TUGAS BAHASA INGGRIS

FACTUAL REPORT

THEME IS POLLUTION

KELAS : XI/FARMASI KLINIS DAN KOMUNITAS/1

KELOMPOK : POLLUTION

ANGGOTA : 1. HENI FINKA TRIANTI (15)

2. LINTANG AULIA PRAMUDITA (16)

3. MELIA AGUSTINA (18)

4. MELLYSA DWI ROSSITA (20)

5. PUTRI AYU LINANG SASI (25)

6. REINE PINGKAI GIRI ANJANI (26

SMK NEGERI 1 PURWOKERTO

TAHUN PELAJARAN

2017/2018
Nama: Heni Finka Trianti

No. Absen: 15

AIR POLLUTION

Structure

Introduction Air pollution can be defined as an alteration of air quality that can
be characterized by measurements of chemical, biological or
General physical pollutants in the air. Therefore, air pollution means the
undesirable presence of impurities or the abnormal rise in the
classification
proportion of some constituents of the atmosphere.

Air pollution can be classified in 2 sections: visible and invisible

air pollution. On the two classifications are divided into three
namely, local this are concerns the quality of ambient air within a
Paragraph 1
radius of a few kilometers, regional is pollution like acid rain,
Description photochemical reactions and degradation of water quality at
distances of a few kilometers to a thousand kilometers, global is
depletion of the ozone layer and global warming caused by the
emission of greenhouse gases, mainly carbon dioxide (CO2).

Air pollution is caused by the presence in the atmosphere of toxic

substances, mainly produced by human activities, even though
sometimes it can result from natural phenomena such as volcanic
eruptions, dust storms and wildfires, also depleting the air quality.
Anthropogenic air pollution sources are, Combustion of fossil
Paragraph 2
fuels, like coal and oil for electricity and road transport, producing
Description air pollutants like nitrogen and sulfur dioxide, Emissions from
industries and factories, releasing large amount of carbon
monoxide, hydrocarbon, chemicals and organic compounds into
the air, Agricultural activities, due to the use of pesticides,
insecticides, and fertilizers that emit harmful chemicals, Waste
production, mostly because of methane generation in landfills.

Air pollution effects, on the environment, Air pollution has a major

impact on the process of plant evolution by preventing
photosynthesis in many cases, with serious consequences for the
Paragraph 3
purification of the air we breathe. It also contributes to the
formation of acid rain, atmospheric precipitations in the form of
Description
rain, frost, snow or fog, which are released during the combustion
of fossil fuels and transformed by contact with water steam in the
atmosphere. On human health, Our continual exposure to air
pollutants is responsible for the deterioration of human health. Air
 pollution is indeed a significant risk factor for human health
conditions, causing allergies, respiratory and cardiovascular
diseases as well as lung damage.

On top of that, air pollution is a major contributor to global

warming and climate change. In fact, the abundance of carbon
Closing dioxide in the air is one of the causes of the greenhouse effect.
Normally, the presence of greenhouse gases should be beneficial
statement
for the planet because they absorb the infra-red radiation produced
by the surface of the earth. But the excessive concentration of these
gases in the atmosphere is the cause of the recent climate change.

Air pollution solutions are, Renewable fuel and clean energy

production, the most basic solution for air pollution is to move
away from fossil fuels, replacing them with alternative energies
like solar, wind and geothermal, Energy conservation and
efficiency, producing clean energy is crucial. But equally important
is to reduce our consumption of energy by adopting responsible
habits and using more efficient devices, Eco-friendly
Glossary transportation, shifting to electric vehicles and hydrogen vehicles,
and promoting shared mobility (i.e carpooling, and public
transports) could reduce air pollution, Green building, from
planning to demolition, green building aims to create
environmentally responsible and resource-efficient structures to
reduce their carbon footprint, In addition, monitoring air pollution
levels has become very important to detect pollution peaks, better
control air pollution and eventually improve air quality.

The air pollution will result in Acid Rain, Ozone Layer Depletion
and Global Warming. And impact on the environment, humans,
animals and plants. To control pollution, it can be done through
References technical approaches, namely by pursuing complete combustion
and finding alternative fuels. The government has a strategic
position to approach the planatology, administration and law.
Whereas to improve the discipline of good and correct care and
driving methods can be done through an educational approach.

Cheminal

Biological

Atmosphere

Radius

Acid rain

Photochemical reactions

Degradation
Global is depletion of the ozone layer

Global warming

Greenhouse gases

Anthropogenic air

The infra-red radiation

Carpooling

https://solarimpulse.com/air-pollution-solutions

https:www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-
warming/pollution/
Nama: Lintang Aulia Pramudita

No. Absen: 16

WATER POLLUTION

Structure

Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies (like

Introduction oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, aquifers and groundwater) usually
General caused due to human activities. Water pollution is any change
classification in the physical, chemical or biological properties of water that
will have a detrimental consequence of any living organism.

Water is uniquely vulnerable to pollution. Known as a

“universal solvent,” water is able to dissolve more substances
Paragraph 1 than any other liquid on earth. It’s the reason we have Kool-
Aid and brilliant blue waterfalls. It’s also why water is so
Description easily polluted. Toxic substances from farms, towns, and
factories readily dissolve into and mix with it, causing water
pollution.

Water pollution results when contaminants are introduced into

the natural environment. For example, releasing inadequately
treated wastewater into natural water bodies can lead to
degradation of aquatic ecosystems. In turn, this can lead to
Paragraph 2 public health problems for people living downstream. They
Description may use the same polluted river water for drinking or bathing
or irrigation. Water pollution is the most problem prominent
in worldwide, each year there are about 250 million cases of
water-based diseases, resulting in roughly 5 to 10 million
deaths.

Water is typically referred to as polluted when it is impaired

by anthropogenic contaminants. Due to these contaminants it
either does not support a human use, such as drinking water,
or undergoes a marked shift in its ability to support its biotic
communities, such as fish. Natural phenomena such as
volcanoes, algae blooms, storms, and earthquakes also cause
Paragraph 3 major changes in water quality and the ecological status of
water.
Description
Some of the most commonly occurring water pollutants are
Domestic Waste Industrial effluents Insecticides and
pesticides Detergents and Fertilizers. Like in the US, 1.2
trillion gallons of sewage, industrial discharge and stormwater
runoff are dumped into water resources. Some of the water
pollution that is caused is by Direct Sources, such as factories,
waste management facilities. refineries etc, that directly
 release waste and harmful by-products into the nearest water
source without treating them. Indirect sources include
pollutants that enter the water bodies via groundwater or soil
or via the atmosphere as acid rain. In a report on water quality
in the United States in 2009, 44 percent of assessed stream
miles, 64 percent of assessed lake acres, and 30 percent of
assessed bays and estuarine square miles were classified as
polluted.

Water pollution may be analyzed through several broad

categories of methods: physical, chemical and biological.
Most involve collection of samples, followed by specialized
analytical tests. Some methods may be conducted in situ,
without sampling, such as temperature. Government agencies
and research organizations have published standardized,
validated analytical test methods to facilitate the
comparability of results from disparate testing events.

Water pollution is the most problem prominent in worldwide

and has many negative effects on public health and the
Closing statement
environment, because contamination of available natural
water by industrial wastes and other waste products.

Kool-Aid

Wastewater

Glossary Anthropogenic

Contaminants

Pollutant

Anonim. 2019. Top Facts About Pollution.

http://theexpeditionproject.com/info/top-enviro-stuff/522-
top-facts-about-pollution/

Goteti, Hemanth. 2018. Water and water pollution.

https://www.toppr.com/guides/biology/natural-
References resources/water-and-water-pollution/

Hogan, Dan. 2019. Water Pollution.

https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/water_pollution.html

Wikipedia. 2019. Water Pollution.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pollution
Nama: Melia Agustina

No. Absen: 18

SOIL POLLUTION

Structure

Introductio Soil pollution is defined as the presence of toxic chemicals (pollutans

n or contaminants) in soil, in high enough concentration to pose a risk to
human health and/ or the ecosystem. In the case of contaminants which
General occur naturally in soil, even when their levels are not high enough to
pose a risk, soil pollution is still said to occur if the levels of the
classificati
contaminants in soil exceed the levels that should naturally be present.
on

All soils, whether polluted or unpolluted, contain a variety of

compounds (contaminants) which are naturally present. Such
contaminants include metals inorganic ions and salts. (e.g poshpate,
carbonates, sulfates, nitrates) and many organic compounds(such as
lipids, proteins, DNA, fatty acids, hydrocarbons, PAHs, alchols, etc.).
These compounds are mainly formed through soil microbial activity
and decomposition of organisme (e.g plants and animals)
Additionally, various compound get into the soil from the atmosphere,
for instance with precipitation water, as well as by wind activity or
other types of soil ditrubances, and from surface water bodies and
shallow ground water flowing through the soil. When the amounts of
Paragraph the soil contaminants exceed natural levels (what is naturally present
1 in various soils), pollution is generated. There are two main causes
through which soil pollution is generated: anthropogenic (man made)
Description causes, and natural causes. Natural processe can lead to acumulation
of toxic chemicals in the soil. This type of contamination has only been
recorded in a few cases, such as the accumulation on higher levels of
perchlorate in soil from the Actama Desert in Chile, a type
accumulation which is purely due natural processes in arid
enviroments.Man made contaminants are the main causes of soil
pollution and consist of a large variety of contaminants or chemicals,
both organic and inorganic. They can pollute the soil either alone or
combined with several natural soil contaminants. Man made soil
pollution is usually caused by the improper dispoal of waste coming
from industrial or urban sources, industrial activities, and agricultural
pesticides.

Soil pollution consists of pollutans and contaminants. The main

Paragraph pollutans of the soil are the biological agents and some of the human
2 activities. Soil contaminants are all products of soil pollutans that
contaminate the soil. Human activities that pollute the soil range from
agricultural practies that infest the crops with pesticide chemicals to
Description urban or industial wastes or radioactive emissions that cobtaminate the
soil with various toxic subtances. Biological Agents work inside the
soil to introduce manures and digested sludge( coming from the
human, bird, and animals excreta) in the soil. Agricultural practies, the
soil of crops is polluted to a large extent with pesticides, fertilizers,
herbicides. Radioactive, radioactive subtances such as Radium,
Tharium, Uranium, Nitrogen. Can infiltrate the soil and create toxic
effects. Urban Waste, urban wate consists of garbage and rubbish
material, dried sludge and sewage from domestic and commercial
waste. Industrial Waste, steel, pesticides, textiles, drug, glass, cement,
petroleum, etc. Are produced by paper mills, oil refineries, sugar
factories, petroleum, industries and others as such.

There is a large variety of pollutans that could poison the soil.

Examples of the most common and problematic soil pollutants can be
found below.

Lead (pb) : lead paint, mining, agriculture activities.

Mercury(Hg) : medical wastev, accumulation in plants and vegetables

grown on polluted soil.

Arsenic (As) : electronics industry, accumulation natural.

Paragraph
Herbicicides/ insecticides : gardening argicultural activities. Soil
3 pollution affects plants, animals, and humans alike. While anyone in
susceptible to soil pollution, soil pollution effects may vary based on
Description age, general health status and other factors, such as type of pollutant
or contaminant inhaled or ingested. Drilling is carried out to take soil
samples, starting at a depth of zero to ten meters. This sample will be
tested in the ITS laboratory, related to the composition of soil materials
found in each layer. The resident of Lakardowo Village, Nurasim said,
this step was carried out to find out the extent of pollution from B3
waste deposits. Most pollution shows the content of lead, mercury, and
cancer-causing cadmium. About ten percent of China's agricultural
land has excessive heavy metal levels caused by contaminated water
and toxic waste that is absorbed into the soil.

Those are some of the effects of soil pollution that we will feel. In
Closing addition to these effects there are still many more impacts that we can
statement feel whether we realize it or not. Therefore, we as humans must protect
the land from various forms of pollution.

Contaminants

Accumulation
Glossary
Pesticides

Ecosystem
 Anthropogenic

Anonim, 2016, Pengertian, penyebab dan dampak pokusi.

https://ilmugeografi.com/ilmu-bumi/tanah/polusi-tanah/amp

Anonim, 2017, What Is Soil Pollution?

https://www.environmentalpollutioncenters.org/soil/

Anonim, 2018, Contoh polusi tanah di Indonesia

References
https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.mongabay.co.id/2018/01/02/
buktikan-dugaan-pencemaran-di-lakardowo-sampel-tanah-dari-
lokasi-pabrik-pengolahan-limbah-b3-diteliti/amp/

Anonim, 2019, Contoh polusi tanah

https://www.beritasatu.com/iptek/16307-sepuluh-persen-tanah-
pertanian-cina-tercemar-metal.html
Nama: Mellysa Dwi Rossita

No. Absen: 20

AIR POLLUTION

Structure

Air pollution can be defined as the presence of toxic chemicals

or compounds (including those of biological origin) in the air,
Introduction at levels that pose a health risk. In an even broader sense, air
pollution means the presence of chemicals or compounds in
General the air which are usually not present and which lower the
classification quality of the air or cause detrimental changes to the quality
of life (such as the damaging of the ozone layer or causing
global warming).

An air pollutant is a material in the air that can have adverse

effects on humans and the ecosystem. The substance can be
solid particles, liquid droplets, or gases. A pollutant can be of
natural origin or man-made. Pollutants are classified as
primary or secondary. Primary pollutants are usually produced
by processes such as ash from a volcanic eruption. Other
Paragraph 1 examples include carbon monoxide gas from motor vehicle
Description exhausts or sulphur dioxide released from the factories.
Secondary pollutants are not emitted directly. Rather, they
form in the air when primary pollutants react or interact.
Ground level ozone is a prominent example of secondary
pollutants. Some pollutants may be both primary and
secondary: they are both emitted directly and formed from
other primary pollutants.

Air pollution is probably one of the most serious

environmental problems confronting our civilization today.
Most often, it is caused by human activities such as mining,
Paragraph 2 construction, transportation, industrial work, agriculture,
smelting, etc. However, natural processes such as volcanic
Description eruptions and wildfires may also pollute the air, but their
occurrence is rare and they usually have a local effect, unlike
human activities that are ubiquitous causes of air pollution and
contribute to the global pollution of the air every single day.

In 2012, air pollution caused premature deaths on average of

Paragraph 3 1 year in Europe, and was a significant risk factor for a number
of pollution-related diseases, including respiratory infections,
Description heart disease, COPD, stroke and lung cancer. The health
effects caused by air pollution may include difficulty in
breathing, wheezing, coughing, asthma and worsening of
 existing respiratory and cardiac conditions. These effects can
result in increased medication use, increased doctor or
emergency department visits, more hospital admissions and
premature death. The human health effects of poor air quality
are far reaching, but principally affect the body's respiratory
system and the cardiovascular system. Individual reactions to
air pollutants depend on the type of pollutant a person is
exposed to, the degree of exposure, and the individual's health
status and genetics. The most common sources of air pollution
include particulates, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and sulphur
dioxide.

Indoor air pollution and poor urban air quality are listed as two
of the world's worst toxic pollution problems in the 2008
Blacksmith Institute World's Worst Polluted Places report.
Closing statement According to the 2014 World Health Organization report, air
pollution in 2012 caused the deaths of around 7 million people
worldwide, an estimate roughly echoed by one from the
International Energy Agency.

Toxic chemicals

Compounds

Ozone layer

Glossary Global warming

Volcanic eruption

Environmental

Pollutants

Anonim. 2017. What Is Air Pollution | Environmental

Pollution Centers.
References https://www.environmentalpollutioncenters.org/air/.

Wikipedia. 2019. Air pollution.

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution.
Nama: Putri Ayu Linang Sasi

No. Absen: 25

SOIL POLLUTION

Structure

Soil pollution can have a number of harmful effects on

Introduction ecosystems and human, plants and animal health. The harmful
effects of soil pollution may come from direct contact with
General polluted soil or from contact with other resources, such as
classification water or food which has been grown on or come in direct
contact with the polluted soil.

Many common soil pollutants are carcinogenic causing

humans who are exposed to these pollutants to be far more
likely to develop cancer than those who are not. For example,
regular exposure to benzene is known to cause leukemia in
both children and adults and exposure to polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCBs) is linked to liver cancer. Soil pollution can
also cause neuromuscular blockage as well as depression of
the central nervous system, headaches, nausea, fatigue, eye
irritation and skin rash. Soil does not need to be highly
contaminated to be harmful to humans. Soil that is not
significantly polluted may still harm humans directly though
bioaccumulation, which according to Pollution Issues, occurs
when plants are grown in lightly polluted soil, which
continuously absorb molecules of the pollutants. Since the
plants cannot get rid of these molecules, they accumulate in
Paragraph 1
the plant, causing higher amounts of pollution to exist in the
plant than in the soil. Animals who eat many of these polluted
Description
plants take on all the pollution those plants have accumulated.
Larger animals who eat the plant-eating animals take on all the
pollution from the animals they eat. Humans who eat plants or
animals that have accumulated large amounts of soil pollutants
may be poisoned, even if the soil itself does not contain
enough pollution to harm human health. Furthermore, the
presence of heavy metals in soil in toxic amounts can cause
irreversible developmental damage in children. Lead and
mercury in soil may also be harmful to human health.
Although lead and mercury may be found naturally in soil,
high concentrations of either metal may cause damage to the
developing brains of young children, which in turn may lead
to neurological problems. Humans of any age may also suffer
kidney or liver damage from exposure to excessive mercury in
soil. In addition to endangering human health, soil pollution
can also cause economic damage. For example, in some parts
 of China, soil that is polluted with heavy metals is nevertheless
used to grow grain.

Soil pollution can negatively affect the metabolism of

microorganisms and arthropods, which can destroy some
Paragraph 2 layers of the primary food chain and have a harmful effect on
predator animal species. Also, small life forms may consume
Description harmful chemicals in the soil which may then be passed up the
food chain to larger animals, which may lead to increased
mortality rates and even animal extinction.

According to Pollution Issues, soil pollution naturally

contributes to air pollution by releasing volatile compounds
into the atmosphere - so the more toxic compounds soil
contains, the greater the air pollution it creates - and can lead
to water pollution if toxic chemicals leach into groundwater or
if contaminated runoff or sewage, which can contain
dangerous heavy metals, reaches streams, lakes, or oceans.
When applied repeatedly or in large amounts, these heavy
metals can accumulate in soils to the point that it is unable to
support plant life. Moreover, soil pollution allows great
quantities of nitrogen to escape through ammonia
volatilization and denitrification and the decomposition of
organic materials in soil can release sulfur dioxide and other
sulfur compounds, causing acid rain. Furthermore, acidic soils
created by the deposition of acidic compounds, such as sulfur
dioxide brought about by the burning of fossil fuels, produce
an acidic environment that harms micro-organisms, which
Paragraph 3
improve the soil structure by breaking down organic material
and aiding in water flow. Soil pollution may alter plant
Description
metabolism and reduce crop yields and cause trees and plants
that may absorb soil contaminants to pass them up the food
chain. Soils polluted by acid rain have an impact on plants by
disrupting the soil chemistry and reducing the plant's ability to
take up nutrients and undergo photosynthesis. Soil pollution
also causes the loss of soil and natural nutrients present in it,
hindering plants ability to thrive in such soil, which would
further result in soil erosion and disturbing the balance of flora
and fauna residing in the soil. While aluminum occurs
naturally in the environment, soil pollution can mobilize
inorganic forms, which are highly toxic to plants and can
potentially leach into ground water, compounding their
effects. Soil pollution increase the salinity of the soil making
it unfit for vegetation, thus making it useless and barren. If
some crops manage to grow under these conditions, they
would be poisonous enough to cause serious health problems
in people consuming them. The creation of toxic dust is
another potential effect of soil pollution. Furthermore,
 contaminated soils with high levels of nitrogen and
phosphorus can leach into waterways, causing algal blooms,
resulting in the death of aquatic plants due to depleted
dissolved oxygen.

Finally, acidic deposition into the soil can hamper its ability to
Closing statement buffer changes in the soil pH, causing plants to die off due to
inhospitable conditions.

Resources

Carcinogenic

Benzene

Destroy
Glossary Endangering

Arthropos

Reaches Streams

Hindering

Acidic

Everithing connects, soil polution,

http://www.everythingconnects.soil-pollution.
References
Wikipedia, soil contamination, april 2019,
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_contamination
Nama: Reine Pingkai Giri Anjani

No. Absen: 26

WATER POLLUTION

Structure

Over two thirds of Earth's surface is covered by water; less

Introduction than a third is taken up by land. As Earth's population
continues to grow, people are putting ever-increasing pressure
General on the planet's water resources. In a sense, our oceans, rivers,
and other inland waters are being "squeezed" by human
classification
activities—not so they take up less room, but so their quality
is reduced. Poorer water quality means water pollution.

We know that pollution is a human problem because it is a

relatively recent development in the planet's history: before
the 19th century Industrial Revolution, people lived more in
harmony with their immediate environment. As
industrialization has spread around the globe, so the problem
of pollution has spread with it. When Earth's population was
much smaller, no one believed pollution would ever present a
serious problem. It was once popularly believed that the
oceans were far too big to pollute. Today, with around 7 billion
people on the planet, it has become apparent that there are
limits. Pollution is one of the signs that humans have exceeded
Paragraph 1 those limits.

Description We know that pollution is a human problem because it is a

relatively recent development in the planet's history: before
the 19th century Industrial Revolution, people lived more in
harmony with their immediate environment. As
industrialization has spread around the globe, so the problem
of pollution has spread with it. When Earth's population was
much smaller, no one believed pollution would ever present a
serious problem. It was once popularly believed that the
oceans were far too big to pollute. Today, with around 7 billion
people on the planet, it has become apparent that there are
limits. Pollution is one of the signs that humans have exceeded
those limits.

Water pollution is all about quantities: how much of a

Paragraph 2
polluting substance is released and how big a volume of water
it is released into. A small quantity of a toxic chemical may
Description
have little impact if it is spilled into the ocean from a ship. But
the same amount of the same chemical can have a much bigger
 impact pumped into a lake or river, where there is less clean
water to disperse it.

Water pollution almost always means that some damage has

been done to an ocean, river, lake, or other water source. A
1969 United Nations report defined ocean pollution as:

"The introduction by man, directly or indirectly, of substances

or energy into the marine environment (including estuaries)
resulting in such deleterious effects as harm to living
resources, hazards to human health, hindrance to marine
activities, including fishing, impairment of quality for use of
sea water and reduction of amenities."

Fortunately, Earth is forgiving and damage from water

pollution is often reversible.

Water pollution can be grouped into surface water pollution.

Marine pollution and nutrient pollution are subsets of water
pollution. Sources of water pollution are either point sources
and non-point sources. Point sources have one identifiable
cause of the pollution, such as a storm drain, wastewater
treatment plant or stream. Non-point sources are more diffuse,
such as agricultural runoff.[3] Pollution is the result of the
cumulative effect over time. All plants and organisms living
in or being exposed to polluted water bodies can be impacted.
Paragraph 3 The effects can damage individual species and impact the
natural biological communities they are part of.
Description
The causes of water pollution include a wide range of
chemicals and pathogens as well as physical parameters.
Contaminants may include organic and inorganic substances.
Elevated temperatures can also lead to polluted water. A
common cause of thermal pollution is the use of water as a
coolant by power plants and industrial manufacturers.
Elevated water temperatures decrease oxygen levels, which
can kill fish and alter food chain composition, reduce species
biodiversity, and foster invasion by new thermophilic species.

Life is ultimately about choices—and so is pollution. We can

live with sewage-strewn beaches, dead rivers, and fish that are
too poisonous to eat. Or we can work together to keep the
environment clean so the plants, animals, and people who
depend on it remain healthy. We can take individual action to
Closing statement
help reduce water pollution, for example, by using
environmentally friendly detergents, not pouring oil down
drains, reducing pesticides, and so on. We can take community
action too, by helping out on beach cleans or litter picks to
keep our rivers and seas that little bit cleaner. And we can take
action as countries and continents to pass laws that will make
 pollution harder and the world less polluted. Working
together, we can make pollution less of a problem—and the
world a better place.

Pollution

Water pollution
Glossary
Marine environment

Toxic chemical

Woodford, Christ (2017) Water pollution: an introduction,

June, 2017.
https://www.explainthatstuff.com/waterpollution.html
References
Wikipedia 2015. Water pollution.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pollution