A

Seminar-II Report
on

DETECTION AND CLASSIFICATION OF

PLANT LEAF DISEASES USING IMAGE
PROCESSING TECHNIQUES
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of
the Requirements for the Degree
of

Bachelor of Engineering
in

Computer Engineering
to

Kavayitri Bahinabai Chaudhari

North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon
Submitted by

Megha Pradeepkumar Visrani

Under the Guidance of

Mrs. Shital A. Patil

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

SSBT’s COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,
BAMBHORI, JALGAON - 425 001 (MS)
2019 - 2020
 SSBT’s COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,
BAMBHORI, JALGAON - 425 001 (MS)
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the SEMINAR-II entitled Detection and Classification of Plant
Leaf Diseases Using Image Processing Techniques, submitted by

Megha Pradeepkumar Visrani

in partial fulfillment of the Degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Computer Engineer-

ing has been satisfactorily carried out under my guidance as per the requirement of
North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon.

Date: October 14, 2019

Place: Jalgaon

Mrs. Shital A. Patil

Guide

Dr. Girish K. Patnaik Prof. Dr. K. S. Wani

Head Principal

SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon (MS) i

Acknowledgements

I would like to express my deep gratitude and sincere thanks to all who helped me to complete
this seminar successfully. My sincere thanks to Principal Dr. K. S. Wani, SSBT’s College
of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori for having provided facilities for completion of my
seminar. I would also like to thank our HOD Dr. Girish K. Patnaik for encouraging me
to enthusiastically accomplish this Seminar. I am also sincerely thankful to Mrs. Shital A.
Patil, Seminar guide and Incharge, for her valuable suggestions and guidance at the time of
need. Great thanks to our friends, our Seminar associates and all those who helped directly
or indirectly for completion of this Seminar. Great thanks to my parents and friends and to
those who helped me directly or indirectly for completion of this seminar work.

Megha Pradeepkumar Visrani

SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon (MS) ii

Contents

Acknowledgements ii

Abstract 1

1 Introduction 2
1.1 Image Classification Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Organization of Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

2 Literature Survey 5
2.1 History of Image classification Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2 Related Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.3 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

3 Methodology 7
3.1 k-Nearest Neighbor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.2 Support Vector Machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.3 Artificial Neural Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.4 Self-Organizing Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.5 Probalistic Neural Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.6 Fuzzy Logic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.7 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

4 Discussion 15
4.1 Objective of Image Classification Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.2 Advantages of Image Classification Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4.3 Disadvantages of Image Classification Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

5 Conclusion 17

Bibliography 19

SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon (MS) iii

Index 20

SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon (MS) iv

List of Figures

3.1 k-Nearest Neighbor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

3.2 Support Vector Machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.3 Multilayered Artificial Neural Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.4 Self Organizing Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.5 Probalistic Neural Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.6 Fuzzy Logic Neural Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon (MS) v

Abstract

The seminar is on survey on different classification techniques that can be used for plant
leaf disease classification. A classification technique deals with classifying each pattern in
one of the distinct classes. A classification is a technique where leaf is classified based on
its different morphological features. There are so many classification techniques such as
k-Nearest Neighbor Classifier, Probabilistic Neural Network, Genetic Algorithm, Support
Vector Machine, and Principal Component Analysis, Artificial neural network, Fuzzy logic.
Selecting a classification method is always a difficult task because the quality of result can
vary for different input data. Plant leaf disease classifications have wide applications in
various fields such as in biological research, in Agriculture etc. This report provides an
overview of different classification techniques used for plant leaf disease classification.

SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon (MS) 1

Chapter 1

Introduction

The purpose of Agriculture is not only to feed ever growing population but it’s an impor-
tant source of energy and a solution to solve the problem of global warming. Plant diseases
are extremely significant, as that can adversely affect both quality and quantity of crops in
agriculture production. There are some diseases that do not have any visible symptoms and
[1] farmers are not having enough knowledge of few diseases. ,in these cases human vision
fails to identify the disease. Therefore, there is a need to detect these diseases in early stage
so that the remedies can be suggested according to the severity of the diseases. Currently,
Digital image processing is being used in agriculture field from automatic leaf identification
to classification of leaf diseases. Image processing techniques help in accurate, timely and
automatic detection of diseases.

Section 1.1 describes Image classification techniques. Finally, Summary is presented in

the last Section.

1.1 Image Classification Techniques

Depending on the applications, many systems have been proposed to solve or at least to
reduce the problems, by making use of image processing, pattern recognition and some
automatic classification tools. Feature Selection of Cotton Disease Leaves Image Based on
Fuzzy Feature Selection Techniques proposed the fuzzy feature selection approach -fuzzy
curves (FC) and surfaces (FS) – for cotton leaves disease image feature selection. This
research is done in two steps. Firstly to automatically and quickly [2] isolate a small set
of significant features from a set of original features according to their significance and to
eliminate spurious features they make use of FC. Secondly to isolate the features dependent
on the significant features, utilize FS. This approach is useful for practical classification
applications which reduce the dimensionality of the feature space.

SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon (MS) 2

 The feature selection technique has faster execution speed and higher classification suc-
cess rate because it does not suffer from the local minima problems inherent in the nonlinear
modeling techniques typically used in forward selection and backward elimination. This
system is having more accuracy, than that of the other feature detection techniques. With
this method about 90 percent of detection of Red spot i.e. fungal disease is detected. Image
processing based work is consists of the following main steps : In the first step the acquired
images are segmented using the K-means techniques and then secondly the segmented im-
ages are passed through a pre-trained neural network .

The proposed system is composed of three main parts: Firstly grape leaf color extraction
from complex background, secondly grape leaf disease color extraction and finally grape leaf
disease classification. back-propagation neural network with a self-organizing feature map
together is utilize to recognize colors of grape leaf. Further MSOFM and GA deployed for
grape leaf disease segmentation and SVM for classification. Finally filtration of resulting seg-
mented image is done by Gabor Wavelet and then SVM is again applied to classify the types
of grape leaf diseases. This system can classify the grape leaf diseases into three classes: Scab
disease, rust disease and no disease. Even though there are some limitations of extracting
ambiguous color pixels from the background of the image. The system demonstrates very
promising performance for any agricultural product analysis.

Fast and accurate method for detection and classification of plant diseases. The proposed
algorithm is tested on main five diseases on the plants; they are: Early Scorch, Cottony mold,
Ashen Mold, Late scorch, tiny whiteness. Initially the RGB image is acquired then a color
transformation structure for the acquired RGB leaf image is created. After that color values
in RGB converted to the space specified in the color transformation structure. In the next
step, the segmentation is done by using K-means clustering technique. After that the mostly
green pixels are masked. Further the pixels with zero green, red and blue values and the
pixels on the boundaries of the infected object were completely removed. Then the infected
cluster was converted into HIS format from RGB format. In the next step, for each pixel
map of the image for only HIS images the SGDM matrices were generated. Finally the
extracted feature was recognized through a pre-trained neural network. The results show
that the proposed system can successfully detect and classify the diseases with a precision
between 83 percent and 94 percent.

SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon (MS) 3

1.2 Organization of Report
The report is described in following way. Chapter 1 titled Introduction,describes Image
Classification Techniques. Chapter 2 titled the Literature Survey presents History of Image
Classification Techniques. Chapter 3 titled Methodology describes Architecture description
and Implementation and application of Image Classification Techniques. Chapter 4 titled
Discussion describes Objective,advantages and disadvantages of Image Classification Tech-
niques. Chapter 5 titled Conclusion, concludes this seminar.

1.3 Summary
In this chapter, an overview of the problem along with its solution for the work contained in
this dissertation is provided. In the next chapter, Literature Survey is described.

SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon (MS) 4

Chapter 2

Literature Survey

Image classification is the process of assigning land cover classes of pixels. In general, these
are three main image classification techniques unsupervised, supervised and object-based
image classification. Unsupervised and supervised image classification techniques are the
most common approaches. However object based classification is used for high resolution
data.

Literature survey is organized as follows. Section 2.1 presents the history of Image Classi-
fication Techniques, Section 2.2 presents the related work on Image Classification Techniques.
Finally, the last Section presents Summary of the chapter.

2.1 History of Image classification Techniques

Camargo and Smith have reported a machine vision framework for the recognizable proof
of the visual side effects of plant illnesses from hued pictures utilizing svm. Manisha A.
Bhange and Prof. H. A. Hingoliwala(2015) proposed a framework for improving the capa-
bility of modified normal item illness revelation by including Intent hunt system. They had
done there work on pomegranate natural item having ailment bacterial blight[2].Zulkifli Bin
Husin et al. (2012) proposed image processing approach for the examination of plant chili
disease area. The image is firstly enhanced to keep the information after [3] extraction then
shading space is utilized to minimize the luminance. color contents is used for realization of
the disease. Dheeb Al Bashish et al in their paper proposed a method for digital distinguish-
ing proof and request of plant leaf diseases with four guideline steps. In the initial step they
outlined a shading change structure for the RGB leaf picture and after that utilized gadget
autonomous color space change for the shading change structure.

Ease of use the photos were partitioned using the K means clustering process. In the
third step, the texture elements for the segmented contaminated parts were figured. At

SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon (MS) 5

last, in the fourth step the components extracted were experienced a pre-arranged neural
system. P.Revati et al tested development to helps the agriculturist in plant advancement
process.This approach used cell phone to get polluted Cotton leaf images. RGB color high-
light division is done to get infection spots.Edge recognizable procedure methodology is used
for extraction of picture segments of spots to distinguish illnesses. Neural system is used to
arranged the diseases. The division process is not proper for Monocot family plant

2.2 Related Work

Automatic Image Classification Using the Classification Ant-Colony Algorithm To improve
the versatility, robustness, and convergence rate of automatic classification of images, An
ant-colony based classification is defined in this paper. According to the characteristics of the
image classification, traditional Ant-Colony algorithm is adopts and improves by this model.
It defines two types of ants that have different search strategies and refreshing mechanisms.
The stochastic ants identify new categories; construct the category tables and determining
the clustering center of each category. The experiment indicate that ant-colony algorithm
improve the efficiency and accurate the result.

2.3 Summary
In this chapter description about Artificial Brain is given. The development in the field of
Artificial Brain with the most common issues under consideration are also discussed in the
same. In the next chapter, Methodology is described.

SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon (MS) 6

Chapter 3

Methodology

The description of the current working situation of technology and initiation of the scene
about Classification of plant leaf diseases using image classification is given in the chapter.
The classification techniques used are described in this section.

Section 3.1 describes k-Nearest Neighbor. Support Vector Machine described in Section
3.2, Section 3.3 describes Artificial Neural Network, Self-Organizing Map described in Section
3.4, Section 3.5 describes Probabilistic Neural Networks, Fuzzy Logic described in Section
3.6. Finally Summary is presented in the last Section.

3.1 k-Nearest Neighbor

k-Nearest Neighbor is a simple classifier in the machine learning techniques where the classi-
fication is achieved by identifying the nearest neighbors to a query examples and then make
use of those neighbors for determination of the class of the query. In KNN the classification
i. e. to which class the given point is belongs is based on the calculation of the minimum
distance between the given point and other points. As a classifier the nearest neighbor does
not include any training process .It is not applicable in case of large number of training exam-
ples as it is not robust to noisy data. For the plant leaf classification the Euclidean distance
between the test samples and training samples is calculated. In this way it finds out similar
measures and accordingly the class for test samples. A sample is classified [4] based on the
highest number of votes from the k neighbors, with the sample being assigned to the class
most common amongst its k nearest neighbors.k is a positive integer, typically small. If k =
1, then the sample is simply assigned to the class of its nearest neighbor. In binary (two class)
classification problems, it is helpful to choose k to be an odd number as this avoids tied votes.

Nearest neighbor method is easy to implement also quite good results if the features are

SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon (MS) 7

 Figure 3.1: k-Nearest Neighbor

chosen carefully. The K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) Classifier is works well on basic recogni-
tion problems.
The main disadvantage of the KNN algorithm is that it is a slow learner, i.e. it does
not learn anything from the training data and simply make use the training data itself for
classification. Another disadvantage is this method is also rather slow if there are a large
number of training examples as the algorithm must have to compute the distance and sort
all the training data at each prediction. Also it is not robust to noisy data in case of large
number of training examples. The most serious disadvantage of nearest neighbor methods
is that they are very sensitive to the presence of irrelevant parameters.

3.2 Support Vector Machine

Support Vector machine (SVM) is a non-linear Classifier. This is a new trend in machine
learning algorithm which is used in many pattern recognition problems, including texture
classification. In SVM, the input data is non-linearly mapped to linearly separated data
in some high dimensional space providing good classification performance. SVM maximizes
the marginal distance between different classes. The division of classes is carried out with
different kernels.SVM is designed to work with only two classes by determining the hyper

SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon (MS) 8

 Figure 3.2: Support Vector Machine

plane to divide two classes.

This is done by maximizing the margin from the hyper plane to the two classes. The
samples closest to the margin that were selected to determine the hyper plane is known as
support vectors .Fig below shows the support vector machines concept. Multiclass classi-
fication is also applicable and is basically built up by various two class SVMs to solve the
problem, either by using one-versus-all or one versus-one. The winning class is then deter-
mined by the highest output function or the maximum votes respectively.

3.3 Artificial Neural Network

An Artificial Neuron is basically an engineering approach of biological neuron.ANN consists
of a number of nodes, called neurons. Neural networks are typically organized in layers.
In neural network eachneuron in hidden layer receives signals from all the neurons in the
input layer. The strength of each signal and the biases are represented by weights and

SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon (MS) 9

 Figure 3.3: Multilayered Artificial Neural Network

constants, which are calculated through the training phase. After the inputs are weighted
and added, the result is then transformed by a transfer function into the output. The transfer
functions used are Sigmoid, hyperbolic tangent functions or a step. Backpropagation is a
neural network learning algorithm (Rumelhart and McClelland, 1986) is used in layered feed-
forward Artificial Neural Networks. Backpropagation is a form of supervised training.

Originally, ANNs started in the form of a single neuron, proposed in the McCulloch and
Pitts model in the 1940s (McCulloch and Pitts, 1943). In 1958, frank Rosenblatt proposed
Perceptron, is the simplest single layer networks whose weights and biases could be trained
to produce a correct target vector when presented with the corresponding input vector. This
network made up of only input neurons and output neurons. It can solve only linear problems.

Multi Layer perceptron (MLP) is one of the feedforward neural network with one or more
layers between input and output layer. Feedforward means that data flows in one direction
from input to output layer (forward). Multiple layers of neurons with nonlinear transfer
functions allow the network to learn nonlinear and linear relationships between input and
output vectors. Multilayer perceptrons (MLPs), which can be trained using a backprop-
agation algorithm (Rumelhart and McClelland, 1986), is a very popular choice for many
researchers.

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 Figure 3.4: Self Organizing Map

3.4 Self-Organizing Map

The Self-Organizing Map is one of the neural network models, based on unsupervised learning
(human intervention is needed during the learning). The Self-Organizing Map was developed
by professor Kohonen in 2001. Self-organizing maps are different from other artificial neural
networks in the sense that they use a neighborhood function to preserve the topological
properties of the input space.

A self-organizing map consists of components called nodes or neurons. Each node has a
weight vector of the same dimension as the input data vectors and a position in the map
space. The nodes are usually arranged in a two-dimensional regular spacing in a hexagonal
or rectangular grid. The self-organizing map describes a mapping from a higher dimensional
input space to a lower dimensional map space. The procedure for placing a vector from data
space onto the map is to find the node with the smallest distance weight vector to the data
space vector.

SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon (MS) 11

 Figure 3.5: Probalistic Neural Network

3.5 Probalistic Neural Network

Probabilistic Neural Networks (PNNs) is a feedforward neural network , based on Parzen
windows. In a PNN, the operations are organized into a multilayered feedforward network
with four layers.PNN is mainly used in classification problems. The first layer is input layer
which calculates the distance from the input vector to the training input vectors. The second
layer sums the contribution for each class of inputs and produces its net output as a vector
of probabilities. Third Pattern layer contains one neuron for each case in the training data
set. It stores the values of the predictor variables for the case along with the target value.
The pattern neurons add the values for the class they represent.

The output layer compares the weighted votes for each target category accumulated in
the pattern layer and uses the largest vote to predict the target category. As PNNs are
much faster than multilayer perceptron networks their training phase requires only one pass
through the training patterns. PNN can be accurate than multilayer perceptron networks
also relatively insensitive to outliers. To improve the overall performance PNNs output can
be later processed by another classification system and as this happens very fast, PNNs are
used in on-line applications where a real-time classifier is required. The main disadvantage
of PNN is it requires large storage space.

SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon (MS) 12

 Figure 3.6: Fuzzy Logic Neural Network

3.6 Fuzzy Logic

Fuzzy Logic classifiers are classification systems that make use of fuzzy sets or fuzzy logic
(Kuncheva, 2000) which convert real-world data values into membership degrees through
the use of the membership functions (Zadeh, 1965) so that these rules then can be used for
the classification process. This is done by defining “categories” for each one of the attributes.

As Fuzzy logic classifier’s has very high speed they are preferable in cases where there
is limited precision in the data values or when classification is required in real time. Fuzzy
image processing is the collection of all approaches that understand, represent and process
the images, their segments and features as fuzzy sets. The representation and processing
depend on the selected fuzzy technique and on the problem to be solved.

Fuzzy image processing is divided into three main steps: image fuzzification, modification
of membership values, and, if necessary, image defuzzification . Because of the uncertainties
that exist in many aspects of image processing like additive and non-additive noise in lowlevel
image processing, imprecision in the assumptions underlying the algorithms, and ambiguities
in interpretation during high level image processing , fuzzy processing is desirable.

The main drawback of Fuzzy logic as classifier is dimensionality because of this classifier

SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon (MS) 13

is inadequate for problems having a large number of features. Also it gives poor performance
while there is a limited amount of knowledge that the designer can incorporate in the system.

3.7 Summary
In this chapter description of the basic concept of Image classification techniques with current
working situation is given. Each techniques have their advantages and disadvantages. In the
next chapter,discussion is described.

SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon (MS) 14

Chapter 4

Discussion

The description of the current working situation of technology and initiation of the scene
about4.1 Image Classification is given in the chapter and is divided into sections.

Section 4.1 describes objective of Image classification, Section 4.2 describes the advan-
tages, Section 4.3 describes the disadvantages. Finally the summary is presented in last
Section.

4.1 Objective of Image Classification Techniques

The purpose of Agriculture is not only to feed ever growing population but it’s an impor-
tant source of energy and a solution to solve the problem of global warming. Plant disease
are extremely significant, as that can adversely affect both quality and quantity of crops in
agriculture production. Plant disease diagnosis is very essential in earlier stage in order to
cure and control them. Generally the naked eye method is used to identify the diseases.

In this method experts are involved who have the ability to detect the changes in leaf
color. This method involves lots of efforts, takes long time and also not practical for the
large fields. Many times different experts identify the same disease as the different disease.
This method is expensive as it requires continuous monitoring of experts.Depending on the
applications, many systems have been proposed to solve or at least to reduce the problems,
by making use of image processing, pattern recognition and some automatic classification
tools.

SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon (MS) 15

4.2 Advantages of Image Classification Techniques
The advantages of Image Classification Techniques are as follows:

1. K-Nearest Neighbor classifier is work well on basic recognition problems.

2. SVM’s prediction accuracy is high.

3. SVM’s working is robust when training examples contain errors.

4. SVM’s simple geometric interpretation and a sparse solution.

5. Like neural networks the computational complexity of SVMs does not depend on the
dimensionality of the input space.

4.3 Disadvantages of Image Classification Techniques

The disadvantages of Image Classification Techniques are as follows:

1. The main disadvantage of the KNN algorithm is that it is slow learner.

2. The KNN algorithm is also slow if there are a large number of training examples.

3. SVM involves long training time.

4. The large number of support vectors used from the training set to perform classification
task.

5. The main disadvantage of PNN is it requires large storage space.

4.4 Summary
In this chapter, objective of Image classification techniques, advantages and disadvantages
are discussed. In next the chapter, Conclusion is present.

SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon (MS) 16

Chapter 5

Conclusion

From study of above classification techniques we come up with following conclusion. The
k-nearest-neighbor method is perhaps the simplest of all algorithms for predicting the class
of a test example. An obvious disadvantage of the k-NN method is the time complexity
of making predictions. Additionally, neural networks are tolerant to noisy inputs. But in
neural network it’s difficult to understand structure of algorithm. SVM was found competi-
tive with the best available machine learning algorithms in classifying high-dimensional data
sets. In SVM computational complexity is reduced to quadratic optimization problem and
it’s easy to control complexity of decision rule and frequency of error. Drawback of SVM is
it’s difficult to determine optimal parameters when training data is not linearly separable.
Also SVM is more complex to understand and implement.

Fabrication while imaging and the characterization of materials as yet undefined can also
be part of imaging. The extremely small images can be measured in nanometers also. Fu-
ture imaging systems are expected to be less expensive. They will have to be easier to use.
There are various types of imaging systems such as those used for chemical, optical, thermal,
medical and molecular imaging. The use of scanning techniques and statistical analyses for
image analysis are needed to extract valid image values. The satellite applications programs
of the future will be based on extensive research in the area of imaging. A number of different
sensors will be used in the satellites orbiting the earth. Scientifically useful information will
be extracted from these systems. New techniques will be needed to organize and classify
the different sets of data obtainable from the orbiting satellites. The future trend in remote
sensing will be based on sensors that can record the same scene in many different ways.
Graphics data will be important in image processing app1ications. Satellite based imaging
for planetary exploration as well as military applications will be the future trend. Biomedical
applications, astronomy, and scene analysis for the robotic vehicles are also pertinent areas of
future applications of imaging4. Adaptive search of large image data bases will become the

SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon (MS) 17

norms, since video and graphics data will be available from a variety of sensors developed for
remote sensing applications of satellite systems. The design and coordination of microscopy
imaging techniques for research in molecular biology is gaining importance.

SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon (MS) 18

Bibliography

[1] Anthony Cassandra, “Acting optimally in partially observable stochastic domains,” Pro-
ceedings of the International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pp. 152–154,
1991.

[2] Lonnie Chrisman, “Hidden state and short-term memory,” Presentation at Reinforcement
Learning Workshop,Machine Learning Conference, 1993.

[3] James Albus, “A new approach to manipulator control,” Journal of Dynamic Sysytems,
Measurements and Control, pp. 220–227, 1975.

[4] Andrew Barto, “Neuronlike adaptive elements that can solve difficult learning,” IEEE
Transactions on System, pp. 834–846, 1983.

SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon (MS) 19

Index

advantages, 16
agriculture, 2
ann, 9

disadvantages, 16
disease, 15

feature, 3
fuzzy, 13

KNN, 8

network, 3

PNN, 12

som, 11
SVM, 8

SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon (MS) 20