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481 Fe-Handbook-9-4 PDF
481 Fe-Handbook-9-4 PDF
• SIGHT DISTANCE
Vertical Curves: Sight Distance Related to Curve Length
S ≤ L S > L
Crest Vertical Curve AS2 2
General equation:
L =
100( 2h1 + 2h2 ) 2
L = 2S −
200 ( h1 + h2 )
A
Standard Criteria:
AS2 2,158
h 1 = 3.50 ft and h2 = 2.0 ft: L = L = 2S −
2,158 A
Horizontal Curves
V2
0.01e + f =
Side friction factor (based on superelevation) 15 R
3.15V 3
Ls =
Spiral Transition Length RC
C = rate of increase of lateral acceleration
[use 1 ft/sec3 unless otherwise stated]
Right-Side
Lanes in One Direction
Lateral
Clearance (ft) 2 3 4 ≥5
≥6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
5 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.1
4 1.2 0.8 0.4 0.2
3 1.8 1.2 0.6 0.3
2 2.4 1.6 0.8 0.4
1 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.5
0 3.6 2.4 1.2 0.6
♦ HCM 2010: Highway Capacity Manual, Vol 2, Uninterrupted Flow, Transportation Research Board of the National Academics, Washington, DC, 2010.
where
vp = demand flow rate under equivalent base conditions (pc/h/ln)
V = demand volume under prevailing conditions (veh/h)
PHF = peak-hour factor
N = number of lanes in analysis direction
fHV = adjustment factor for presence of heavy vehicles in traffic stream
fp = adjustment factor for unfamiliar driver populations
1
fHV =
1 + PT _ ET − 1 i + PR _ ER − 1 i
where
fHV = heavy-vehicle adjustment factor
PT = proportion of trucks and buses in traffic stream
PR = proportion of RVs in traffic stream
ET = passenger-car equivalent (PCE) of one truck or bus in traffic stream
ER = PCE of one RV in traffic stream
vp
D= S
where
D = density(pc/mi/ln)
vp = demand flow rate (pc/h/ln)
S = mean speed of traffic stream under base conditions (mi/h)
SPEED (mph)
DO Ux = utility of mode x
SO SO
n = number of attributes
Xi = attribute value (time, cost, and so forth)
Dj
0 DO Dj 0 Vm
ai = coefficient value for attributes i (negative, since the
DENSITY (veh/mi/ln) FLOW (veh/h/ln)
values are disutilities)
If two modes, auto (A) and transit (T), are being considered,
SO
Vm Sf the probability of selecting the auto mode A can be written as
FLOW (veh/h/ln)
P_ Ai = P_ x i =
eUA eUx
n
eUA + eUT / eUxi
e=1
0 DO Dj
Traffic Safety Equations
DENSITY (veh/mi/ln)
Crash Rates at Intersections
Oversaturated flow
A # 1, 000, 000
RMEV = V
Sf
S = Sf − D D where
j RMEV = crash rate per million entering vehicles
Sf 2 A = number of crashes, total or by type occurring in a
V = Sf D − D D
j single year at the location
D jS f V = ADT × 365
Vm = 4 ADT = average daily traffic entering intersection
Dj Crash Rates for Roadway Segments
Do = 2
A # 100, 000, 000
RMVM = VMT
where
D = density (veh/mi) where
S = speed (mi/hr) RMVM = crash rate per hundred million vehicle miles
V = flow (veh/hr) A = number of crashes, total or by type at the study
Vm = maximum flow location, during a given period
Do = optimum density (sometimes called critical density) VMT = vehicle miles of travel during the given period
Dj = jam density = ADT × (number of days in study period) ×
So = optimum speed (often called critical speed) (length of road)
Sf = theoretical speed selected by the first driver entering ADT = average daily traffic on the roadway segment
a facility (i.e., under zero density and zero flow rate Crash Reduction
conditions) _ ADT after improvement i
_ ADT before improvement i
Crashes prevented = N # CR
Gravity Model where
Tij = Pi > /
AjFijKij H
AjFijKij N = expected number of crashes if countermeasure is
not implemented and if the traffic volume
j
remains the same
where CR = CR1 + (1 - CR1)CR2 + (1 - CR1)(1 - CR2)CR3 +. . .
Tij = number of trips that are produced in zone i and attracted + (1 - CR1). . . (1 - CRm -1) CRm
to zone j = overall crash reduction factor for multiple mutually
Pi = total number of trips produced in zone i exclusive improvements at a single site
Aj = number of trips attracted to zone j CRi = crash reduction factor for a specific
Fij = a friction factor that is an inverse function of travel time countermeasure i
between zones i and j m = number of countermeasures at the site
Ki = socioeconomic adjustment factor for interchange ij Garber, Nicholas J., and Lester A. Hoel, Traffic and Highway Engineering, 4th ed., Cengage
Learning, 2009.
• AASHTO, A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets, 6th ed., 2011.
Used by permission.
PERFORMANCE GRADE PG 52 PG 58 PG 64
–10 –16 –22 –28 –34 –40 –46 –16 –22 –28 –34 –40 –16 –22 –28 –34 –40
>–10 >–16 >–22 >–28 >–34 >–40 >–46 >–16 >–22 >–28 >–34 >–40 >–16 >–22 >–28 >–34 >–40
MINIMUM PAVEMENT DESIGN
TEMPERATURE, °Ca
ORIGINAL BINDER
ROLLING THIN FILM OVEN (T240) OR THIN FILM OVEN (T179) RESIDUE
R
c = Length of Sub-Chord I
d = Angle of Sub-Chord
l = Curve Length for Sub-Chord
NOT TO SCALE
R = 5729.58
D
LC
2 sin _ I 2i
R=
T = R tan _ I 2i = LC
2 cos _ I 2i
LATITUDES AND DEPARTURES
L = RI r = I 100
180 D + Latitude
M = R 81 - cos _ I 2iB
– Departure + Departure
R cos _ I 2i
E+ R=
R - M = cos _ I 2i
R
– Latitude
c = 2R sin _ d 2i
l = Rd b r l
180
E = R= 1 - 1G
cos _ I 2i
x PVI
y E
PVT g
2
PVC FOR
TAN WARD
g1 GEN
T
CK NT
BA NGE YPVC
TA
DATUM
g2 − g1 g −g
E = ac 2 m r = 2 L 1
L 2 L
y = ax 2 a = 2L K= A
EARTHWORK FORMULAS
Average End Area Formula, V = L(A1 + A2)/2
Prismoidal Formula, V = L (A1 + 4Am + A2)/6
where Am = area of mid-section
L = distance between A1 and A2
AREA FORMULAS
Area by Coordinates: Area = [XA (YB – YN) + XB (YC – YA) + XC (YD – YB) + ... + XN (YA – YN – 1)] / 2