CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter provides an overview of the conclusions and findings of other varied
related literatures. This will help in the enlightenment of the research for a better
understanding through the help of related researches and concepts. This is composed
of two parts: Research Literature and Conceptual Literature.

RESEARCH LITERATURE
Today's generation, specially the students, are exposed to technology and usage
of gadgets. Even in their homes, school or other public places, they use it for leisure or
for other purposes like searching, communicating and other technology-associated
activities. Rampant usage of it leads to electronic aggression, violence and even
cyberbullying. Usage of cellular devices specially outside the school increased the
possibility of teens to become a victim of cyberbullying or the perpetrators of unwanted
and aggressive behaviors that might lead to splitting of the school environment (David-
Ferdon & Hertz, 2007; Moore, 2011). David-Ferdon & Hertz also mentioned that
cyberbullying keeps on growing and needs to be addressed by the usage of increased
research.
Cyberbullying affects negatively to the adolescent victims. Cyberbullies use text
messaging and social networking sites as their medium which happens to be widely
used by adolescents nowadays. As a result, cyberbullying causes emotional distress,
depression and other negative feelings and negative effects. Negative feelings includes
embarrassment of being bullied, feeling of loneliness and insecurity. Cyberbullying can
also be linked to depression that sooner, it can be associated with suicide attempts.
Negative effects of cyberbullying includes usage of alcohol, skip school, receive poor
grades and even leads to health problems. Cyberbullying may also result to lowered
self-esteem of an individual (Noll, 2016).
It has been proven that the usage of online or mobile communication gives power
to the bully who is usually lacking in social power for they need not to show their faces
since there are gadgets to express their feelings or insight about someone. They use
the internet as their instrument in bullying to become more aggressive and target their
victims more effectively. Online communication, moral behavior, severe distress and
impulsivity are part of this (Brack & Caltabiano, 2014).
Cyberbullying affects behavioral aspect and negative effects on both the
cyberbully and his victim. Most of the bullies are participated by males and they use
verbal aggression. As a result, the victims are experiencing low self-esteem and worst,
they are usually absent at school. Their common way of cyberbullying includes bluff
rumors and also discrimination (Brito & Oliveira, 2013).
Research shows that there is a significant relationship between cyberbullying and
self-esteem. Researchers concluded that men, non-white or dark skinned and other
middle schoolers are the ones who have low self-esteem. They also said that not only
the victims are the ones who are experiencing low self-esteem but also the offenders of
cyberbullying (Hinduja & Patchin, 2010).
Students now spend more time using cellular phones which is one of the reasons
why cyberbullying is more prevalent today in this society. Also there are different ways in
which cyberbullying reaches their main victim. It is either they will use instant
messaging, social networking websites, text messaging or phone calls. Cyberbullying
can be in the form of cyber harrassment, impersonation, cyberstalking, and offensive
language (Aune, 2009).

CONCEPTUAL LITERATURE
Cyberbullying Among Adolescents: Implications for Empirical Research
This study talks about the effects of cyberbullying to both the victim and the
offender himself. It has been reported that youth who happens to be cyberbullied and
cyberbullies are experiencing lower self-esteem, high depression rate and even suicidal
ideation. It even contributes to academic-related problems and participation to
problematic online behaviors (Hinduja & Patchin, 2013).

The Overlap Between Cyberbullying and Traditional Bullying

This study stated that cyberbullying and traditional or offline bullying is related to
each other. They are the same in some effects whether psychological or physiological.
At some point, both types contribute to low self-esteem, social-stress, anxiety, and even
depressive symptoms. In addition, they have stated that a victim who experiences both
may experience greater effect (Bradshaw & Waasdorp, 2015).

Victimized Teens
This study gives an overview about the emotional effects of cyberbullying.
Negative emotions are experienced by the victims such as sadness and feeling of
rejection. It is also reported that victims of cyberbullying elevated levels of depression,
anxiety and even paranoia. Studies have found out that there is a connection between
depression, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempts. In connection to this, depression
and suicidal ideation is also connected to cyberbulllying victimization (Bauman, Toomey
& Walker, 2013; Dredge, Gleeson, & Garcia, 2014; Gimenez, 2015; Sahin, 2012;
Schenk, 2011;Noll, 2016).

Teens Who Cyberbully

This concept stated that most cyberbullies has three common motives. These are
to have revenge on the victim, the victim deserves to be bullied, or the bullies just want
to make fun out of the victim (Walrave & Heriman, 2011). In addition, it has been found
out that males are the common cyberbullies. A study also stated that those who
cyberbully lacks social support , experiences negative emotions, and have the
eagerness to use drugs (Sahin, 2012). This means that the cyberbully does not care
about the feelings of others or the victim himself.

Boys and Girls in terms of Cyberbullying

According to Glazier (2003), boys perform bullying through physical. Their
difference from girls is that females are focused on rumor-spreading, exclusion from
circle of friends, teasing and calling unwanted or humiliating names. Glazier also stated
that females bullying other females are more manipulative, mean, aggressive and
intimidates their victim through fear. Accordin to Lenhart (2007), “Online rumors can
include someone making aprivate e~mail, instant message conversation, text message,
or embarrassing photo of the victim, public without the victims consent.”
Suggested Preventions & Interventions
According to Willard (2006), “increasing awareness of cyberbullying concerns;
empowering educators, students, parents, and community members with knowledge of
how to prevent and respond to cyberbullying; provide warning to cyberbullies and their
parents about the negative consequences; and effective supervision and monitoring of
online activities.” In addition, Willard also stated that the steps in preventing
cyberbullying are: engagement in participatory planning, assessment, effective anti-
cyberbullying seminar or program and lastly, reviewing policies of the usage of Internet
and mobile devices.

Prevalence of Cyberbullying
Cyberbullying become rampant as Internet keeps on increasing. A study by
Sengupta & Chaudhuri (2011) states that 40% of some teens has experienced being
cyberbullied specially when they have Social Networking Sites (SNS) profiles while
another study conducted by Schenk (2011) found out that 8.6% has been cyberbullied.
Another research conducted a study that has something to do to how many times does
a victim experiences cyberbullying. According to Li (2007), 54.9% are harassed less
than four times, 20.3% of them experienced harassment between four to 10 times while
21.1% experienced cyberbullying more than 10 times. Noll (2016), added that
cyberbullying can be done at an individual’s home and is usually done anonymously
which makes cyberbullying a tremendous issue nowadays.
 References
Researches:
Aune, N., (2009). Cyberbullying.
Brack, K., & Caltabiano, N. (2014). Cyberbullying and Self-Esteem in Australian
Adults.
Brito, C., & Oliveira, M. (2013). Bullying and Self-esteem in Adolescents from
Public.
Moore, K. (2011). Cyberbullying: An exploratory study of Adolescent girls’
perspectives on technology’s impact on relationships. P.9.
Noll, H., (2016) Cyberbullying: Impacting Today’s Youth. P. 11; P. 38.
Patchin,J., & Hinduja,S. (2010). Cyberbullying and Self-Esteem

Concepts:
Bauman, S., Toomey, R. B., & Walker, J. L. (2013). Associations among bullying,
Bradshaw, C., & Waasdorp, T, (2015). Journal of Adolescent Health. The Overlap
Between Cyberbullying and Traditional Bullying. Retrieved From
(https://www.jahonline.org/article/S1054-139X(14)00758-7/fulltext cyberbullying, and
suicide in high school students. Journal of Adolescence. Retrieved
from:http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.stthomas.edu/10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.12.001
David-Ferdon, C., & Hertz, M, (2007) Electronic Media, violence, and
adolescents: An emerging public health problem. Journal of Adolescent Health, 41, 1-5.
Fryer, W.A. (2006, November 20). Addressing cyberbullying in schools. The
TechEdge: The Journal of the Texas Computer Education Association. Retrieved March
15, 2009, from: www.wtvi.comlteks/06 _ 07 _articles/cyberbullying.html
Giménez Gualdo, A. M., Hunter, S. C., Durkin, K., Arnaiz, P., & Maquilón, J. J.
(2015). The emotional impact of cyberbullying: Differences in perceptions and
experiences as a function of role. Computers & Education, 82(0), 228-235.
Glazier, L. (WriterlDirector; 2003). It's a girl's world [Documentary]. Montreal,
Hinduja, S., & Patchin, J, (2013). Cyberbullying Among Adolescents: Implications
for Empirical Research. Journal of Adolescent Health. Retrieved from
https://www.jahonline.org/article/S1054-139X(13)00412-6/fulltext
 Lenhart, A. (2007). Cyberbullying and online teens. Pew Internet & American Life
perpetration. Children & Society, 25(1), 59-72. doi:10.1111/j.1099-0860.2009.00260.x
Quebec, National Film Board of Canada.
ŞAHİN, M. (2012). The relationship between the cyberbullying/cybervictmization
and loneliness among adolescents. Children and Youth Services Review, 34(4), 834-
837.
Schenk, A. M. (2011). Psychological impact of cyberbully victimization among
college students. (M.S., West Virginia University). ProQuest Dissertations and Theses,
Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/894258387?accountid=14756
Walrave, M., & Heirman, W. (2011). Cyberbullying: Predicting victimisation and
Project. Retrieved April 2, 2009, from: www.pewinternet.org
Willard, N .E. (2006). Educators guide to cyberbullying: Addressing the harm
caused by online social cruelty. Retrieved April 4, 2009, from:
www.asdkI2.orglMiddleLinklAVBlbully_topics/EducatorsGuide _ Cyberbullying.pdf
Willard, N.B. (2007, March). Cyberbullying legislation and school policies: Where
are the boundaries ofthe "schoolhouse gate" in the new virtual world? Center for Safe
and Responsible use of the Internet. Retrieved March 15, 2009, from: http://csiru.org