Cabtshsstat Prob Samplingdistributionofmeans 161003010542 PDF

CABT Statistics & Probability – Grade 11 Lecture Presentation
Sampling Distribution
of Means
A Grade 11 Statistics and Probability Lecture
Sampling Distribution of Means
Population and Sample

A population is the set of all items or
individuals of interest.
Examples: All registered voters
Cell phones manufactured today
Sales receipts for August
A sample is a subset of the population.

Examples: 1200 voters selected at random for a
survey
A few cell phones selected for testing
Random receipts selected for audit
Inferential Statistics
Inferential statistics is concerned with
drawing conclusions and/or making decisions
concerning a population based only on
sample data.
http://www.gohomeworkhelp.com/admin/photos/what-is-inferential-statistics.jpg

Population inferences can be made...
...by selecting a representative sample from the
population
Why Sample?!
 Researchers use sampling if taking a

census of the entire population is
impractical.
 It is less time-consuming and less
costly than a census.
 It is possible that data from the sample
can be used to estimate corresponding
population measures.
Types of Sampling
Simple random sampling – every
element of the population has the same
probability of being selected for
inclusion in the sample.
Some simple random sampling
techniques:
1. Lottery or drawing – with or without
replacement
2. Using Random Numbers

Types of Sampling
Simple random sampling and Slovin’s
Formula
Slovin’s Formula is a formula used
N
n
to determine the sample size n from
a population of size N and margin of
error e is given by: 1 Ne2
Example: The number of samples needed for a population of

1,000 at a margin of error of 5% is
1000
n  286
1 1000 0.05
2

Types of Sampling
Systematic random sampling

– a list of randomly-arranged
elements of the population is
used as a sampling frame,
and the elements to be
included in the sample are
selected by skipping
through the list at regular
intervals. http://worldartsme.com/images/holiday-shopping-list-clipart-1.jpg

Types of Sampling
Systematic random sampling
In doing systematic Example:
random sampling in a To get a sample
containing 8 students
population of size N from a group of 40
using a sample size n, students using
the sampling interval k systematic random
sampling, the sampling
is given by interval is
N 40
k k
8
5
n
http://users.hist.umn.edu/~ruggles/hist5011/sampling.ppt
Types of Sampling
Stratified random sampling

– the population is
partitioned into
several subgroups
or strata, then
samples are
randomly selected
separately from https://faculty.elgin.edu/dkernler/statistics/ch01/images/strata-sample.gif
each stratum CABT Statistics & Probability – Grade 11 Lecture Presentation

Types of Sampling
Stratified random sampling
Proportional allocation of sample size
Suppose that a sample of size 50 is to be obtained
from a population of 840 students grouped according
to gender:Number of No. of Allocation of samples per
Population
Students Samples stratum:
Strata
per Strata per Strata 340
males   50  20.24  20
Male 340 20 840
Female 500 30 500
females   50  29.76  30
TOTAL 840 50 840

Types of Sampling
Cluster or area sampling

– the population is
broken into small
groups or clusters,
then some of the
clusters are
randomly selected.
http://research-methodology.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Cluster-sampling.gif

Types of Sampling
Cluster or area sampling

This type of
sampling is
frequently used
by Philippine
survey
companies like
SWS and Pulse
Asia. CABT Statistics & Probability – Grade 11 Lecture Presentation
Types of Sampling
Cluster vs stratified sampling
The difference between cluster sampling and
stratified sampling is that the sample consists of
elements from the selected clusters only, while in
stratified sampling, the sample comes from all the
strata.
http://keydifferences.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/stratified-vs-cluster-sampling.jpg

Check your
understanding
Your class would like to
interview 50 Junior High
School students to
determine their opinion
regarding the new school
ID. Explain how you can
choose your samples using
each of the sampling
https://boonesunriserotary.files.wordpress.com/2016/05/interview.jpg
techniques discussed. CABT Statistics & Probability – Grade 11 Lecture Presentation

Do you have any
QUESTIONs?
Parameter & Statistic

A parameter is a descriptive
measure that describes a
Apopulation.
statistic is a descriptive measure
that describes a sample.
Usually, parameters are denoted by lower-
case GREEK letters (e.g.  or ), while
statistics use lower-case ROMAN letter (e.g. x
and s).

https://www.cliffsnotes.com/assets/267169.png


Parameter or statistic?
1. All CABT Senior High School students
2. A selected group of CABT Senior High
School students
3. Average scores of Grade 10 NAT takers
nationwide
4. Average of NAT scores taken from a
group of Grade 10 students from CABT
Check your
understanding
Determine if the given situation describes a
parameter or a statistic
1. A group of 20 high school students are
selected to join the Valenciana Festival.
2. Ten of the teachers in a SHS have Master’s
degrees.
3. The Philippine Senate has 24 senators.
4. CABT currently has 18 teachers.
5. Eight teachers in CABT are chosen to attend
a seminar.
Sampling Distributions
A sampling distribution is a probability
distribution of all of the possible values of a
statistic for a given sample size selected from
a population.
http://labs.geog.uvic.ca/geog226/images/Lab3/img_samp_dist.gif

Sampling Distribution of the Mean

A sampling distribution of
sample means is a frequency
distribution using the means
computed from all possible
random samples of a specific
size taken from a population.
http://www.philender.com/courses/intro/notes2/sam.gif
The probability distribution of the sample

means is also called the sampling distribution
of the sample means, with the sample mean as
the random variable.
Constructing Sampling Distributions of

Sample Means
How to Construct a Sampling Distribution of
Sample Means from a Given Population
STEP 1 – Determine the number of
samples of size n from the population of
size N.
STEP 2 – List all the possible samples
and compute the mean of each sample.
STEP 3 – Construct a frequency
distribution of the sample means
obtained in Step 2.
STEP 4 – Construct the probability

Sample Means
How to Construct a Sampling Distribution of
Sample Means from a Given Population
The number of samples of size n from the
population of size N are given as follows:
n
For sampling with
replacement:
N
For sampling without C
N n
replacement:

Sample Means
Consider a group of N = 4 people
with the following ages: 18, 20, 22,
24.
Consider samples of size
n = 2 from the group. If X is
the age of one person in
the group and X is the
average age of the two
people in a sample,
construct the sampling
distribution of X. CABT Statistics & Probability – Grade 11 Lecture Presentation

Sample Means
Solution – sampling with replacement
Number of samples of size 2:4  16
2
The 16 samples of size 2 The 16 sample means

1st 2nd Observation 1st 2nd Observation
Obs 18 20 22 24 Obs 18 20 22 24
18 18,18 18,20 18,22 18,24 18 18 19 20 21
20 20,18 20,20 20,22 20,24 20 19 20 21 22
22 22,18 22,20 22,22 22,24 22 20 21 22 23
24 24,18 24,20 24,22 24,24 24 21 22 23 24


Sample Means
Solution – sampling with replacement
Number of samples of size 2:4  16
2
Sample
Frequency Probability X P(X)
Mean
18 1 1/16 18 1/16
19 2 1/8 19 1/8
20 3 3/16 20 3/16
21 4 1/4
21 1/4
22 3 3/16
22 3/16
23 2 1/8
23 1/8
24 1 1/16
TOTAL 16 1 24 1/16

Sample Means
Solution – sampling without
replacement C 6
4 2
Number of samples of size 2:
Sample Sample
Sample Mean
Frequency Probability
Mean
18, 20 19 19 1 1/6
20 1 1/6
18, 22 20
21 2 1/3
18, 24 21 22 1 1/6
20, 22 21 23 1 1/6
20, 24 22 TOTAL 6 1
22, 24 23

Sample Means
Solution – sampling without
replacement C 6
4 2
Number of samples of size 2:
Sample
Frequency Probability X P(X)
Mean
19 1 1/6 19 1/6
20 1 1/6 20 1/6
21 2 1/3 21 1/3
22 1 1/6 22 1/6
23 1 1/6 23 1/6
TOTAL 6 1


Sample Means
Consider a population with
values
1, 2, 3.
a. List all possible samples of size 2
from the population if sampling is
with replacement.
b. Construct a sampling distribution of
the sample means for this
population.

Sample Means
values
2, 5, 7, 8.
without replacement.
population.

Sample Means
values
1, 1, 2, 3, 4.
without replacement.
population.
Check your
understanding
A group of students got the following
scores in a test: 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, and 21.
Consider sample scores of size 3 that can
be drawn without replacement from the
given scores.
a. List all the possible samples and the
corresponding means.
b. Construct the sampling distribution of
the sample means. CABT Statistics & Probability – Grade 11 Lecture Presentation
Do you have any
QUESTIONs?
Thank you!

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CABT Statistics & Probability – Grade 11 Lecture Presentation

Population and Sample

A sample is a subset of the population.

CABT Statistics & Probability – Grade 11 Lecture Presentation

 Researchers use sampling if taking a

CABT Statistics & Probability – Grade 11 Lecture Presentation

Example: The number of samples needed for a population of

CABT Statistics & Probability – Grade 11 Lecture Presentation

Systematic random sampling

CABT Statistics & Probability – Grade 11 Lecture Presentation

Stratified random sampling

each stratum CABT Statistics & Probability – Grade 11 Lecture Presentation

CABT Statistics & Probability – Grade 11 Lecture Presentation

Cluster or area sampling

CABT Statistics & Probability – Grade 11 Lecture Presentation

Cluster or area sampling

CABT Statistics & Probability – Grade 11 Lecture Presentation

techniques discussed. CABT Statistics & Probability – Grade 11 Lecture Presentation

Parameter & Statistic

CABT Statistics & Probability – Grade 11 Lecture Presentation

Parameter & Statistic

CABT Statistics & Probability – Grade 11 Lecture Presentation

Parameter & Statistic

CABT Statistics & Probability – Grade 11 Lecture Presentation

Sampling Distribution of the Mean

The probability distribution of the sample

Constructing Sampling Distributions of

Constructing Sampling Distributions of

Constructing Sampling Distributions of

Constructing Sampling Distributions of

The 16 samples of size 2 The 16 sample means

22 22,18 22,20 22,22 22,24 22 20 21 22 23

24 24,18 24,20 24,22 24,24 24 21 22 23 24

Constructing Sampling Distributions of

Constructing Sampling Distributions of

Constructing Sampling Distributions of

CABT Statistics & Probability – Grade 11 Lecture Presentation

Constructing Sampling Distributions of

Constructing Sampling Distributions of

Constructing Sampling Distributions of

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