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DC-DC Aula 01 - Power Converters PDF
DC-DC Aula 01 - Power Converters PDF
Power Converters
1
Power Converters
Lecture 9: DC-DC
Conceito: O que é Converters
?
2
Basic Concepts
General purpose:
The purpose of a DC-DC converter is to supply a regulated DC
output voltage to a variable-load resistance from a fluctuating
DC input voltage.
Common applications:
Computers, medical instrumentation, communication devices,
television receivers, and battery chargers.
Operation concept:
The output voltage in DC-DC converters is generally controlled
using a switching concept.
Early DC-DC converters were known as choppers (SCRs)
Modern DC-DC converters classified as switch mode power
supplies (SMPS). 3
Basic Concepts
Switching concept:
5
Basic Concepts
PWM concept:
The output voltage control depends on the duty ratio D.
6
Basic Concepts
PWM concept (math point of view):
T ton Ts
1 s 1 1
V0( avg ) v0 t dt 0 0 Ts
v t dt v t dt
0
Ts 0 Ts ton
ton Ts ton
1 1 Vi Vi
V0( avg )
Ts 0 Vi dt Ts t 0dt Ts ton
Ts
on t 0
V0( avg ) Vi D
variable
circuit specification 7
Basic Concepts
PWM versus FM:
T->cte
ton->cte
ton->variable
T->variable
9
Basic Circuits
PWM spectrum:
10
Basic Circuits
DC characteristic:
Insertion of low-
pass filter to
remove switching
harmonics and pass
only dc.
11
Basic Concepts
DC-DC conversion: Change and control voltage magnitude
Vd V0
M = V0 / Vd CCM
13
Basic Converters
Step-Down DC-DC Converter (buck):
14
Basic Converters
Step-Down DC-DC Converter (buck):
Steady state;
inductor current flows
continuously.
Ts ton Ts
v t dt v t dt v t dt 0
0
L
0
L
ton
L
ton Ts
V
0
d Vo dt Vo t dt 0
ton
I d Vo
D
I o Vd
Voltage step-down
Current step-up.
16
Basic Concepts
Continuous & discontinuous current modes:
DC-DC converters operate in one of two modes depending on
the characteristics of the output current:
- Continuous Current Conduction (CCM);
- Discontinuous Current Conduction (DCM).
17
Basic Converters
Step-Down DC-DC Converter (buck):
Boundary definition:
I LB I Lpeak ?
t 18
Ts
Basic Converters
Step-Down DC-DC Converter (buck):
Boundary definition:
From the converter circuit
Vd V0
I Lpeak iL t ton ton *
L
Replacing Vo in function of Vd in (*)
iL
Vd DVd DTsVd
I Lpeak
I Lpeak DTs 1 D
L L
TsVd
I Lpeak D 1 D
L
t 1 TsVd
ton I LB D 1 D
2 L 19
Basic Converters
Step-Down DC-DC Converter (buck):
Boundary definition:
I LB IOB TsVd
But
I LB I OB D 1 D
2L
constants
variable
20
Basic Converters
Step-Down DC-DC Converter (buck):
Boundary definition (Alternatively):
From the converter circuit (the same)
Vd V0
I Lpeak iL t ton ton
L
Replacing Vd in function of Vo in (*)
iL
Vo
I Lpeak D Vo TsVo
I Lpeak s
DT 1 D
L L
t 1 TsVo
ton I LB 1 D
2 L 21
Basic Converters
Step-Down DC-DC Converter (buck):
Boundary definition (Alternatively):
I LB IOB TsVo
But
I LB I OB 1 D
2L
constants
variable
Vo
TsVo
2L
22
Basic Converters
Step-Down DC-DC Converter (buck):
Complete boundary definition:
I LB IOB Ii DI LB
TsVd TsVd 2
I OB1 D 1 D I iB1 D 1 D
2L 2L
TsVo TsVo
I OB 2 1 D I iB 2 D 1 D
2L 2L
23
Basic Converters
Step-Down DC-DC Converter (buck):
Complete boundary definition:
I LB IOB
I OB1 MAX
K1
2
f DMAX
d
dD
f DMAX 0
d
dD
DMAX 1 DMAX 0
1 TsVd
DMAX I OB1 MAX
2 8L
TsVd
I OB1 D 1 D
2L
24
Basic Converters
Step-Down DC-DC Converter (buck):
Complete boundary definition:
I LB IOB
IOB 2 MAX
K2
2
f DMAX
d
dD
f DMAX 0
d
dD
1 DMAX 0
TsVo
DMAX 0 I OB 2 MAX
2L
TsVo
I OB 2 1 D
2L
25
Basic Converters
Step-Down DC-DC Converter (buck):
Complete boundary definition:
Ii DI LB
IiB1 MAX
K1
2
f DMAX
d
dD
f DMAX 0
d
dD
DMAX 1 DMAX 0
2
2 2 TsVd
DMAX I iB1 MAX
3 27 L
TsVd 2
I iB1 D 1 D
2L
26
Basic Converters
Step-Down DC-DC Converter (buck):
Complete boundary definition:
Ii DI LB
IiB 2 MAX
K2
2
f DMAX
d
dD
f DMAX 0
d
dD
DMAX 1 DMAX 0
1 TsVd
DMAX I iB 2 MAX
2 8L
TsVd
I iB 2 D 1 D
2L
27
Basic Converters
Step-Down DC-DC Converter (buck):
Complete boundary definition:
At home:
To plot the four boundaries with MatLab or MathCAD.
28
Basic Converters
Step-Down DC-DC Converter (buck):
Steady state; inductor current discontinuous.
29
Basic Converters
Step-Down DC-DC Converter (buck):
Steady state; inductor current discontinuous.
Inductor energy balance
Ts
v t dt 0
0
L
30
Basic Converters
Step-Down DC-DC Converter (DCM):
iL
I Lpeak
I L avg From the converter circuit
t V0
DTs 1Ts I Lpeak iL Ts iL ton 1Ts
ton 2Ts Ts L
From the waveform Replacing ILpeak into IL(avg)
1 base.altura
D 1 V0
T
I L avg I L avg 1 s
Ts 2 2 L
Solving for 1
1 D 1 Ts I Lpeak
I L avg 2 LI L avg
Ts 2 D 1 1 31
V0Ts
Basic Converters
Step-Down DC-DC Converter (DCM):
Since Vo D D 1 Vd Vd
D 1 D
Vd D 1 D Vo Vo
32
Basic Converters
Step-Down DC-DC Converter (DCM):
Since Vo D2
I L ( avg ) IO ( avg ) Vd 2 LI o avg
D
2
Vd Ts
As we know (maximum value of the boundary)
TsVd
I OB1 MAX for Vd constant
8L
Vo D2
Vd I o avg
D
2
4 I OB1 MAX
33
Basic Converters
Step-Down DC-DC Converter (case 1):
Vo ton CCM gain for any case
D
Vd Ts
TsVd CCM/DCM boundary for Vd constant
I OB1 D 1 D
2L Variable in use: Io
Vo
D
Vd
Vo D2
Vd 1 I0
D
2
4 I LB max
35
Basic Converters
Step-Down DC-DC Converter (case 2):
Vo ton CCM gain for any case
D
Vd Ts
TsVo CCM/DCM boundary for Vo constant
I OB 2 1 D Variable in use: Io
2L
TsVo Maximum value of boundary (Vo constant)
I OB 2 MAX
2L Variable in use: Io
36
Basic Converters
At home:
To develop the expressions for DCM gain:
(to plot with MatLab or MathCAD)
Vo DCM gain for (Vo constant)
?
Vd Variable in use: Io
37