Lecture 8

18 November 2018
 Linking Current Lecture With
Previous Lecture
▪ In the previous Lecture Maximum Normal Stress theory and
Maximum Shear Stress theory were discussed for prediction of
failure in brittle material and ductile material in multi-axial
loading
▪ In today Lecture, another theory will be discussed which is used
for prediction of failure ductile material. The theory is called
Maximum Distortion Energy theory.

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 Intended Learning Outcomes
• Relate simple tension test to multiaxial loading to produce
ductile material failure criteria by Maximum Distortion Energy
theory
• Compare the failure theories used for failure prediction of
ductile materials
• Solve real-world problems using the failure theories

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 Strain Energy
▪ When a force is applied to a solid, it deforms.
▪ Then, we can say that work is done on the solid, which is
proportional to the force and deformation.
▪ The work done by applied force is stored in the solid as
potential energy, which is called the strain energy.
▪ The strain energy in the solid may not be distributed
uniformly throughout the solid.
▪ Strain energy per unit volume is called strain energy
density.

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 Decomposition of Strain Energy
STRAIN ENERGY IS SEGREGATED INTO THREE CATEGORIES:

1) Total strain energy per unit volume of the stressed

element, arising from the three principal stresses
2) Strain energy per unit volume arising from the
hydrostatic stress that causes change of volume only,
and which is uniform in all three directions
3) Strain energy per unit volume arising from stresses
causing distortion of the element, and this can be
expressed as the difference between category (1) and
(2).

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 Decomposition of Strain Energy

• General Case

• Tri-axial stress situation

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STRAINS IN UNI-AXIAL STRESS
•Bi-axial stress is the stress situation that consists of one
principal stress,
•The strains are given by in terms of the principal stress as

1 1 1
1 = ,  2 = − ,  3 = −
E E E
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 STRAINS IN BI-AXIAL STRESS
• Bi-axial stress is the stress situation that consists of two
principal stresses,
• The strains are given by in terms of the two principal
stresses as

 1 = ( 1 −  2 ),
1
E
 2 = ( 2 −  1 ),
1
E
 3 = −  ( 1 +  2 )
1
E

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 STRAINS IN TRI-AXIAL STRESS
• Tri-Axial Stress is the case of three principal stresses
• The most general case
• Three strains in the directions of the principal stresses
• Strains are given in terms of the three principal stresses as

1 =  1 −  ( 2 +  3 )
1
(1)
E
 2 =  2 −  ( 1 +  3 )
1
(2)
E
 3 =  3 −  ( 1 +  2 )
1
(3)
E

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 ENERGY PER UNIT VOLUME
Tri-Axial Stress
Total strain energy
• It is the strain energy caused by the three principal
stresses. It is given by the expression
1 1 1
U =  1 1 +  2 2 +  3 3
2 2 2
• Substituting for elastic strains
1 =
1
 1 −  ( 2 +  3 ) (1)
E
 2 =  2 −  ( 1 +  3 )
1
(2)
E
 3 =  3 −  ( 1 +  2 )
1
(3)
E
Yields the Total strain energy in terms of stresses

U=
1
2E
 
 12 +  2 2 +  3 2 − 2 ( 1 2 +  2 3 +  1 3 ) 1 - 10
 STRAIN ENERGY DUE TO
HYDROSTATIC STRESS
• Hydrostatic stress is the stress that causes change of
volume only
• Hydrostatic stress may be considered as the average of the
three principal stresses and derived and expressed as
1 +  2 +  3
 av =
3
• Using the equation for total strain energy yields an
expression for hydrostatic strain energy as

U=
1
2E
 
 12 +  2 2 +  3 2 − 2 ( 1 2 +  2 3 +  1 3 )

Uv =
1
2E

3 av − 2 3 av
2
( 2
)
3 av
1 − 2  = 31 − 2  av 2
2
Uv =
2E 2E 1 - 11
STRAIN ENERGY DUE
HYDROSTATIC STRESS

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 DISTORSION STRAIN ENERGY
• Distortion energy is the difference between total strain
energy and the hydrostatic strain energy
Ud = U −Uv
But Total Strain Energy is

U=
1
2E
 
 1 2 +  2 2 +  3 2 − 2 ( 1 2 +  2 3 +  1 3 )
and Hydrostatic strain energy

Uv =
1 − 2 2
6E

 1 +  2 2 +  3 2 + 2( 1 2 +  2 3 +  1 3 ) 

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DISTORSION STRAIN ENERGY IN
SIMPLE TENSION TEST
When yielding occurs in simple tension test, the principal
stresses are given by

Substitute into the expression for distortion energy, we get

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 DISTORSION ENERGY THEORY
• For the general three dimensional stress situation:
“When Yielding occurs in any material, the distortion
strain energy per unit volume at the point of failure,
Equals or exceeds the distortion strain energy per unit
volume when yielding occurs in the tension test
specimen”.
• Equating the expressions for the two situations, we get

( 1 −  2 )2 + ( 2 −  3 )2 + ( 1 −  3 )2 = 2S y 2
or
 ( 1 −  2 )2 + ( 2 −  3 )2 + ( 1 −  3 )2 
  = Sy
 2 

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 DISTORSION ENERGY THEORY
• Left hand side of the equation referred to as the Effective,
or Von-Mises stress

• Von-Mises stress is an important stress that is compared

with the design or allowable stress

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 DISTORSION ENERGY THEORY
• Consider a situation in which only a shear stress exists,
such that σx = σy = 0 , and τxy = τ. For this stress state, the
principal stresses are σ1 = –σ2 = τ and σ3 = 0. On the σ1–
σ2 plane, this pure shear state is represented as a straight
line through the origin at –45º as shown in Figure. The line
intersects the von Mises failure envelope at two points, A
and B. The magnitude of σ1 and σ2 at these points can be
found from previous equations as

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 DISTORSION ENERGY THEORY
• Thus, in pure shear stress state, the material yields when
the shear stress reaches 0.577 of . This value will be
compared to the maximum shear stress theory.

Figure: Failure envelope of the distortion energy theory

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 COMPARISON B/W DISTORSION
ENERGY THEORY AND TRESCA
THEORY
• The hexagon in the figure on next slide presents the two–
dimensional failure envelope according to maximum shear
stress theory.
• The ellipse corresponding to von Mises’s theory is also
shown in the same figure.
• The hexagon is inscribed within the ellipse and contacts it
at six vertices. Combinations of principal stresses σ1 and
σ2 that lie within this hexagon are considered safe based
on the maximum shear stress theory, and failure is
considered to occur when the combined stress state
reaches the hexagonal boundary.
• This is obviously more conservative failure theory than
distortion energy theory as it is contained within the latter.
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 COMPARISON B/W DISTORSION
ENERGY THEORY AND TRESCA
THEORY
• In the pure shear stress state, the shear stress at the points
C and D correspond to 0.5σY, which is smaller than 0.577σY
according to the distortion energy theory.

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Figure: Comparison between MSST and MDET
 PROBLEM 1
A circular shaft of tensile strength 𝑆𝑌=350 MPa is subjected
to a combined state of loading defined by bending moment
M=8 kN.m and torque T=24kN.m.Calculate the required
shaft diameter d in order to achieve a factor of safety N=2.
Use (a) the maximum shearing stress theory (MSST-Tresca)
(b) the maximum distortion energy theory(MDET –Von
Mises)

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PROBLEMS SOLUTION

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PROBLEMS SOLUTION

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 PROBLEM 2
For the state of plane stress shown, determine whether or
not failure is a possibility to occur in the material subjected
the state of plane stress and having Sy = 200 MPa.

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 PROBLEM 3
A brittle material is subjected to the state of plane stress
shown, determine whether or not failure is a possibility to
occur in the material having Sut = 300 MPa.

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 PROBLEM 4
Due to the applied loading, the element of a ductile material
at point A on the solid shaft shown in the figure is subjected
to the state of plane stress as shown. determine whether or
not failure is a possibility to occur in the material having
Sy = 50 kpi.

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 THANKS
Questions (if any)