Document Number: H2020-ICT-671650-mmMAGIC/D1.

Project Name:
Millimetre-Wave Based Mobile Radio Access Network for Fifth Generation Integrated
Communications (mmMAGIC)

Deliverable D1.3

Visualisation of the Candidate Radio Interface Concept

Date of delivery: 31/03/2017 Version: 1

Start date of Project: 01/07/2015 Duration: 24 months
 Document: H2020-ICT-671650-mmMAGIC/D1.3
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Deliverable D1.3
Visualisation of the Candidate Radio Interface
Concept
Project Number: ICT-671650
Project Name: Millimetre-Wave Based Mobile Radio Access Network for
Fifth Generation Integrated Communications

Document Number: H2020-ICT-671650-mmMAGIC/D1.3

Document Title: Visualisation of the Candidate Radio Interface
concept
Editor(s): University of Bristol, Orange Labs Rennes,
Telefonica I+D Research groups
Mark Beach , Denys Berkovskyy, Angelos Goulianos ,
Authors:
Javier Lorca Hernando, Evangelos Mellios, Andrew Nix,
Isabelle Siaud, Anne-Marie Ulmer-Moll, Wenfang Yuan

Dissemination Level: PU
Contractual Date of Delivery: 31/03/2017
Security: Public
Status: Final
Version: 1
File Name: D1.3.docx

Abstract

This document provides specific visualisation examples of 5G radio interface concepts developed
in mmMAGIC project. The presented work focuses on the implementation aspects of sophisticated
5G radio techniques. This is achieved through the demonstration of the interactions among
antenna alignment and beamforming, link and system level analysis and significant Radio Access
Technology (RAT) optimisation metrics. More specifically, the work presented in this deliverable
is two-fold. Chapter 2 consolidates the software visualisation framework of the mmMAGIC
visualisation tool, previously documented in D1.2 and developed by the University of Bristol
(UoB). Chapter 3 presents a novelty related to multi-RAT deployment optimisation exploiting
power efficient link adaptation metrics, which is developed by Orange in WP3 and is integrated
within the UoB visualisation tool. The outcome of this deliverable is presented through the
generation of several publically available videos that demonstrate the capabilities of the software
tool, and the potential application of 5G radio network deployment.

Keywords
Visualisation, mmMAGIC, Spatio-temporal channel data, 3-D rays, Blender, Dynamic
beamforming, RAT, Performance metrics

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Executive summary
This document, D1.3, is the second public deliverable to present the visualization tool for
mmMAGIC project. As the first stage output in the project, a software platform of the mmMAGIC
visualisation tool was developed by University of Bristol (UoB) and was previously documented
in D1.2 [D1.2 16]. In the current deliverable, concrete implementations of representative 5G
radio interface concepts are described and demonstrated through representative video clips
and illustrative snapshots.
The presented results, a combination of parallel working tasks carried out by different Work
Packages (WPs), are integrated within the tool. More specifically, exemplary use-case
scenarios that are strongly linked to the use-cases selected in D1.2 have been integrated into
the platform. These representative radio interface concepts are presented below.
The first use-case scenario, is the implementation of a beam tracking algorithm considering a
multi-BS and multi-node transceiver setup. This work is a collaborative work of different WPs in
the project, namely WP5, WP2 and WP1, since it integrates the concept of multipath channel
generation (WP2) and dynamic beam-forming (WP5) within the visualisation platform (WP1).
More specifically, 3D isotropic rays are produced by employing a mm-wave ray tracing platform
developed by UoB. Based on the exhaustive search algorithm, the resulting rays are then
convolved with antenna patterns from a predefined codebook and the selection of the
appropriate beams is illustrated together with the resulting 3D rays. The corresponding video
that illustrates the integration of the aforementioned use-case into the visualisation platform can
be found in:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1fcgCH4kePs&feature=youtu.be
The second scenario provides results with respect to the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
throughput performance, for low and intermediate user mobility scenarios. This demonstration
targets the illustration of the throughput achieved at TCP level, under realistic mm-wave channel
propagation conditions. The resulting video footage integrates 3D point-source ray generation,
dynamic beam-tracking and link-level throughput for a user moving along a realistic route in the
city centre of Bristol, UK. The corresponding video footage can be found in:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VbGzvSipUM8&feature=youtu.be
Finally, the visualisation platform exhibits the Green Oriented Link Adaptation Metrics (also
termed as Green Link Budget (GLB) throughout the document) developed by Orange within the
working framework of WP3. The GLB metric enables multi-technology link adaptation and
provides power efficiency optimization for single and multi-RAT deployments within
heterogeneous network architectures. The task is accomplished through close collaboration
between UoB and Orange, and the corresponding video that exhibits the evolution of GLB metric
can be found in:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tsujaUO9wo4&feature=youtu.be
Each of these use-case scenarios are described in detail into the presented document and
representative snapshots that illustrate the capabilities of the visualisation tool are provided for
each of the aforementioned scenarios.

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Contents
1 Summary of the Visualisation Tool and Use Case Scenarios ........................................... 1
1.1 Overview of the Visualisation Platform ...................................................................... 1
1.2 Overview of the Software Platform ............................................................................ 2
1.3 Description of the Use Case Scenarios in Connection to mmMAGIC WPs ................ 3
1.4 Document Structure .................................................................................................. 4
2 Visualisation of Beam Tracking and TCP Throughput ...................................................... 5
2.1 Channel Generation Process and Integration of the Beam-Tracking Algorithm ......... 5
2.2 Platform Integration of the Beam-Tracking Algorithm ................................................ 6
2.3 Visualisation of Transport Layer Performance ........................................................... 8
2.4 Coverage Prediction for mm-wave micro-cells ........................................................ 11
3 Visualisation of Green Oriented Link Adaptation Metrics ................................................ 14
3.1 The concept of Orange GLB Metrics ....................................................................... 16
3.2 Mm-wave Scenarios for the evaluation of  and  metrics ...................................... 17
3.3 Integration of GLB metrics into the Visualization Tool ............................................. 18
The -metric results ......................................................................................... 18
The-metric results.......................................................................................... 21
4 Conclusions ................................................................................................................... 23
5 References..................................................................................................................... 25

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List of Figures
Figure 1.1. Exemplary instant of the visualisation video footage presented in D1.2. ................ 1
Figure 1.2. Collaborative contributions of mmMAGIC WPs into the visualisation tool. ............ 4
Figure 2.1. Selected route and corresponding BSs used in the visualisation platform. ............ 5
Figure 2.2. Beam patterns generation based on IEEE 802.15.3c standard. ............................. 7
Figure 2.3. Snapshot of the visualisation video footage demonstrating beam tracking between
BS1 and a user location. ......................................................................................................... 8
Figure 2.4. Snapshot of the visualisation video footage demonstrating beam tracking between
BS2 and a user location. ......................................................................................................... 8
Figure 2.5. 5G mm-wave end-to-end framework. (source: [ZHA 16]). ...................................... 9
Figure 2.6. Snapshot of the visualisation video footage illustrating TCP throughput results for
mobile user speeds of 3 m/sec (bottom-left) and 25 m/sec (bottom-right). ............................. 11
Figure 2.7. Coverage prediction at 99% outage. .................................................................... 12
Figure 2.8.Coverage prediction at 90% outage...................................................................... 12
Figure 2.9. Coverage prediction at 80% outage. .................................................................... 13
Figure 3.1. Visualisation of the received signal power in the GMTE platform for the Wi-Fi hot
spots in the 5 GHz band. ....................................................................................................... 15
Figure 3.2. The air interface selection performed in the GMTE platform, driven by the values of
GLB metric. ........................................................................................................................... 15
Figure 3.3. Definition of the α-metric...................................................................................... 16
Figure 3.4. IMT2020 spectrum bands for 5G scenarios. ........................................................ 17
Figure 3.5. α-metric variations on embedded IEEE802.11 ad transmission modes at 82 GHz.
(Top:QPSK modes, Bottom: QAM modes) ............................................................................ 19
Figure 3.6. Top: Snapshot of the visualisation video footage demonstrating values of the α-
metric for various MCS modes. Bottom: Results for various QPSK based TMs ..................... 20
Figure 3.7. metric variations on embedded IEEE802.11 ad transmission modes at 82 GHz.
.............................................................................................................................................. 22

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List of Abbreviations
AoA Angle of Arrival
AoD Angle of Departure
ARP Available Received Power
BER Bit Error Rate
BS Base Station
CIR Channel Impulse Response
DEM Digital Elevation Model
DTM Digital Terrain Model
FPS Frame Per Second
GIS Geographical information System
GLB Green Link Budget
GMTE Green Multi-Technology Engineering
EGT Equal Gain Transmission
EIRP Effective Isotropic Radiated Power
HARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request
IP Internet Protocol
JSON Javascript Object Notation
KPI Key Performance Indicator
LAA Licensed-Assisted Access
LoS Line of Sight
LTE Long Term Evolution
LWA LTE WLAN Aggregation
MAC Medium Access Control
MCM Multipath Channel Margin
MCS Modulation and Coding Scheme
MISO Multiple Input Single Output
MPC Multi-Path Component
MS Mobile Station
mm-wave based Mobile radio Access network
mmMAGIC for fifth Generation Integrated
Communications
mm-wave Millimetre Wave
NAS Non-Access Stratum
nLoS Non Line of Sight
NYU New York University
OLoS Obstructed Line of Sight
PAS Power Azimuth Spectrum
PHY Physical Layer
PDP Power Delay Profile
PLM Path Loss Margin
QoS Quality of Service
RAN Radio Access Network
RAT Radio Access Technology
RLC Radio Link Control
RRC Radio Resource Control
RSSI Received Signal Strength Indicator
SISO Single Input Single Output
SNR Signal to Noise Ratio
STBC Space Time Block Code
TCP Transmission Control Protocol
TM Transmission Mode
TR Time Reversal
UoB University of Bristol
UWB Ultra-Wide Band
WLAN Wireless Local Area network
WP Work Package

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1 Summary of the Visualisation Tool and Use Case Scenarios

This chapter provides an overview of the new features integrated within the visualisation tool
that has been developed with respect to WP1 task T1.3. Furthermore, it presents the capabilities
of the Green Multi-technology Engineering (GMTE) platform developed by Orange, results of
which are integrated within the visualisation platform developed by UoB. A detailed description
of this software platform, and its evolution, configuration and integration, can be found in the
deliverable D1.2 [D1.2 16]. In addition, a high level description of the use case scenarios that
have been implemented in this work is given, and the relation among the simulated scenarios
and the mmMAGIC project Work Packages (WPs) is highlighted.

1.1 Overview of the Visualisation Platform

The visualisation platform developed by the University of Bristol (UoB) is a software-based
platform that mainly focuses on the characterisation of the radio link for a user moving along a
predefined route of an urban area in the city of Bristol, UK. The initial scope of the tool was the
illustration of the dynamic Channel Impulse Response (CIR) by means of 3D rays launched by
mm-wave Base Stations (BSs) and received by a mobile user along the route. Moving towards
this end, the main outcome of previous deliverable D1.2 was the production of a video that
implements the aforementioned scenario. An exemplary snapshot of this video footage is
illustrated in Figure 1.1, where, The Power Delay Profile (PDP) and the Power Azimuth
Spectrum (PAS) are illustrated.

Figure 1.1. Exemplary instant of the visualisation video footage presented in D1.2.

Following the work on software platform described in D1.2, enhancement and new features
have been implemented in the mmMAGIC visualisation tool, and the improvement is presented
in this document. The extension of the existing platform, by means of integrating new features
that more effectively demonstrate the capabilities of 5G radio deployment is one of the key
achievements after D1.2. More specifically, the visualisation of selected radio interface
concepts, implemented as new examples and features, includes:

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• The latest results from WP3 (deliverable D3.2 under preparation), namely, multi-RAT
performance optimisation through the use of well-known performance metrics.
• Antenna steering and beam-tracking, as well as
• Mobility-dependent, link-level simulations.
The visualisation in Blender [https://www.blender.org] is used as an open source scene creation
and 3D rendering software.

1.2 Overview of the Software Platform

A number of steps are sequentially executed up to the point where a particular visualisation
scenario is video encoded. Initially, the user should modify a high level configuration file written
in JSON format. In this file the user can define the basic features of the video footage such as
the camera settings, the location of the 3D rendering scene, as well as the static and dynamic
images that will be illustrated. Thereafter, an initial top-level Python script reads the
configuration file and launches a number of tools depending on the information contained in the
file. This top-level script launches Blender and instructs it to load the Python script with a
specified configuration file. The final Python script which is loaded by Blender and executed
using the built-in Python interpreter has access to Blender environment and performs 3D
rendering based on the available environmental information.
The main challenge for the successful integration of the visualised environment within the tool,
is the transformation of Geographical Information System (GIS) databases to a format that is
recognisable by the Blender software. The GIS database which is used by UoB ray-tracing
engine only includes two-dimensional tables with ground, elevation and clutter height
information. Blender cannot render such 2D structures as they need to be converted into 3D
vertices and polygons. Therefore, based on the available GIS data, an application-specific
Python script has been developed in order to perform this transformation.
The descriptions of the data types and data formats are provided in deliverable D1.2. The
definition and use of the data types should be followed by the partners who would like to
generate a particular test-case scenario that requires geographical map data, 3D rays, as well
as additional static and dynamic information. These data formats consist of the coordinate
system, the Digital Terrain Model (DTM) that describes the terrain of a given geographical map,
as well as the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) that designates the height of any surface detail,
such as buildings, foliage etc. In addition, data formats referring to the ground usage model,
which identifies the building structures that are incorporated within a map-based database and
the ray data format that needs to be provided in a text file whose lines follow a standardized
configuration, need to be provided. The latter text file can then be incorporated into the main
configuration file and, in turn, can be called by the top-level Python script described earlier.
Apart from the dedicated visualisation tool of UoB, Orange has developed a Green Multi-
Technology Engineering (GMTE) platform which integrates analytical and empirical propagation
models for the simulation of the received signal strength. This platform is a research oriented
platform that maps the received signal power to various Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) by
means of a radio engineering tool, in order to optimise the network densification from a multi-
RAT standpoint.
In further detail, the KPIs computed by the GMTE platform are useful because they contribute
towards shaping multiple optimisation criteria for radio link selection. More specifically, the aim
is to achieve power and deployment cost minimisation by selecting the most power efficient
technologies to be deployed within geographical zones of interest. The platform may also
optimise access point positions considering the coverage metric in these zones. Chapter Error! R
eference source not found. further details the GMTE platform and its performance.

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1.3 Description of the Use Case Scenarios in Connection to mmMAGIC WPs

One of the main targets of the visualisation platform is the integration of a number of inputs from
the various WPs of the mmMAGIC project. This concept provides a twofold value as it first
demonstrates the work produced by disseminating results of the ongoing research to the public,
and secondly illustrates that a harmonious collaboration amongst various working groups can
lead to an integrated result that demonstrates the capabilities and limitations of 5G access
networks.
On these grounds, the video clips and the demonstrating snapshots that consist the visualisation
output, are a mixture of parallel working tasks carried out in different WPs and integrated within
the tool. However, it is important to mention that the software integration of parallel sub-tasks is
a complicated, as well as challenging process, and caution has been taken so that the illustrated
scenarios represent realistic 5G deployment use cases and the software is developed within
the scheduled timeline of the project.
Taking into consideration the above guidelines, and the pre-requisite that the scenarios to be
illustrated should be strongly linked to the cases defined by WP1 task T1.1, the following use
cases have been implemented:
• Implementation of a beam tracking algorithm considering a multi-BS and multi-
node transceiver setup
One of the most important concepts considered in this project, is the integration of mm-wave
antenna elements within the visualisation working framework. To accomplish this task, the
software development process incorporates a dynamic beam tracking algorithm within the tool.
The main idea is to reproduce the evolution of the BS antenna patterns as a mobile client moves
along a predefined route within the city centre of Bristol. The end user receives different beams
depending on its position on the map. The patterns have been extracted by a predefined
codebook and the selection of the appropriate beams is illustrated together with the resulting
3D rays.
• TCP throughput evaluation for low and intermediate user mobility thresholds
The concept of this demonstration is to reveal the throughput achieved at TCP level when mm-
wave channels are deployed. The channels employed consist realistic channel matrices
simulated in UoB through the use of the 60 GHz propagation tool available (Ray-tracer). The
throughput simulations are based on the LENA module [BAL11] employed in NS-3 simulator.

• Green Oriented Link Adaptation Metrics

This demonstration is a collaborative work with Orange, France as part of mmMAGIC WP3.
Orange has developed novel link adaptation metrics that are turned towards power efficient
radio link selection which guarantees Quality of Service (QoS) and performs a fair comparison
between independent air interfaces in a multiple-RAT scenario [SM16]. The proposed alpha and
beta metrics are visualised along the selected route for various Modulation and Coding Scheme
(MCS) modes, indicating, thus, the optimal option by comparing the visualised link adaptation
metrics.
A more detailed description of all the above use case scenarios will be provided in the following
chapters. Figure 1.2, demonstrates the connection between the inputs to the visualisation tool
and the tool itself. This is a modified diagram, as compared to the generalised diagram
presented in D1.2 that illustrates the application-specific concepts that are presented in this
document.

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Figure 1.2. Collaborative contributions of mmMAGIC WPs into the visualisation tool.

1.4 Document Structure

The remainder of this document is organised as follows: Chapter 2 explains the process
followed in order to incorporate the antenna beam stirring algorithm into the visualisation
platform. In addition, as a collateral work emerged from this task, basic cell-edge coverage
metrics are provided for mm-wave micro-cells operating within a range of mm-wave carrier
frequencies. Furthermore, the process of integrating TCP throughput results into the tool is
provided, by means of merging the simulated ray-traced channel matrices into a modified
version of NS-3 simulation environment. Chapter 3 describes the usefulness of Green Link
Budget (GLB) performance metrics such as the alpha and beta sub-metrics, and additionally,
through graphical illustrations, it emphasises the importance of the metric when it comes to the
selection of the optimum MCS mode. Finally, chapter 4 summarises the work presented in this
document and provides links to the corresponding visualisation videos that consist the outcome
of this work.

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2 Visualisation of Beam Tracking and TCP Throughput

This chapter provides information with respect to the visualised outputs of the beam tracking
algorithm, along with the resulting throughput of a user moving along the selected route that is
simulated in the tool. Furthermore, as a worth mentioning side-product of this work, this chapter
delivers an estimation of the cell-edge coverage when considering a range of mm-wave carrier
frequencies.

2.1 Channel Generation Process and Integration of the Beam-Tracking

Algorithm
In order to demonstrate the beam tracking process as a mobile user moves along the selected
environment, a set of point-source ray-tracing data has been generated by UoB. The data set
includes three BSs located in the city centre of Bristol, UK, and placed at a height of 5m above
ground. The ray-tracing engine predicted the PDPs at 1000 points along the route for carrier
frequencies of 28, 60 and 82 GHz. Figure 2.1 depicts the ray-tracing environment for this
scenario and Table 2.1 summarises the simulation parameters.

BS1

BS2

BS3

Figure 2.1. Selected route and corresponding BSs used in

the visualisation platform.

Table 2.1. Ray tracing simulation parameters.

Number of BSs 3
BS height 5m
Mobile user height 1.5 m
Frequency 28, 60 and 82 GHz
Transmit power 23 dBm
Receiver sensitivity -95 dBm
Ray-tracing interval 0.5 m
Number of points per route 1000
Route length 500 m

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Point-source ray tracing provides information on the amplitude, phase, time delay, azimuth and
elevation Angle of Departure (AoD) and Angle of Arrival (AoA) of each Multipath Component
(MPC). The complex gain of each MPC was adjusted according to the transmitting and receiving
antenna electric field pattern response for the corresponding AoD/AoA and polarisation. The
double-directional time-variant channel impulse response h for a vehicular link is given by [SMB
16]:
𝐿

ℎ(𝑡, 𝜏, 𝛺𝐴𝑜𝐷 , 𝛺𝐴𝑜𝐴 ) = ∑ ℎ𝑙 (𝑡, 𝜏, 𝛺𝐴𝑜𝐷 , 𝛺𝐴𝑜𝐴 ) (2.1)

𝑙=1
𝐿

= ∑ 𝐄l (𝑡)𝛿(𝜏 − 𝜏𝑙 )𝛿(𝛺𝐴𝑜𝐷 − 𝛺𝐴𝑜𝐷,𝑙 )𝛿(𝛺𝐴𝑜𝐴 − 𝛺𝐴𝑜𝐴,𝑙 )

𝑙=1

where,
𝑇 𝑉𝑉 𝑉𝐻
𝐸𝑉 𝑎𝑙𝑉𝑉 𝑒 𝑗𝜑𝑙 𝑎𝑙𝑉𝐻 𝑒 𝑗𝜑𝑙 𝑉
𝐸𝑅𝑥
𝑬𝒍 (𝑡) = [ 𝑇𝑥
𝐻 ] [ 𝐻𝑉 𝐻𝐻 ] [ 𝐻 ]𝑒
𝑗2𝜋𝜐𝑙 𝑡
(2.2)
𝐸𝑇𝑥 𝑎𝑙𝐻𝑉 𝑒 𝑗𝜑𝑙 𝑎𝑙𝐻𝐻 𝑒 𝑗𝜑𝑙 𝐸𝑅𝑥
In the above equation, 𝛿(∙) represents the Dirac delta function, 𝑡 is elapsed time, τ is the time-
of-flight, 𝛺𝐴𝑜𝐷 /𝛺𝐴𝑜𝐴 represent the AoD/AoA departure/arrival solid angles and L is the total
jφXY
number of MPCs. The 𝑙 th MPC is represented by ℎ𝑙 , which includes complex amplitude aXY l e
l

(2x2 matrix for all four polarisation combinations), time-of-flight 𝜏𝑙 , Doppler shift 𝜐𝑙 and
𝑉/𝐻 𝑉/𝐻
departure/arrival solid angles 𝛺𝐴𝑜𝐷,𝑙 /𝛺𝐴𝑜𝐴,𝑙 . 𝐸𝑇𝑥 /𝐸𝑅𝑥 represent the vertical/horizontal
polarisation components of the transmitting and the receiving antenna electric field radiation
patterns. The Doppler shift 𝜐𝑙 is defined as:
‖𝑣‖ cos(𝜔𝐴𝑜𝐴,𝑙 − 𝜔𝑣 ) cos(𝜁𝐴𝑜𝐴,𝑙 − 𝜁𝑣 )
𝜐𝑙 = (2.3)
𝜆
where 𝑣 represents the user velocity, 𝜔𝐴𝑜𝐴,𝑙 is the azimuth AoA of the 𝑙 th MPC, 𝜁𝐴𝑜𝐴,𝑙 is the
elevation AoA of the lth MPC, 𝜔𝑣 is the mobile user direction of motion in azimuth, 𝜁𝑣 is the
direction of travel in elevation and 𝜆 is the carrier wavelength.
Taking deterministic reflection loss and foliage attenuation into consideration, the outdoor ray-
tracing provides accurate temporal and spatial information of significant paths, including the
direct link, along with first and second order reflections from building walls, between each BS
and user location. The signal strength is attenuated due to reflections from building walls. The
reflection loss is calculated as follows:
cos 𝜃𝑜 −√𝜛𝑜 −(sin 𝜃𝑜 )2
𝑃𝐿Reflection = (2.4)
cos 𝜃𝑜 +√𝜛𝑜 −(sin 𝜃𝑜 )2

where 𝜃𝑜 is the incident angle and 𝜛𝑜 denotes the dielectric constant, the value of which is set
as 6.5 − 0.7𝑗 for concrete structure [AN 09]. Signal attenuation through foliage is given by:
𝑃𝐿Foliage [dB] = 0.2×(𝑓𝑐 )0.3 ×(𝑑)0.6 (2.5)
where 𝑓𝑐 is the central frequency and 𝑑 is the depth of foliage in meters [CCIR 86].

2.2 Platform Integration of the Beam-Tracking Algorithm

To compensate for the large propagation loss in mm-wave channels, a uniform linear array with
32 antennas is employed at the BS to perform codebook-based beamforming. The codebook
design considered in this paper is the one proposed by IEEE 802.15.3c standard [WPAN 09],
which is specified by a 𝑀×𝐾 matrix 𝑊:
𝑚×𝑚𝑜𝑑(𝑘+(𝐾/2),𝐾)
𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟{ }
𝑊(𝑚, 𝑘) = 𝑗 𝐾/4 ,
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𝑚 = 0, ⋯ 𝑀 − 1; 𝑘 = 0, ⋯ , 𝐾 − 1; (2.6)
where 𝑀 is the number of antennas and 𝐾 is the number of feasible beams. The function
𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟(𝑥) returns the biggest integer smaller than or equal to 𝑥 and function 𝑚𝑜𝑑(𝑥, 𝑦) is 𝑥 −
𝑛×𝑦 with 𝑛 = 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟(𝑥/𝑦). The array factor for the 𝑘 − 𝑡ℎ column vector of the codebook matrix
𝑊 is:
𝐴𝐹𝑘 (𝜑) = ∑𝑀−1
𝑚=0 𝑊(𝑚, 𝑘)𝑒
𝑗2𝜋𝑚(𝑑/𝜆) sin(𝜙)
(2.7)
where 𝜆 is the signal wavelength and 𝑑 is the antenna inter-element spacing. Also, 𝜙 denotes
the polar angle with respect to the 𝑥 −axis, given that antennas lie along the 𝑦 −axis. Figure 2.2
shows the beam patterns created using the aforementioned codebook with 𝑀 = 32 and 𝐾 = 64.

Figure 2.2. Beam patterns generation based on IEEE 802.15.3c standard.

To integrate the beam patterns in the visualisation tool, the exhaustive search technique has
been employed. According to this method, among all beams, the beam offering the strongest
received signal is selected and convolved with the isotropic (point source) rays. The whole
process can be described as follows:

• First, the convolution process takes places, where the available patterns are spatially
convolved with the available point source rays generated by the ray tracing software;-
• The same process is repeated among all pairwise combinations of the patterns;-
• Thereafter, from the available beam patterns, the one providing the largest received
signal strength is being selected and applied to the isotropic data. The resulting received
signal 𝑟𝑘,𝑖 is given as follows:

𝑟𝑘,𝑖 = 𝐜𝑖 𝐻 𝐇𝐩𝑘 𝑠 + 𝐜𝑖 𝐻 𝐧 (2.8)

where 𝑠 represents the transmitted symbol, subject to the transmit power constraint 𝑃 such that
𝔼[𝑠𝑠 𝐻 ] = 𝑃 and 𝑛 ∼ 𝒞𝒩(0, 𝜎 2 ) denotes the Gaussian noise. Assume that 𝐩𝑘 = [𝐖tx ]:,𝑘 is the
𝑘 −th beamforming (column) vector chosen from the transmit codebook 𝐖tx and 𝐜𝑖 = [𝐖rx ]:,𝑖 is
the 𝑖 −th beamforming vector of the receive codebook 𝐖rx. The problem of selecting the optimal
opt opt
beamforming vectors is then to find 𝐩𝑘 and 𝐜𝑖 such that:

opt opt
(𝐩𝑘 , 𝐜𝑖 ) = max|𝑟𝑘,𝑖 |𝟐
𝐩𝑘 ,𝐜𝑖
s. t. 𝐩𝑘 = [𝐖tx ]:,𝑘 , 𝑘 = 1, ⋯ , 𝐾tx ,
𝐜𝑖 = [𝐖rx ]:,𝑖 , 𝑖 = 1, ⋯ , 𝐾rx , (2.9)

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where 𝐾tx and 𝐾tx are the numbers of beamforming vectors available at the transmitter and the
receiver respectively.
The process described above is applied throughout the designated route, with the transmitter
being the serving BS that provides the best coverage among all the three BSs deployed along
the route. Figure 2.3 and Figure 2.4 present snapshots of the videos produced when BS1 and
BS2 are selected, respectively. On the right hand side of the image, both the respective PDP
and PAS are illustrated for this particular point. As it can be observed, the BS precisely directs
the beams to the exact user locations. The video footage illustrates in a much better quality the
evolution of the beam tracking procedure as the user moves along the route. This alignment is
better demonstrated on the right hand side images of the figures below.

BS1

UE

Figure 2.3. Snapshot of the visualisation video footage demonstrating beam tracking between
BS1 and a user location.

UE

BS2

Figure 2.4. Snapshot of the visualisation video footage demonstrating beam tracking between
BS2 and a user location.

2.3 Visualisation of Transport Layer Performance

This section presents an evaluation of TCP layer throughput when utilising an enhanced NS-3
simulation environment together with realistic traces obtained from the ray-tracing simulations
described earlier. The simulated channel profiles as well as the beam patterns have been
generated by mmMAGIC partner UoB following the process described earlier in Sections 2.1
and 2.2. The resulting CIRs were then incorporated into a modified NS-3 LENA module

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developed by the New York University (NYU). The development is publicly available in open
source format and is referenced in the paragraphs below.
The NS3 simulation framework is architecturally based on the LENA module that provides a
detailed modelling of all the higher layers of the 4G LTE stack. More specifically, the core
network, also referred as Non-Access Stratum (NAS), is comprised by all the functions required
to establish reliable connectivity among BSs and IP networks.
As shown in Figure 2.5, the 5G mm-wave framework differentiates from the typical LTE stack
in the Medium Access Control (MAC) and PHY layers. More specifically, the proposed MAC
layer, as presented in [DMF 15], is designed to meet the ultra-low latency and high data rate
demands of mm-wave systems. A Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest (HARQ) is also
implemented for the purpose of addressing the channel quality fluctuations. A set of specific
functions, such as the Single-Carrier 802.11ad transmission schemes [FZD 16] are employed
in the PHY layer, in order to capture the transmission and reception capabilities through a proper
PHY abstraction model which is presented in [MEZ 12]. A convolution of the ray-traced channels
with the 5G waveforms resulting from the abstraction simulator, is then used to evaluate the
throughput results, taking into consideration the default 4G architecture at the higher layers of
the stack. Furthermore, it is important to mention that the resulting CIRs are fed into the
simulator which also takes into consideration the beam forming gains and channel tracking
dynamics.

Figure 2.5. 5G mm-wave end-to-end framework. (source: [ZHA 16]).

For the simulations that follow, the carrier frequency was set to 60 GHz, the transmit power at
30 dBm for the total bandwidth of 1 GHz, whereas the available transmit and receive isotropic
antenna elements were set to 64 and 16, respectively. This corresponds to 32 and 8 antenna
elements at the transmitter and receiver side, respectively. It should be noted that the
simulations took place for the first half-length of the route, therefore the mainly active BS was
BS1.

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Table 2.2. PHY simulation parameters.

Number of BSs 2
BS height 5m
Mobile height 1.5 m
Frequency 60 GHz
Transmit power 30 dBm
Ray-tracing interval 1 cm
Number of points per route 25000
Route length 250 m
Beams available (Transmitter and
64x16
Receiver)

The generated channel responses have been incorporated in the modified NS-3 simulator
developed from NYU and the TCP throughput results have been evaluated for a pedestrian
(3m/sec) and a vehicular user (25m/sec). The results of the simulation indicate that the achieved
throughput is lower for the user moving at higher speeds. Such a behaviour is expected since
the rapid fluctuations of the channel due to the increased Doppler spread severely impact the
channel estimation at the PHY layer, hence, leading towards significant performance
degradation.
The aforementioned results are clearly illustrated in the video footage that was developed for
this particular scenario. Figure 2.6 depicts a snapshot of the video where throughput results
relevant to both low and high speeds are illustrated. The presented snapshot corresponds to
the last video frame, where the graphical representation of the achieved data rates has been
completed. The generation of both images is based on the dynamic plotting technique which is
primarily analysed in [D1.2 16]. According to this technique, at each of the video frames, the
value of the data rate is updated based on the location of the mobile user.

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Figure 2.6. Snapshot of the visualisation video footage illustrating TCP throughput results for
mobile user speeds of 3 m/sec (bottom-left) and 25 m/sec (bottom-right).

As shown in the figure, there is a large throughput drop at approximately 150 meters distance
from BS1. The reason behind this observation is that the radio propagation environment
between the UE and both BS1 and BS2 is obstructed by foliage and buildings. Therefore, most
of the received signal power is related to attenuated reflections from building surfaces.

2.4 Coverage Prediction for mm-wave micro-cells

As mentioned earlier, a collateral work that emerged from the visualisation task and integrated
within the general framework of WP1, is the prediction of cell-edge coverage (range) for mm-
wave pico-cells operating at 28, 60 and 82 GHz. The working steps that led to the obtained
results are out of the scope of this work, however, Figure 2.7-Figure 2.9 summarise the
coverage ranges as obtained from the analysis of the simulated data, for various outage
probabilities. The presented results are for both isotropic and beam-formed data transmissions
presented earlier, thus, highlighting the performance enhancement obtained when employing
beam-forming at both ends of the simulated radio link. The coverage results take into

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consideration the shadowing effect which is modelled as a lognormal random variable with
mean 1 and standard deviation σ.

Coverage 99% Outage (m)

450

400

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0
28 GHz 60 GHz 82 GHz

Beamforming (99% outage) Isotropic (99% outage)

Figure 2.7. Coverage prediction at 99% outage.

Coverage 90% Outage (m)

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0
28 GHz 60 GHz 82 GHz

Beamforming (90% outage) Isotropic (90% outage)

Figure 2.8.Coverage prediction at 90% outage.

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Coverage 80% Outage (m)

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0
28 GHz 60 GHz 82 GHz

Beamforming (80% outage) Isotropic (80% outage)

Figure 2.9. Coverage prediction at 80% outage.

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3 Visualisation of Green Oriented Link Adaptation Metrics

Multi-RAT network densification for 5G using cellular mobile networks combined with mm-wave
standards has to be accomplished under a multi-criterion optimisation framework. Given the
stringent throughput requirement that 5G systems impose, one of the most important criteria is
connected to QoS-driven power management, as addressed in the Nokia White Paper Error! R
eference source not found.and mmMAGIC deliverable D1.1.
Radio engineering tools useful for visualising the received signal power over different
geographical zones, allow the application of power management in a single interface
deployment, typically the LTE or other technologies. The multi-band system integration
paradigm proposed in mmMAGIC WP3 may also directly use the Received Signal Strength
Indicator (RSSI) as a metric to evaluate the radio coverage of a given deployed network.
In the mmMAGIC WP3, a power efficient link adaptation metric [SM16], denoted as Green Link
Budget (GLB) metric, has been introduced to optimise single and multi-RAT deployments in
heterogeneous networks. This metric selects transmission modes and interfaces, with the aim
of minimising power requirements to achieve a throughput level between a transmitter and a
receiver. The integration of this metric into a radio engineering tool allows an optimisation of the
multi-RAT network densification in specific zones described by geographical data bases and
the corresponding GLB metric values computed in these zones. A radio engineering platform
denoted as Green Multi-Technology Engineering (GMTE) platform has been developed
integrating the GLB metric and other functionalities to explicitly express power efficient multi-
RAT deployment. In the ICT-FP7 MiWEBA project, 60GHz components have been combined
with 5 GHz Wi-Fi components and included in the GMTE platform [UMS15]. From a WP1 point
of view, the objective of this study is to examine this metric via visualisation tools, in order to
provide recommendations for radio planning using other radio engineering tools and
deterministic path-loss models.
Motivated by the above considerations, a collaboration between Orange and UoB has been
established to integrate the GLB metric into the dedicated radio engineering tool of UoB and to
provide path-loss models to Orange, with the aim of updating the Orange GMTE platform with
optimised multi-RAT deployment scenarios.
These two aspects are then addressed and detailed in this deliverable as follows:
• Multi-RAT based ray tracing model visualisation: The GLB metric is integrated into the
UoB tool. For that purpose, UoB has provided the simulated received power data to
Orange and Orange computed the GLB metric along the measured route (restricted to
experimental points), for the purpose of visualisation.
• Multi-RAT GMTE platform extension: The GLB metric is computed in the GMTE platform
using dedicated ray-tracing simulations at E-band carried out by UoB. It then provides
values referring to specific zones where the obtained path-loss values are considered.

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AP 802.11 ac, several TM

IEEE802.11 ac TM

LOS zone LOS zone

285 m

120 m

AP 60 GHz
NLOS zone 100 m

Figure 3.1. Visualisation of the received signal power in the GMTE platform for the Wi-Fi
hot spots in the 5 GHz band.

IEEE802.11 ad TMs

IEEE802.11 ac TMs

Figure 3.2. The air interface selection performed in the GMTE platform, driven by the
values of GLB metric.

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3.1 The concept of Orange GLB Metrics

The GLB metric is a power efficiency KPI for 5G multi-RAT deployment. 3GPP WLAN carrier
aggregation Work Item in connection with Release 13 considers the integration of WLAN access
points within mobile cellular networks. Control and user plane separation architectures are then
designed and optimised in the mm-MAGIC WP3 to integrate mm-wave components and add
new functionalities in connection with power efficiency with the integration of the GLB metric. In
WP1, multi-RAT deployment densification is improved by the integration of the GLB in the
GMTE platform.
The GLB metric is formed with the aid of two sub-metrics derived from link budget
considerations. The -metric performs an evaluation of the relative degradations involved by
multipath propagation impacting, thus, the link level performance and the radiated power
requirements in order to achieve an adequate throughput, given an error rate threshold,
typically a Bit Error Rate (BER) of 10-5. The -metric performs a dynamic power control by
adjusting radiated power levels to the power requirements of the transmission modes
recommended by the -metric.

The -metric is composed of the Multipath Channel Margin (MCM), which evaluates the relative
multipath degradations at the link level stage of a given transmission mode. The Path-Loss
Margin (PLM) computes the additional path-loss level involved by obstructions for the
considered radio link.
MCM  S M  S AWGN
PLM  PLMFS (d , fc)  PLFS (d , fc)  RSSI id  RSSI (3.1)
  MCM  PLM

where SM is the multipath power sensitivity in a multipath context translating the required power
level to transmit data with a typical BER and data rate D, SAWGN is the power sensitivity under
AWGN channel related to the same transmission mode and data rate. PLMFS(d,fc) and PLFS(d,fc)
are the multipath and free space path-loss models respectively. PLM may be also deduced from
the Received Signal Strength Indication (RSSI) expressed in dBm and a perfect RSSI indicator
deduced from free space path-loss model.
α = MCM + PLM

1E+0 85
Multipath path-loss
1E-1
Propagation Loss (dB)

1E-2 Multipath 80
Channel PLM
BER

1E-3

1E-4 75
AWGN
1E-5
MCM Free space path-loss
1E-6 70
0 5 10 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
SNR distance d (m)

Figure 3.3. Definition of the α-metric.

The -metric computes the difference between the received power and the required power for
the transmission mode initially selected by the -metric. Power control is then performed by the
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use of the -metric to adjust and limit the Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP) at the small
cell or the macro-cell. The EIRP is adjusted to range -metric values between 3 dB and 15 dB
depending on obstruction levels.
  ARPMFS (d , fc)  S M  EIRP  GR  PLMFS (d , fc)  S M
(3.2)
 EIRP  GR    S AWGN  PLFS (d , fc)
The Available Received Power at the UE, denoted as ARPMFS (d,fc) is assimilated to the (RSSI)
expressed in dBm upon multipath and GR denotes the gain of the receiving antenna. It is
deduced from either direct power measurements or path-loss models.

3.2 Mm-wave Scenarios for the evaluation of  and  metrics

Mm-wave scenarios envisioned in the mm-MAGIC project consider new unlicensed spectrum
bands as candidates for IMT2020, as summarized in Figure 3.4.

Figure 3.4. IMT2020 spectrum bands for 5G scenarios.

Orange proposes to extend Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN) and Ultra-Wide Band (UWB)
systems in these RF bands and combine them together in a multi-RAT and multi-band system
integration model, which is developed in WP3.
Envisioned systems are the ECMA-368 with extensions turned towards multi-band aggregation.
IEEE 802.11 ac and ad would be extended to other IMT2020 bands according to multipath
signature and their adequacy to system parameters.
The multi-band system integration considers a single interface enabling to operate over
several Radio Frequency (RF) bands. The proposed system may be foreseen as an extension
of dynamic channel allocation applied to non-contiguous RF bands, as well as 3GPP LTE
including LTE WLAN Aggregation (LWA) and Licensed-Assisted Access (LAA) (Rel. 13) used
for the LTE aggregation of unlicensed 5 GHz and licensed 2 GHz spectrum. Control and user
plane separation may be considered for the multi-band system integration management using
dedicated metrics to select RF channels among several RF bands.
An extension is proposed in mm-MAGIC, turned towards unlicensed band aggregation, in V and
E bands for multi-gigabit transmissions. The carrier aggregation will then consider the spectrum
occupancy in these 2 bands, and power regulation and link budget parameters will be useful for
dynamically assigning the frequency channels. In the MiWEBA project, IEEE802.11 ad standard
has been evaluated for small cell deployment [BSUM14]. The objective here is to extend such
deployments in V band (57 - 66 GHz) and E band (71 -76 & 81 - 86 GHz) by considering the
IEEE802.11 ad/ay standard and other UWB standards, such as the ECMA-368 [ECMA 368]

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initially dedicated to 3.1-10.6 GHz bands. The extension in V and E bands permits higher
transmit power level and outdoor deployments.

3.3 Integration of GLB metrics into the Visualization Tool

Based on ray tracing models provided by the UoB in the 82 GHz band, the -metric has been
computed upon all measurement points by considering IEEE802.11 ad transmission modes
transposed into E bands. From the ray-tracing simulation points, an analysis has been carried
out to differentiate LoS and OLoS situations to compute the metric and select the appropriate
MCM in accordance with LoS/OLoS situations for envisioned transmission modes reported in
Table 3-1.
When OLoS conditions are considered, direct measurement points are utilized to compute the
PLM in LOS, multipath path-loss models may be derived from measurements. In this section,
the GLB metric computation is restricted to experimental points. A representation of the -metric
is given for improved IEEE802.11 ad modes implementing Time Reversal (TR) and Equal Gain
Transmission (EGT) techniques, where multi-gigabit transmission modes have been selected.
These transmission modes are reported in Table 3-1.

Table 3-1 : IEEE802.11 ad transmission modes.

IEEE802.11 ad/IEEE802.11 ay

MCS number 15 17 18

MCS QPSK1/2 QPSK3/4 16QAM1/2

Data rate(Mbps)
1386 2079 2772

Channel (MHz) 2640 2640 2640

The -metric results

The -metric visualisation is discussed in this paragraph, where embedded transmission modes
of the IEEE802.11 ad are computed and compared to SISO modes. TR, EGT and Alamouti
codes (STBC, Spatial Time Block Coding) are then applied to Transmission Modes (TMs) to
showcase power efficiency gains [BUSM14] reported on the metric in E-bands.
We consider best power-efficient configurations proposed by the UoB along the path-loss
simulations described in Section 2.1. In particular, the results provided are directly connected
to BS1.

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Figure 3.5. α-metric variations on embedded IEEE802.11 ad transmission modes at 82 GHz.

(Top:QPSK modes, Bottom: QAM modes)
Figure 3.5 depicts -metric variations upon MCS 17 (QPSK ¾) and MCS18 (16-QAM ½)
constellation points comparing SISO modes to MISO (2, 1) modes implementing TR, EGT and
STBC. Path-loss measurements are directly integrated in the a-metric computation. Obstructed
Line of Sight (OLoS) are connected to large path-loss variations and LoS situations report
smooth path-loss variations that are delimited in Figure 3.5.
The transmission mode minimising degradations due to multipath propagation corresponds to
lowest -metric values. In LoS, the TR is most outstanding mode where the difference in
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performance is more profound when a QAM constellation point is considered, in contrast to the
QPSK case. LoS gains between STBC and TR are close to 2.5 dB. In OLoS, the EGT provides
better performance, demonstrating gains ranging from 2.5 up to 5 dB with respect with STBC
and SISO respectively.
The -metric value comparison between MCS 17 and 18 shows that MCS 18 provides lower
values than MCS 17, implying that a higher throughput mode should be employed when the
Forward Error Correction (FEC) remains low, even though the constellation order is higher.

Figure 3.6. Top: Snapshot of the visualisation video footage demonstrating

values of the α-metric for various MCS modes. Bottom: Results for various
QPSK based TMs

Figure 3.6 depicts a snapshot of the video footage where the α-metric is illustrated for various
MCS modes and when all BSs are active. The presented snapshot corresponds to the last video
frame, where the graphical representation of the achieved data rates has been completed. The
generation of both alpha-metric related plots is based on the dynamic plotting technique and
therefore, the values of the α-metric are updated at each of the simulated UE locations.
Based on the ray traced simulated profiles, the presented results compare Single Input Single
Output (SISO) with MISO STBC (2, 1) systems for a transmission mode of QPSK ¾. As
expected, the latter option provides a better performance, a fact that is reflected from the values

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of the α-metric. The bottom right snapshot compares two MISO systems operating at the QPSK
¾ mode. The first employs the TR transmission technique and the second the EGT scheme.
The α-metric results indicate that in general the EGT technique provides superior performance.
Please, note that in contrast to section 2.2, where only BS1 is active, this example considers all
three BSs being active, therefore, the obstructed (nLoS) paths for the two scenarios are
different.

The-metric results
The -metric is represented by considering several use cases developed upon similar scenarios
to the ones employed for the -metric. The -metric is then computed upon 2 IEEE802.11ad
MCS modes including SISO and MISO (2, 1) set-up implementing TR, EGT, and Alamouti STBC
coding. Multi-RAT power efficient deployments stem from a metric selection combined with
EIRP adjustment as imposed by the -metric. Adequate -metric values are then typically
ranged from 3 to 25 dB upon UoB simulated scenarios.
The first use case considers similar EIRP levels in LoS and OLoS situations. It shows that a
transmit power adjustment is required during LoS to OLoS transitions in order to ensure OLoS
radio coverage. This configuration can be easily deduced from Figure 3.7, as it is shown that
almost all OLoS TMs exhibit negative b-metric values implying link corruption.
The second use case performs a transmit power adjustment reported on the -metric values. It
then highlights similar range variations in OLoS and LoS, implicitly providing the appropriate
EIRP levels in E-bands to ensure radio coverage upon UoB received signal strength
simulations.
Figure 3.7 also exhibits beta-metric variations in connection with similar simulation configuration
employed for the -metric. Figure 3.7 illustrates that the EGT technique is the most power
efficient TM and the gain is clearly illustrated especially under OLoS conditions with gains up to
5 dB by employing STBC and TR upon MCS 18. The comparison between EGT and SISO
exhibits gains up to 10 dB. TR gains facing to STBC appear upon LoS with gains close to 2.5
dB.
Considering MCS 17, the EGT gains provided for OLoS and LoS conditions are up to 7.5 and 5
dB respectively. The comparison between MCS17 and MCS18 shows that TR is more efficient
than STBC when we consider QPSK constellation points. For deployment issues, we
recommend EIRP levels close to 30 dBm in LoS and 35 dBm in OLoS.

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Figure 3.7. metric variations on embedded IEEE802.11 ad transmission modes at 82 GHz.

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4 Conclusions
The work presented in this document demonstrates the visualisation of 5G radio concepts
through the software platform developed by UoB, within the framework of mmMAGIC project.
Through concrete implementation of significant use-case scenarios previously defined in task
T1.1 and in deliverable D1.2, new video footages have been developed, to demonstrate the key
5G operations that highlight the potential capabilities of 5G radio infrastructures.
One of the most important concepts considered in this project, is the integration of mm-wave
antenna elements within the visualisation framework. The resulting video clip
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1fcgCH4kePs&feature=youtu.be) demonstrates both the
3D ray generation, the handover between adjacent 5G BSs, as well the beam-tracking process
that takes place along the route.
The second scenario that has been implemented, is the evaluation of TCP throughput
performance, when utilising an enhanced NS-3 simulation environment together with realistic
traces obtained via ray-tracing produced by UoB. The corresponding video footage
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VbGzvSipUM8&feature=youtu.be) illustrates two different
scenarios with the user moving at a velocity of 3 and 25 m/sec, respectively. The results of the
simulation indicate that the achieved throughput is lower for the user moving at higher speeds.
Such a behaviour is expected since the rapid fluctuations of the channel due to the increased
Doppler spread severely impact the channel estimation at the PHY layer, hence, leading
towards significant performance degradation. Furthermore, signal prediction results indicate
that the best coverage range is provided by micro-cells operating at 28 GHz. However, very
similar predictions have been observed for the 60 and 82 GHz microcells, indicating that E-band
radios can potentially offer alternative and equally reliable solutions.
The final scenario that has been integrated into the platform is the GLB power efficient link
adaptation metric that is used to optimize single and multi-RAT deployments in heterogeneous
network infrastructures. The corresponding video that provides results with respect to the alpha-
metric (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tsujaUO9wo4&feature=youtu.be), , clearly
demonstrates that for QPSK ¾ MCS mode, EGT transmissions outperform the TR technique,
especially in conditions of nLoS propagation. Furthermore, as expected from the alpha-metric
results, the beta-metric calculation indicates that the EGT mode provides the most power-
efficient transmissions in Multi-RAT 5G topology. We recommend to apply an EIRP set to 30
dBm in LoS and 35 dBm in OLoS to ensure radio coverage with receiver antenna gains ranging
between 8 to 15 dB.
All the above visualisation scenarios represent suitable examples, where mmMAGIC
technologies can be presented in a visually attractive way. Indeed, the very geometric nature of
propagation, together with the spatial characterisation of beamforming, is one of the key unique
features of mm-wave technology, which demands proper 3D visualisation tools at such
frequencies. The software platform described in this deliverable is one concrete implementation
showcasing the benefits and potential capabilities of 5G radio infrastructures at mm-wave
frequencies.
There are a myriad of future activities which could leverage the described visualisation platform.
One of the immediate applications can be interference management in multi-node
environments. In contrast to lower frequencies, where inter-cell interference takes relatively long
time scales, the “bursty” nature of mm-wave transmissions makes it very difficult for the network
to react to interference coming from neighbour nodes, as it depends on almost-specular
reflections reinforced by beamforming. 3D visualisation tools can illustrate the presence of such
scenarios, as well as propose alternative locations for the BSs that could minimise such
interference. One of the most immediate applications of mm-waves, namely Fixed Wireless
Access (as an alternative to fibre for in-house broadband connectivity), also calls for geometric

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tools to optimise BS location and minimise interference. The described work can, hence, set the
stage for further applications of mm-wave technology in pre-5G and 5G deployments.

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Final Version:1

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