Respiratory System 2: Gas Exchange, Transport and Control Respiration

RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM 2
GAS EXCHANGE, TRANSPORT
AND CONTROL RESPIRATION
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Overview
Overview of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange and
transport CO2 O2
Airways
Alveoli of lungs
CO2 O2
6 CO2 exchange 1 Oxygen exchange
at alveolar-capillary at alveolar-capillary
CO2 O2
interface interface
Pulmonary
circulation 2 Oxygen transport
5 CO2 transport
Systemic
CO2 circulation O2
4 CO2 exchange 3 Oxygen exchange

at cells at cells
CO2 O2
Cellular
Cells respiration
Nutrients
ATP
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 18-1
Diffusion and Solubility
These are factors that affect diffusion if membrane permeability
remains the same
 Surface area- diffusion rate is proportional to available
surface area
 Constant- remains the same over a long period of time
 Concentration gradient- diffusion rate is proportional to
concentration gradient
 Most important factor- O2 and CO2 gradients will be present
at lung and tissue capillaries
 Membrane thickness – diffusion rate is inversely
proportional which is why walls are so thin
 Constant- number of cells in walls should not change
 Diffusion distance- diffusion rate is inversely proportional,
another reason why walls are thin
 Constant
Movement of Gases
These are factors that influence the movement of gasses
from air into a liquid
 Pressure gradient- drives gas flow
 Solubility- the gas must be able to dissolve in the
liquid, diffusion will continue until it reaches
equilibrium, increased pressure may dissolve some
gas if solubility is low.
 Temperature- temperature is constant so it doesn’t
play a role in the body unless there is pathology

Behavior of Gases in Solution
(a) Initial state: (b) Oxygen dissolves. (c) At equilibrium, PO2 in air and water
no O2 in solution is equal. Low O2 solubility means
concentrations are not equal.
PO2 =
100 mm Hg
PO2 = 100 mm Hg
[O2] =
5.20 mmol/L
PO2 =
PO2 = 0 mm Hg 100 mm Hg
[O2] =
0.15 mmol/L
The pressure equilibrium is not the same

as the concentration dissolved.
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 18-2a–c
Behavior of Gases in Solution
Oxygen is less soluble in water than

carbon dioxide
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 18-2c–d
Partial Pressures

Gas Exchange at the Alveoli and Cells
Gases move
from areas of
high partial
presssures to
areas of low
partial
pressure
Venous blood
has the same
Po2 as tissues
PLAY Animation: Respiratory System: Gas Exchange

Gas Exchange
Oxygen diffuses across alveolar epithelial cells and
capillary endothelial cells to enter the plasma
Gas
exchange is
rapid and
blood flow is
slow which
allows for
equilibrium in
1 second!
Gas Exchange
Hypoxia is not a disease, it is caused by something that
decreases diffusion or oxygen deliver, that can cause disease

Oxygen Transport
98% of Capillary ARTERIAL BLOOD

endothelium
oxygen is O2 dissolved in plasma (~ PO2) < 2%
bound to
O2
hemoglob O2 + Hb
Red blood cell

in and the Alveolus
other 2% Alveolar
membrane
is Cells
dissolved
in plasma
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 18-6 (3 of 9)
Oxygen Transport
Because
oxygen is not ARTERIAL BLOOD
Capillary
easily endothelium
dissolve in O2 dissolved in plasma (~ PO2) < 2%
water, O2 O2 + Hb Hb•O2
> 98%
hemoglobin is Alveolus
Red blood cell
a protein that Alveolar
binds O2 and membrane
Cells
dramatically
increased the
amount of
blood in the
plasma
Oxygen Transport
One reason
why blood Capillary
endothelium
ARTERIAL BLOOD
transfussions O2 dissolved in plasma (~ PO2) < 2%
are used is to O2 O2 + Hb Hb•O2

provide Red blood cell
> 98%
hemoglobin for Alveolus
efficient O2 Alveolar
membrane
Transport
transport. to cells Cells
Researcher are
working on Hb•O2
carrier
proteins
Oxygen Transport
Capillary ARTERIAL BLOOD

endothelium
Oxygen can O2 dissolved in plasma (~ PO2) < 2%
travel bound O2 O2 + Hb Hb•O2

to Red blood cell
> 98%
hemoglobin Alveolus
or to be Alveolar
membrane
Transport
dissolved in to cells Cells
plasma
Hb•O2 Hb + O2 O2
Used in
cellular
O2 dissolved in plasma respiration
Oxygen Transport
The role of hemoglobin in oxygen transport
This shows that

without
hemoglobin very
little oxygen would
dissolve into the
plasma- an amount
that is not
sufficient for cell
demand
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 18-7a
Oxygen Transport
In the presence of
hemoglobin a
higher
concentration can
be dissolved in
blood when
pressure
equilibrium is
reached
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 18-7b
Oxygen Transport
If there are no
problems with
hemoblogin
binding
oxygen, then
low blood
oxygen levels
could be due to
a problem with
ventilation
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 18-7c
The Hemoglobin Molecule
The amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin depends on the PO2 of
plasma- each hemoglobin can carry 4 oxygen molecules, the %
saturation tells how much is carried.
Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve
In vitro testing
reveals a
varying
amount of O2
saturation
dependent on
O2 partial
pressure- it
doesn’t reach
100% within
physiological
conditions
Oxygen Binding
Physical factors alter hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen
Changes can alter
the hemoglobin
conformation
which influence
delivery at tissues
more than
obtaining oxygen
in the lungs.
Release more O2
at pH 7.2 (during
exercise) than
pH7.4
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 18-10a
Oxygen Binding
Higher
temperature
decreases
saturation
shifting
curve to the
right
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 18-10b
Oxygen Binding
Increased
CO2
decreases
O2
saturation
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 18-10c
Oxygen Binding
2,3-DPG alters hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen
Released
as a
response
to low O2
levels as
can
happen in
anemia or
high
altitudes
Oxygen Binding
Differences in oxygen-binding properties of maternal
and fetal hemoglobin
Fetal
hemoglobin
has greater
affinity
Oxygen Binding
Factors contributing to the total oxygen content of
arterial blood
Carbon Dioxide Transport
 Dissolved: 7% - although CO2 is more soluble in
plasma than oxygen only a small amount is dissolved
in it.
 Converted to bicarbonate ion: 70% - an enzyme
converts of the CO2 in RBCs into bicarbonate
 Bound to hemoglobin: 23% -
 Hemoglobin also binds H+ - hemoblogin acts as a
buffer binding H+ to resists pH changes
 Hb and CO2: carbaminohemoglobin – formed with
CO2 and hemoglobin bind, it decreases affinity for O2

Carbon Dioxide Transport in the Blood
VENOUS BLOOD
CO2 Dissolved CO2
(7%)
Cellular
respiration Red blood cell
in CO2
peripheral
tissues
Capillary
endothelium
Cell membrane
Alveoli
VENOUS BLOOD
CO2 Dissolved CO2
(7%)
Cellular
in CO2 + Hb Hb•CO2 (23%)
peripheral
tissues HCO3–
CA
CO2 + H2O H2CO3
H+ + Hb Hb•H
Capillary
endothelium
Cell membrane
Alveoli
VENOUS BLOOD
CO2 Dissolved CO2
(7%)
Cellular
in CO2 + Hb Hb•CO2 (23%) Cl–
peripheral
tissues HCO3– HCO3– in
CA
CO2 + H2O H2CO3 plasma (70%)
H+ + Hb Hb•H
Capillary
endothelium
Cell membrane
Transport
to lungs
Dissolved CO2 Dissolved CO2 CO2
Hb•CO2 Hb + CO2
Alveoli
VENOUS BLOOD
CO2 Dissolved CO2
(7%)
Cellular
peripheral
CA
H+ + Hb Hb•H
Reverse Capillary
chloride endothelium
Cell membrane
shift Transport
to lungs
H+
disassociate Dissolved CO2 Dissolved CO2 CO2
Hb•CO2 Hb + CO2
H+ combine Cl–
Alveoli
to form HCO3–
in
HCO3– H2CO3
carbonic plasma Hb•H H+ + Hb
acid
VENOUS BLOOD
CO2 Dissolved CO2
(7%)
Cellular
peripheral
CA
H+ + Hb Hb•H
Capillary
endothelium
Cell membrane
Transport
to lungs
Dissolved CO2 Dissolved CO2 CO2
Hb•CO2 Hb + CO2
Cl–
Alveoli
CA
HCO3– HCO3– H2CO3 H2O + CO2
in
plasma Hb•H H+ + Hb
Gas Transport: Summary
Gases
move down
their
pressure
gradients at
the lungs
and tissue
capillaries
PLAY Animation: Respiratory System: Gas Transport

Reflex Control of Ventilation
Regulation of Ventilation
Carotid body oxygen sensor releases neurotransmitter
when PO2 decreases
Central chemoreceptors monitor CO2 in cerebrospinal
fluid
Chemoreceptors in the brain and outside the CNS
response to increased PCO2
CENTRAL CONTROL
1. MEDULLARY RESPIRATORY CONTROL (dorsal
and ventral group)
2. APNEUSTIC CONTROL (deep and prolonged

inspiratory gasp/apneusis)
3. PNEUMOTAXIC CONTROL ( inspiratory volume

and respiratory rate)
4. CEREBRAL CORTEX (voluntary control ex

Limbic Center)
OTHER CONTROL
 Stretch Receptors : smooth muscles (Hering-Breur
Reflex)
 Irritant Receptors : epithelial cells (noxious

substances)
 J Receptors : alveolar walls (rapid, shallow

breathing)
 Joint and muscle receptors ; movement limbs (early

stimulation exercise breathing)
REFERENCE
 Costanzo, LS. 2010. Physiology. 4th ed. Elsevier.
Philadelphia
 Ganong. 2010. Review of Medical Physiology. 23rd
ed. The McGraw Hill Companies.
 Guyton AC & Hall JE. 2011. Guyton and Hall
Textbook of Medical Physiology, 12th ed. Elsevier.
Philadelphia.
 Martini F, Nath J & Bartholomew. 2012.
Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology 9th ed.
Pearson Benjamin Cummings. San Fransisco.
 Silverthorn, DU. 2010. Human Physiology. 5th
edition. Benjamin Cumming-Pearson Publisher.

Respiratory System 2: Gas Exchange, Transport and Control Respiration

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RESPIRATORY

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

4 CO2 exchange 3 Oxygen exchange

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The pressure equilibrium is not the same

Oxygen is less soluble in water than

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

PLAY Animation: Respiratory System: Gas Exchange

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

98% of Capillary ARTERIAL BLOOD

Red blood cell

dissolve in O2 dissolved in plasma (~ PO2) < 2%

a protein that Alveolar

binds O2 and membrane

transfussions O2 dissolved in plasma (~ PO2) < 2%

are used is to O2 O2 + Hb Hb•O2

hemoglobin for Alveolus

Capillary ARTERIAL BLOOD

Oxygen can O2 dissolved in plasma (~ PO2) < 2%

travel bound O2 O2 + Hb Hb•O2

This shows that

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Dissolved CO2 Dissolved CO2 CO2

carbonic plasma Hb•H H+ + Hb

Dissolved CO2 Dissolved CO2 CO2

PLAY Animation: Respiratory System: Gas Transport

2. APNEUSTIC CONTROL (deep and prolonged

3. PNEUMOTAXIC CONTROL ( inspiratory volume

4. CEREBRAL CORTEX (voluntary control ex

 Irritant Receptors : epithelial cells (noxious

 J Receptors : alveolar walls (rapid, shallow

 Joint and muscle receptors ; movement limbs (early

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