CYTOLOGY II

By :
Name : Amalia Shofie Sahirani
Student Number : B1B017030
Section : D2
Group :3
Assistant : Ade Yuanita Putri Pratiwi

LABORATORY REPORT
PLANT STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT II

MINISTRY OF RESEARCH, TECHNOLOGY AND HIGHER EDUCATION

JENDERAL SOEDIRMAN UNIVERSITY
BIOLOGY FACULTY
PURWOKERTO
2018
 I. INTRODUCTION

Cytology is a science that skid about cells, the first inventor is Robert Hooke, he
determines cork cells that have no membranes or do not have protoplasm (dead
cells). Cells from plant cells and animal cells. The inventor of plant cells is a science
cell that exists in plants different from the cells present in animals, one of the distinct
distinctions of plant cells versus plant cells containing cellulosic material. This cell
wall serves to protect the contents of the cell and give shape of the cell (Gabriel,
1988). Cytology is important to identify cell condition with method of incision the
preparations as thin as possible and to be observed (Damayanti et al., 2015).
Nonprotoplasma components are found in the cytoplasm and vacuoles compile
food ingredients or other metabolic products. These substances are generally known
as ergastic substances. Carbohydrates, protein, crystal, tannin, and many more are
including ergastic substances of the plant (Sumardi, 1993).

II. OBJECTIVE(S)

The objectives of Citology II laboratory activity are :

1. To observe the parts of non-living substances, such as Ca-oxalate and amylum.
 III. MATERIALS AND METHODS

A. Materials

The equipment that used in Cytology II laboratory activity are light

microscope, object glass, cover glass, temporary report, razor, needle, and
pipette.
The materials that used in Cytology II laboratory activity are longitudinal
section costa of Carica papaya (papaya), cross section petiole of Colocasia
esculenta (taro), amylum from Solanum tuberosum (potato), amylum from Zea
mays (corn), tissue, and aquadest.

B. Methods

Methods used on Cytology II laboratory activity are :

1. Create a longitudinal section costa of Carica papaya and a cross section
petiole of Colocasia esculenta petiole as thin as possible, place the sections
on the object glass, given a small drop of water then covered with cover
glass.
2. Take each starch from corn (Zea mays) and potato (Solanum tuberosum) fruit
which will be made preparations, prick with a needle, place the fluid that
comes out (starch grains) on the objects glass and place a small drops of
water, gently lower a cover slip onto the microscope slide.
3. Observed under microscope, starting with the lowest magnification and
switching to the next higher power objective.
4. Draw a sketch of Ca-oxalate, type of amylum and give some description.
Show each parts of non-living component.
 IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A. Result

Description :
1. Cell wall
2. Ca-oxalate crystal
drussen
2

Image 4.1. Costa Section of Carica papaya (Papaya) Magnification 400x

Description :
1. Ca-oxalate crystal
raphides

Image 4.2. Cross Section Petiole of Colocasia esculenta (Taro) Magnification

400x
 Description :
1. Hilus
2
2. Lamella
3 3. Amylum

Image 4.3. Starch of Solanum tuberosum (Potato) Magnification 400x

Description :
1. Hilus
2. Lamella
1
3. Amylum
2

Image 4.4. Starch of Zea mays (Corn) Magnification 400x

B. Discussion

The ergastic substances are secondary products of plant metabolism, which

might have been formed at certain stages of metabolic process and are retained
when the taxon in question underwent further evolution (Erdtman, 1956).
Ergastic substances like calcium oxalate crystal as anatomical structures
have been reported to have contributed immensely to plant systematics (Monje &
Baran, 2002). There are 5 main categories of calcium oxalate, such as raphides,
prisms, styloids, druses, and crystal sand. The example of druse calcium oxalate
crystal is C. Constrictum, and the example of crystal sand calcium oxalate is only
in Combertum sp (Ekeke & Agbagwa, 2014).
According to the literature (Hidayat, 1995) states that in some places,
chloroplasts can form large starch grains as food reserves. This food reserve is
most commonly found in leukoplast root tubers, stem tubers, rhizomes, and
seeds. Amylum can be observed easily because it has a blackish blue color when
given iodine dye. Starch grains are first formed in the chloroplast. A large grain
shows a layer that surrounds a point in the middle, the hilum. This Hilus is in the
center of the starch grain or slightly to the edge called the eccentric flour type.
The cones are conical shaped centered on the hilum. Hilus is the starting point or
the initial point of formation of starch. Consists of lamella-lamella and hilum and
contains starch grains. These starch particles are irregularly shaped, some are
round, elliptical and have a third shape with the lines surrounding them. In
potatoes classified as monoadelph and some are added because they have 1
hilum but there are also 2 hilum which are each surrounded by lamellae.
Cellulose and starch are ergastic ingredients which in principle are found in
protoplast. This cellulose is very important for feeding the cell wall while flour
for food reserves. The color of yellow potato tubers is caused by the presence of
carotene. Besides that, potato tubers also contain glycalkalkoid, alpha-salanin
and toxic alpha-cakenin. This potato bulb is not alive because it contains starch
contained in plastids.
The shape of the corn kernels or Zea mays, there are very small dots called
aleurons. The Aleuron contains one or more crystaloid egg white and a or several
guboid (small spheres made from phytin namely Ca and Mg salts from
hexafosfor mesoinocytic acid). The Aleuron can be seen in the outermost layer of
the rice and corn endosperm, can be wasted because rice washing is too clean,
while the aleuron castor seeds appear to be spread in sizes larger than rice
aleurons.
 CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclusion

1. Forms of plant cells consist of cylindrical, hexagonal, elongated, poliedris, etc.

The example of cylindrical cell shape is cells in fruit hair of Ceiba
pentandra, hexagonal shape is cells in cross section pith of Manihot
esculenta, elongated shape is cells in inner layer of Allium cepa or red onion,
and poliedris shape is cells in fruit of Capsicum annum or red chili .
2. Parts of living cell are nucleus, cytoplasm, plastids, mitochondria, vacuole,
etc. Cell wall does not the category of living cell.

B. Suggestion

Suggestion for this laboratory activity is prepare the preparations to be

correct according to the procedure for example in the slicing of the material
should be as thin as possible to get clear picture under light microscope.
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