Distribution

ED01 English

Jae ho, Lee

Customer Training Center

Contents
Intro

Network Architecture

Multiple Access

Frame Structure

Multiple Antenna Technique

LTE Evolution

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 Intro

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LTE Definition and History
R99 Rel4 Rel5 Rel6 Rel7 Rel8 Rel1
0
WCDMA HSDPA HSPA HSPA evolution

LTE LTE-advanced

LTE Background

Demand for high-data-

rates

Reduced Latency
Enhancement of
UTRA & UTRAN
Improved system
capacity & coverage
<Source:
Reduced cost www.3gpp.org>
for the operator
UTRA : Universal Terrestrial Radio Access
UTRAN: UTRA Radio Access Network

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Requirements of LTE (1/2) [Ref: TR 25.913]

Peak data rate

100 Mbps (DL) / 50 Mbps (UL)
Baseline: 20 MHz BW, 1TX & 2RX UE Less than 50msec
Active Dormant
(Cell_DCH) (Cell_PCH)

Significantly reduced latency

Less than 100msec
Control-plane latency
– Idle ↔ active : < 100 ms Camped-state
(idle)
– dormant ↔ Active: < 50 ms

User-plane latency : < 5 ms in unload condition for small IP packet

Significantly improved throughput & spectrum efficiency

2 ~ 4 times Release 6 HSPA

Spectrum flexibility
Scalable bandwidth: 1.4/3/5/10/15/20 MHz

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Requirements of LTE (2/2) [Ref: TR 25.913]

Mobility
Optimized for low mobile speed 0 ~ 15 km/h
15 ~ 120 km/h should be supported with high performance
Connection maintained at speeds 120 ~ 350 km/h (or even up to
500 km/h)

Support for inter-working with existing 3G systems and non-

3GPP systems

Reduced CAPEX and OPEX including backhaul

Efficient support of the various types of services, especially

from the PS-domain
Web-browsing, FTP, video-streaming, VoIP

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LTE Standard Specifications
Free Download from http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/html-
info/36-series.htm

Specification index Description of contents

Equipment Requirements:
TS 36.100 series
Terminals, Base stations, and Repeaters

Layer 1 (Physical layer):

TS 36.200 series Physical channels, Modulation, Multiplexing, Channel
coding, etc.

Layers 2 and 3:
TS 36.300 series Medium Access Control, Radio Link Control, and Radio
Resource Control.

Network Signaling & Interfaces:

TS 36.400 series
Architecture, S1, X2 Interfaces, etc.

TS 36.500 series UE equipment conformance testing

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TD-LTE Fundamental
LTE FDD
A paired frequency band allocation
Uplink and downlink selected from different frequency bands
LTE TDD
Enables use of unpaired frequency bands
The same frequency band for UL and DL, divided in time
Channel Reciprocity
TD-LTE and LTE FDD Difference
solely a physical layer manifestation and therefore invisible to
higher layers
there are no operational differences between the two modes in the
system architecture.

FDD TDD

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E-UTRA Operating Band

FDD - frequency division duplex

TDD - time division duplex

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HARQ and control signaling
HARQ ACK/NACK
For FDD, the acknowledgement of data received in sub-frame n is
transmitted in sub-frame n+4
For TDD, the acknowledgement obviously cannot be transmitted until
an uplink sub-frame occurs

Multiple UL ACK/NACK Transmission

For, DL heavy case, the reception of several downlink sub-frames may
need to be acknowledged in a single uplink sub-frame.
ACK/NACK Bundling
- Combines the acknowledgements in time domain from multiple
hybrid-ARQ processes
ACK/NACK Multiplexing
- Combines the acknowledgements in codeword domain from multiple
hybrid-ARQ processes.

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Network Architecture

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WiMAX + LTE Network Architecture

P-GW (HA)
WSM LSM-C
ACR S-GW MME

Base Station Base Station Base Station Base Station

Embedded Laptop
Smartphone Mobile Phone Dongle type

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LTE Network Architecture II
• eNB: evolved NodeB
• MME: Mobility Management Entity
3G UMTS •• RNC: Radio Network Controller
SGSN: Serving GPRS Support Node
LTE •
•
S-GW: Serving Gateway
P-GW: PDN (Packet Data Network) Gateway
• GGSN: Gateway GPRS Support Node • EPC: Evolved Packet Core

EPC
GGSN MME MME
S-GW/P-GW S-GW/P-GW

S1

S1
SGSN

S1

S1
X2 E-UTRAN
RNC RNC eNB eNB

X2

X2
NodeB NodeB NodeB NodeB
eNB

* Source: 3GPP TS 36.300

Entity Function
eNB All radio interface functions, Resource allocation

MME Manages mobility, UE identity, Security parameters

S-GW Terminates the interface towards E-UTRAN

P-GW Terminates the interface towards PDN, UE IP address allocation

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Interface & Protocol Stack
User plane Protocol Stack
Application

IP IP

Relay Relay
PDCP GTP-U
PDCP GTP-U GTP-U
GTP-U

RLC RLC UDP/IP UDP/IP UDP/IP UDP/IP

MAC MAC L2 L2 L2 L2

L1 L1 L1 L1 L1 L1

LTE-Uu S1-U S5/S8 SGi

a
UE eNodeB Serving GW PDN GW

Control plane Protocol Stack

NAS NAS
Relay
RRC S1-AP
RRC S1-AP
PDCP PDCP SCTP SCTP

RLC RLC IP IP
MAC MAC L2 L2

L1 L1 L1 L1

LTE-Uu S1-MME
UE eNodeB MME

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E-UTRAN & EPC functions
eNB • RRM: Radio Resource Management
• RB: Radio Bearer
Inter Cell RRM • RRC: Radio Resource Control
• PDCP: Packet Data Convergence Protocol
RB Control • NAS: Non-Access Stratum
• EPS: Evolved Packet System
Connection Mobility Cont.
MME
Radio Admission Control
NAS Security
eNB Measurement
Configuration & Provision S1- Idle State Mobility
Dynamic Resource
MME Handling
Allocation (Scheduler)
EPS Bearer Control
RRC

PDCP
S-GW P-GW
RLC
Mobility UE IP address
MAC Anchoring allocation
S1-U
S1
PHY Packet Filtering
internet

E-UTRAN EPC

 Yellow boxes → logical nodes

 White boxes → functional entities of the control plane
 Blue boxes → radio protocol layers
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 Multiple Access

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LTE Key Parameters
Frequency
UMTS FDD bands and UMTS TDD bands
Range
Channel 1.4MHz 3MHz 5MHz 10MHz 15MHz 20MHz
Bandwidth,
1Resource Block
(RB) = 180KHz 6 RBs 15RBs 25RBs 50RBs 75RBs 100RBs

Modulation Downlink: QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM

scheme Uplink: QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM (optional for handset)
Downlink: OFDMA
Multiple Access
Uplink: SC-FDMA
- Transmit diversity, Cyclic delay diversity (Max. 4 antenna at Base
MIMO station and handset)
- Spatial multiplexing, Multiuser MIMO
Downlink: 150Mbps (UE category 4, 2x2 MIMO, 20MHz)
Peak Data rate 300Mbps (UE category 5, 4x4 MIMO, 20MHz)
Uplink: 75Mbps (20MHz)

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Brief Introduction of OFDMA

* Source: 3GPP TS25.892

Each sub-carrier carries a separate low-rate stream of data

Sub-carriers
→ Orthogonal frequencies & independently modulated
Symbol duration >> channel delay spread
→ Much less ISI (Inter-Symbol Interference)
A guard time is added to each symbol
→ Cyclic Prefix in LTE
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Advantages & Disadvantages of OFDMA
Advantages
Scalable data rate
Simpler channel equalizer than CDMA
Robust against multipath fading by using CP
Dynamic resource allocation considering channel information
→ Maximize throughput

Disadvantages
High PAPR (Peak-to-Average Power Ratio)
Sensitive to frequency offset and clock offset
Requires guard interval
→ Reduces throughput

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CDMA & OFDM vs. OFDMA
CDMA vs. OFDMA

Attribute CDMA OFDMA

Transmission bandwidth Full system bandwidth Variable up to full system bandwidth

Very long :
Very short :
Symbol period Defined by subcarrier spacing and
inverse of the system bandwidth
independent of system bandwidth

Separation of users Orthogonal spreading codes Frequency and time

OFDM vs. OFDMA

Freq. Freq.

Time Time

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DL/UL Multiplexing
DL Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA)
No Inter Symbol and multipath interference
Frequency selective scheduling
Far improved MIMO performance
UL Single-Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA)
No interference between intra cell users
Low PAPR (Peak to Average Ratio)
IDFT: Invers Discrete Fourier Transform
DFT: Discrete Fourier Transform
S0 S1 S2 ……S10 S11

Freq.

Freq. IDFT
IDFT
DFT
S0 S1 S2 ……S10 S11
S0 S1 S2 ……S10 S11

Downlink OFDMA Uplink SC-FDMA

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Brief Introduction of SC-FDMA
OFDMA vs. SC-FDMA
In OFDMA, each sub-carrier only carries information related to one
specific symbol
In SC-FDMA, each sub-carrier contains information of ALL
transmitted symbols

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 Frame Structure

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LTE Frame Structure
Frame Structure Type 1: for FDD
Each radio frame is 10ms long and consists of 20 slots of length
0.5ms, numbered from 0 to 19
One radio frame, Tf = 307200Ts=10 ms

One slot, Tslot = 15360Ts = 0.5 ms

#0 #1 #2 #3 #18 #19

One subframe

Frame Structure Type 2: for TDD

Special fields DwPTS, GP, and UpPTS in subframe #1 (always)

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Frame Structure (TDD)

Special Sub-frame
DwPTS: used for downlink data transmission. (varied from three up
to twelve OFDM symbols)
GP: guard period for the downlink-to-uplink
• Guard period must cover the maximum roundtrip propagation delay within
the cell
• selected by taking eNB-to-eNB interference into account
• two to ten OFDM symbols, sufficient for cell sizes up to and beyond 100 km.

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Resource Grid & Cyclic Prefix
One DL slot (0.5 ms) Tslot
No. of No. of
Slot #0 Slot #1 ------ Slot #19 subcarrie symbols/
Configuration
rs / RB RB
RB DL
N sc N symb
DL
N symbOFDM symbols
Normal CP f  15 kHz 7
12
k  N RB
DL
N scRB  1 f  15 kHz 6
Extended CP
f  7.5 kHz 24 3

Resource block Configuration CP length (μs)

DL
N symb  N scRB resource elements
5.21 (for l=0)
0.5 ms * 180 kHz Normal CP
4.69 (for l=1,2,…,6)

16.67 for l=0,1,…,5

 N scRB subcarriers

Extended CP
N scRB subcarriers

Extended CP
33.33 for l=0,1,2
Resource element ( k , l ) ( f  7.5 kHz )
UL
N RB

k 0
l N DL
1 * Source : 3GPP TS 36.211
l0 symb

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UL/DL Configuration

Asymmetric UL/DL Capacity Allocation

Single sub-frame for UL and 8times sub-frame for DL per 10ms frame
If maximally boosting UL capacity, then we can have 3 sub-frame for
UL and single sub-frame for DL per 5ms
UE is informed about UL/DL configuration via SIB-1, which is broadcast
via Broadcast Channel (BCH)

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Special Sub-frame Configuration

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Synchronization Channel
Primary Synchronizing Signal(PSS)
Using non-coherent detection, estimate 5msec timing and physical-
layer identity(Cell ID Group)
Channel estimation information for SSS
Secondary Synchronizing Signal(SSS)
Physical-layer identity(Cell ID) is obtained
Radio-frame timing(10msec) identification
10ms frame

FDD
Subframe
#0 #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9

Slot #0 Slot #10 5 Reserved

Bandwidth
31 subcarriers

System
DC

31 subcarriers

Secondary Primary 5 Reserved

synchronization synchronization
signal signal Symbol :5th 6th
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Synchronization Channel (FDD vs TDD)
FDD

TDD

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Multiple Antenna Technique

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Multiplexing
DL Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access(OFDMA)
No Inter Symbol and multipath interference
Frequency selective scheduling
Far improved MIMO performance
• Performance improvement vs. WCDMA

UL Single-Carrier FDMA(SC-FDMA) • Simpler receiver implementation

• Larger UL cell coverage than OFDMA
No interference between intra cell users
Low PAPR(Peak to Average Radio
IDFT: Invers Discrete Fourier Transform
DFT: Discrete Fourier Transform
S0 S1 S2 ……S10 S11

Freq.

Freq. IDFT
IDFT
DFT
S0 S1 S2 ……S10 S11
S0 S1 S2 ……S10 S11

Downlink OFDMA Uplink SC-FDMA

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DL MIMO
Supports 2X2, 4X2, 4X4 MIMOs, rank-r transmission, where
r=1,2,3,4

Precoding Operation
Codebook-based precoding
- Channel sensitive precoding based on UE’s PMI feedback
Large-delay CDD based Open-loop precoding
- Large delay CDD for robust communications against channel variation
PMI: Precoding Matrix Information
CDD: Cyclic Delay Diversity

h11 h11

hN 1 hN 1

Precoder

Receiver
Precoder

Receiver

data
data

CDD
streams h1M streams h1M
hNM hNM

Precoder feedback
W3

Closed-Loop MIMO Open-Loop MIMO

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UL MIMO

Multi-user MIMO Antenna selection diversity

h11
UE hN 1
eNodeB
UE
eNodeB h1M
UE hNM

Allocate the same resource blocks to Selection of better link antenna

Multiple UEs
(with single TX RF at the UE)
→ Improves spectrum efficiency
→ Improves link performance

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LTE Feature Introduction

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Standard QoS Classes
Scheduler supports the standardized QoS class indicators (QCIs)

QCI Resource Type Priority PDB PELR Example Services

1 2 100 ms 10-2 Conversational Voice

2 4 150 ms 10-3 Conversational Video (Live Streaming)

GBR
3 3 50 ms 10-3 Real Time Gaming

4 5 300 ms 10-6 Non-Conversational Video (Buffered Streaming)

5 1 100 ms 10-6 IMS Signalling

Video (Buffered Streaming), TCP-based (e.g., www, e-

6 6 300 ms 10-6
mail, chat, ftp, p2p file sharing, progressive video, etc.)
Non-GBR
7 7 100 ms 10-3 Voice, Video (Live Streaming), Interactive Gaming

8 8
Video (Buffered Streaming), TCP-based (e.g., www, e-
300 ms 10-6
mail, chat, ftp, p2p file sharing, progressive video, etc.)
9 9

… … … … operator-specified class

QCI: QoS Class Identifier PDB: Packet Delay Budget b/w UE and PGW (Soft upper bound) (3GPP TS23.203)
PELR: Packet Error Loss Rate GBR: Guaranteed Bit Rate

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SON Feature Overview
Rollout of the LTE leads to
Rapidly expanding number of Base Stations (new sites)
Parallel operation of 2G, 3G and LTE
Much higher complexity in network infrastructure and network
management (Operation & Maintenance)

Self-Organizing Network(SON) aims to configure and optimize the

LTE network automatically by

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UE Category
LTE UE category data rates
Category 1 2 3 4 5
DL 10 50 100 150 300
UL 5 25 50 50 75

LTE UE category modulation formats supported

Category 1 2 3 4 5
DL QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
UL QPSK, 16QAM QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM

LTE UE category modulation formats supported

Category 1 2 3 4 5
2Rx diversity Assumed in performance requirements across all LTE UE categories
2x2 MIMO Not supported Mandatory
4x4 MIMO Not supported Mandatory

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 LTE Evolution

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3GPP Work Plan for IMT-Advanced
3GPP LTE stabilized on March 2009

Schedule of study/work item for LTE-Advanced

Early submission: Sep.2008
LTE-Advanced complete technical submission: Jun.2009
Release of Specification of LTE-Advanced: around 1Q 2011

3GPP Target of LTE-Advanced

Better performance than IMT-Advanced requirements
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
3GPP RAN
Study Item Work Item

Proposals
ITU-R WP5D
Evaluation

Consensus

Specification

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Key Technologies for LTE-Advanced
Peak Data Rate improvement
Support for large bandwidths (up to 100Mhz)
- Aggregation of contiguous/non-contiguous carriers)
DL MIMO enhancement
- Further performance improvement for 4X4 MIMO(LTE baseline 2X2)
- 8X8 MIMO is also considered
UL SU-MIMO support
- Introduce 2X4 or even 4X4 MIMO (LTE baseline 1X2)

Sector/cell throughput improvement

Advanced DL MU-MIMO with 8 Tx antenna
Multi-stream dedicated beamforming

Cell edge performance improvement

Relay-coverage extension
eICIC for deployments of heterogeneous networks

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eICIC

Interference coordination for non-CA based heterogeneous

network (HetNet)
Time domain coordination
- Extend Rel 8/9 backhaul coordination for macro and pico deployments

Power control
- Femto eNB power reduction to avoid interference to macro UE

enhanced Inter-Cell Interference Coordination

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Relay for Coverage Extension

BS Coverage
Reason for Relay Area

Coverage Extension
Throughput/capacity gain
BS MS

RS Coverage
Area

MS

Benefits of Relay vs. Pico eNB MS

Lower cost – no fiber backhaul RS

Flexibility MS

MS

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Thank You!