Properties of Light

Effects of Material Light

Reflection
Refraction
Total Internal Reflection
Interference
Diffraction
Scattering of Light
Polarization
Characteristics of Light
Newton proposed the particle theory of light to
explain the bending of light upon reflection from
a mirror or upon refraction when passing from air
into water. In his view, light was a stream of
particles emitted from a light source, entering the
eye to stimulate sight. Newton's contemporary
Christiaan Huygens showed that a wave theory of
light could explain the laws of reflection and
refraction. In the late 1800s, James Clerk Maxwell
predicted, and then Gustav Ludwig Hertz verified,
the existence of electromagnetic waves traveling
at the speed of light. A complete conceptualization
of the nature of light includes light as a particle,
as a wave, and as electromagnetic radiation.
Parallel connection:
Advandages: 1. Every unit that is connected in a parallel
circuit gets equal amount of voltage.
2. It becomes easy to connect or disconnect a new element
without affecting the working of other elements.
3. If any fault happened to the circuit, then also the current
is able to pass through the circuit through different paths.
Disadvantages: 1. It requires the use of lot of wires.
2. We cannot increase or multiply the voltage in a parallel
circuit.
3. Parallel connection fails at the time when it is required to
pass exactly same amount of current through the units.

Electrical power may be defined as the Rate at which the

Electrical energy is being Consumed or Generated. On the
other hand, Energy is ability to do work. In terms of power
Energy is defined as the power per unit time.
Most commonly we consider these two things to be similar to
one another. But technically speaking these two are not the
same. Power can neither be consumed nor generated
whereas Energy can only be consumed or generated. As said
earlier power is just the rate at which energy is being
consumed or generated.
DOUBLE CONNECTION
The Grant Prideco Double Shoulder connection is a high
performance, rotary shouldered tool joint connection available for
drill pipe ranging in size from 2 ⅜ to 6 ⅝ inches. GPDS offers a
versatile alternative to standard API connection designs when
higher operational torque and tool joint wear allowance is desired,
and is fully interchangeable with corresponding API NC or FH
counterparts. GPDS is a proven connection that provides increased
torsional capacity, promotes more streamlined configurations and
tolerates more tool joint wear than standard API rotary shouldered
connections.
Fuse is generally enclosed in a non-combustible housing and
mounted in between a pair of electrical terminals. Always
arranged in a series, this arrangement ensures that all the current
passes through the protected circuit. The flow of current through
the circuit gives rise to resistance in the fuse element, which leads
to the generation of heat. When a current flow which is greater
than the stipulated ampere rating of the fuse, the fuse melts either
directly or melts a solder joint within the fuse due to the increased
heat, and thus breaks the circuit without damaging the circuit
components and the electronic appliances.