179-189.
6. De Smedt A, Van Reeth I, Marchioretto S, Glover D, Naud J. Mea-
surement of silicone deposited on hair: Developing X-ray fluores-
cence and hair-wettability protocols. Cosmetics and Toiletries.
1997;112:39-44.
7. Harusawa F, Nakama Y, Tanaka M. Anionic-cationic ion-pairs: as
conditioning agents in shampoos. Cosmetics and Toiletries.
1991;106:35-39.
8. Marchioretto S, Blakely J. Substantiated synergy between silicone
and quats for clear and mild conditioning shampoos. SOFW € Seifen,
€ Fette, Wachse 1997;123:811-818.
Ole,
9. Gruber JV, Winnik FM, Lapierre A, Khaloo ND, Joshi N, Konish PN.
Examining cationic polysaccharide deposition onto keratin surfaces
through biopolymer fluorescent labeling. J Cosmet Sci. 2001;52:119-130.
10. Johnson B, Canfield L, Midland M, et al. New Approaches for
Assessing Conditioning and Quantifying Silicone Deposition on Hair.
Dow Corning. 2012;27:1-5.
11. Lopes JF, Hubatsch DA, Amaris P. Effect of benzalkonium chloride–
free travoprost on intraocular pressure and ocular surface symptoms
in patients with glaucoma previously on latanoprost: an open-label
study. BMC Ophthalmology. 2015;15:166.
12. Strassburg A, Kracke F, Wenners J, et al. Nontoxic, hydrophilic catio-
nic polymers—identified as class of antimicrobial polymers. Macromol
Biosci. 2015;15:1710-1723.
SHOKRI ET AL.
13. Peace JH, Ahlberg P, Wagner M, Lim JM, Wirta D, Branch JD.
Polyquaternium-1–preserved travoprost 0.003% or benzalkonium
chloride–preserved travoprost 0.004% for glaucoma and ocular
hypertension. Am J Ophthalmol 2015;160:266-274.
14. Alasino RV, Garcia LG, Gramajo AL, Pusterla JP, Beltramo DM, Luna
JD. Ocular biocompatibility of polyquaternium 10 gel: functional and
morphological results. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medi-
cine. 2015;26:64.
15. Gao T. Evaluation of hair humidity resistance/moisturization from
hair elasticity. J Cosmet Sci. 2007;58:393.
16. Chan K, Kazarian S, Mavraki A, Williams D. Fourier transform infra-
red imaging of human hair with a high spatial resolution without the
use of a synchrotron. Appl Spectrosc. 2005;59:149-155.
17. Zhou Y, Rigoletto R, Koelmel D, et al. The effect of various cosmetic
pretreatments on protecting hair from thermal damage by hot flat
ironing. J Cosmet Sci. 2011;62:265.
18. Barton PMJ. A Forensic Investigation of Single Human Hair Fibres
Using FTIR-ATR Spectroscopy and Chemometrics, Brisbane, QLD,
Queensland University of Technology; 2011.
19. Ruetsch SB, Kamath Y, Weigmann H-D. The role of cationic condi-
tioning compounds in reinforcement of the cuticula. J Cosmet Sci.
2003;54:63-83.
20. Cooper GA, Kronstrand R, Kintz P. Society of Hair Testing guidelines
for drug testing in hair. Forensic Sci Int. 2012;218:20-24.
21. Baeck S, Han E, Chung H, Pyo M. Effects of repeated hair washing
and a single hair dyeing on concentrations of methamphetamine and
amphetamine in human hairs. Forensic Sci Int. 2011;206:77-80.
22. Morton J, Carolan VA, Gardiner PH. Removal of exogenously bound
elements from human hair by various washing procedures and deter-
mination by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Anal
Chim Acta. 2002;455:23-34.
23. Guideline IHT. Validation of analytical procedures: text and metho-
dology. Q2 (R1). 2005;1:1-17.
24. Zhou Y, Foltis L, Moore D, Rigoletto R. Protection of oxidative hair
color fading from shampoo washing by hydrophobically modified
cationic polymers. J Cosmet Sci. 2009;60:217-238.
25. Cumming JL. Environmental Fate, Aquatic Toxicology and Risk Assess-
ment of Polymeric Quaternary Ammonium Salts from Cosmetic Uses.
QLD, Australia. Griffith University; 2008.
26. Hossel P, Dieing R, Norenberg R, Pfau A, Sander R. Conditioning
polymers in today’s shampoo formulations-efficacy, mechanism and
test methods. Int J Cosmet Sci 2000;22:1-10.
How to cite this article: Shokri J, Shamseddini Lori M,
Monajjemzadeh F. Examining polyquaternium polymers
deposition on human excised hair fibers. J Cosmet Dermatol.
2017;00:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.12454