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Versão Final Revisada2 PDF
Abstract—The increase in electrical energy consumption is energy flows and significantly increase the complexity of the
causing the grid to be more complex in the last years. Utilities electrical systems, as shown in Figure 1 [1].
need to improve the quality of the service, as the efficiency of
delivering energy, while electric vehicles and distributed energy
resources are becoming a reality in the market. The advance of
electronic communication technology, the processing capacity of
computers, cloud computing, among others, enables many fea-
tures for Smart Grids. The Advanced Metering Infraestructure is
one of the tools enabled by Smart Grids, which is an information
system for collecting, storing and analyzing power data. The
structure, communication technologies, and benefits of this tool
are discussed in the paper. Then, the case study of the Federal
University of Santa Maria Advanced Metering Infrastructure is
shown, followed by its results.
Index Terms—AMI, Distribution system, LPWAN, LoRaWAN,
RF, Smart Meter.
C. Applications TABLE II
L O R AWAN LIMITATIONS .
The main benefits are explained briefly. Some of them have
already been implemented in many countries, and others still Technology
Data Max. Traffic
QoS Distance
need development or economic viability. rate latency type
40ms to
1) Managing Supply and Demand: The demand manage- 0.3- periodic/ 2.5km urban
LoRaWAN several moderate
27kbps random 15km suburban
ment saves result from proper load selection and optimized seconds
use of electricity. It also allows people the opportunity to shift
their own demand for electricity during peak hours and reduce The installed gateways are RHF2S008, from Rising HF, it
their energy consumption overall. Hence through customer is an IOT gateway based on LoRaWAN and target to LPWAN
network. It is an IEEE 802.3 af/at compatibility PD, which • Meter: Three-phase - 4 wires;
could be powered by PoE. Both Ethernet and LTE-4G are • Wireless communication: LoRaWAN stack v1.0.2;
supported to connect to the cloud server. With an integrated • Wireless frequency: 915MHz - Australian Standard
GPS module, the GW could support LoRaWAN Class B • Model: SME;
protocol with the synchronous clock from GPS PPS signal. • Nominal Voltage (Vn): 90V to 240V;
This device integrate an high performance CPU ARM • Nominal Current (In): 50 to 1500A (depends on CT);
Cortex-A53 core, one baseband processor SX1301, that it • Frequency: 50 or 60Hz;
could support 8 multi-SF channel (SF12 to SF7), 1 single-SF • Active Energy: Ke = Kh = 1,00 Wh/pulse;
channel and 1 GFSK channel. Output power could achieve to Furthermore, the SME has a digital output, that can be
27dBm max. Sensitivity is as low as -141dBm@300bps. With configured in the MDMS software. It allows the user to control
specified payload length and transmit period, one gateway loads and trigger alarms using this digital output. There have
could support 10k nodes. It is a smart device but with been installed 60 smart meters in the main buildings of UFSM.
high reliability, that it could work outdoor or in a complex Figure 6 shows where the smart meters have been installed.
environment [19].
The gateways were installed in order to cover all the
LoRaWAN smart meters, as can be seen in Figure 4. They
are positioned in the top of two of the highest buildings in the
university. They are supplied by no-breaks and connected to
the institutional internet network through Ethernet cables.
D. Benefits
Fig. 5. Fox IoT SME Smart Meter [20]. There are many benefits that could be achieved by AMI
implementation. The UFSM’s engineering team designed the
Their main characteristics are [20]: system in order to have better knowledge about the energy
consumption, power quality, and enough information in order TABLE III
to guide energy efficiency activities in the university. D ELIVERY RATE OF THE 30 ANALYZED SMART METERS .
The energy consumption is about how much each building Delivery
Meter id Building
spend in electricity. Power quality considers information about rate (%)
voltage levels, power factor, load balancing and the load sm01 Dança 85,1
sm02 Casa Estudante Indı́gena 98,4
level of each distribution transformer. The information for sm06 Sistema Irriga 92,9
energy efficiency includes the data from electricity usage sm07 Prédio 74B 72,7
and consumer habits, relation between energy consumed and sm11 Centro de Educação 80,5
sm17 CTISM I 97,9
how many students have classes in each building. The data sm18 Música 100
extracted from the smart meters allows the possibility of a sm19 Geração Distribuı́da 98,8
wide range of new researches, like demand response in public sm20 Destilaria 95,3
buildings, real-time distribution loss evaluation, automatic load sm23 Matemática 96,3
sm24 Prédio 40 78,9
control, among others. sm26 Terapia Ocupacional 96,1
sm29 Casa do Estudante - 34 95,7
IV. R ESULTS sm31 Agittec 97,8
sm34 Restaurante Universitário 98,4
The UFSM’s AMI consists of 2 LoRaWAN gateways, 60
sm37 Prédio 74C 81,4
smart meters, and the MDMS. However, for this case study, sm36 Almoxarifado 54,4
30 smart meters will be evaluated and tested, because not all sm38 Casa do Estudante - 35 56,5
of them are installed and completely working already. The sm40 Casa do Estudante - 33 97,7
sm43 CFED Piscinas 98,8
results will show the functionality of the network (Availability sm45 Centro de Tecnologia 80,3
and latency) and some benefits that already are possible in sm46 CFED 100
concerning with electrical parameters (Energy quality, load sm47 Laboratório Virologia 97,9
balancing, and energy efficiency). The analysis was performed sm48 Prédio 26 86,9
sm50 Anfiteatro I 100
between March 15, 2019, and March 23, 2019. sm53 Centro de Educação 2 92,8
sm54 Anfiteatro II 72
A. Availability sm55 Reitoria II 89,4
sm57 Biblioteca Central 77,1
The availability of the system is measured considering
sm58 Odontologia 88,1
the relation between the number of packets received by the
network server and number of packets that should be sent by
the smart meter. The results are presented in Table III.
Through the 30 smart meter analyzed, the average delivery
rate is 88.6%. 3 smart meters had 100% delivery rate, 36.67%
between 95% and 99.99%. On the other hand, 13.33% deliv-
ered less than 75% of the packets.
B. Latency
The latency is achieved by the network server, that manages
the communication network. It considers the air time of the
package, which depends on LoRaWAN network parameters,
like spreading factor, bandwidth, packet size, and others. The
currently set of parameters results in 369ms. This results shows
Fig. 7. SM46 CFED voltages.
that LoRa AMI allows many Smart Grid features, but is not
suitable for distribution automation, for example.
It is verified that the deviation between the phases and the
C. Energy Quality
average can be as high as 60.14%. This implies in the need of
In order to evaluate the energy quality supplied to the balancing the load over the phases, in order to have a better
buildings, it was verified the voltage levels. Figure 7 shows energy quality and less losses.
an example of CFED building voltages.
It is possible to see that maximum voltages measured are D. Energy efficiency
231.61V, 234.01V, and 232.64V of phases A, B, and C, The energy effiency is a tool used to do the same activities
respectively. The nominal voltage is 220V, while the limits using less energy, as well as paying less. The AMI of UFSM
imposed by the Brazilian Regulatory Agency are 231V and allows to rank the top 10 energy consumption buildings and
202V, for the maximum and the mininum, respectively. In power. Figures 8 and 9 shows these two ranks.
order to evaluate the load balance, the maximum difference These 10 buildings are the ones where energy efficiency
between the average powers. Table IV presents the top 5 activities should be implemented first, as they have the greatest
unbalanced loads. consumers among the analyzed smart meters.
TABLE IV R EFERENCES
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