2 Signals and Systems: Part I Solutions to Recommended Problems S21 (a) We need to use the relations « = 2nf, where f is frequency in hertz, and T = 2x/w, where T is the fundamental period. Thus, T = 1/f. #78 lly pele © saga agile Tap - 6s eae ay f= Sha om, 34 ay 28 Note that the frequency and period are independent of the delay r, and the phase 0, (@) We first simplify: cos(att + 7) +0) = cos(at + wr + 6) Note that wr + @ could also be considered a phase term for a delay of zero. ‘Thus, if o, = w, and a.r, +6, = wr, + 6, + 2rk for any integer k, y(t) = x(t) for allt. Wop oy ote +O, = 2x ory +4 = FC) -37 0+ 2xk ‘Thus, x(t) = yO for allt (ii) Since w, # wy, we conclude that z(t) # y(t). Gil) w= oy, wre + Oe = AD +4 4D + ht ek ‘Thus, w(t) * y(t) $2.2 (@) To find the period of a discrete-time signal is more complicated. We need the smallest N such that QN = 2k for some integer k > 0. @) EN=2rk-N=6, kat ke Be (iy) EN = ark Gil) 4N = 2xk > There is no N such that JN = 2xk, so a(n] is not periodic. @) For discrete-time signals, if 2, = 9, + 2xk andQ,r, + 0, = Qry + 6, + 2xk, then a{n} = yln} © 48% tank dots = 1,500] # ao Oe Gi) %= A, GC ao 80.x[n] = yl Gil) 0, =O, HA) +4= 90) + 1+ 2xk, k= 0, xn) = yin] S21$2.3 (@) (i) This is just a shift to the right by two units, Gi) [4 — n] = a{—(n — 4), so we fip about the n = 0 axis and then shift to the right by 4. (il) r{2n} generates a new signal with x[n] for even values of n. x[2n] 1 2 Cs Figure $2.33 (&) The difficulty arises when we try to evaluate z{n/2] at n = 1, for example (or generally for n an odd integer). Since zis not defined, the signal z{n/2] does not exist. By definition a signal is even if and only if (t) = x(t) or a{n] = x{—n}, while a signal is odd if and only if x(t) = ~a(~t) or a{n] = ~a{—n} (@) Since x(t) is symmetric about ¢ = 0, x(t) is even. () It is readily seen that x(t) + (—t) for all ¢, and w(t) # —a(—0) for all ¢; thus 2(t) is neither even nor odd. (©) Since x(t) = —2(—t), x(t) is odd in this case.i Systems: Part I / Solutions S23 (@) Here a{n] seems like an odd signal at first glance. However, note that «{n] = —a{—n] evaluated at n = 0 implies that x{0] = —z{0) or <{0] = 0. The analo- gous result applies to continuous-time signals. The signal is therefore neither even nor odd, (e) In similar manner to part (a), we deduce that «c[n] is even. (f) x{n] is odd. 82.5 (a) Let Bv(x{n}} = adn] and Odfe{n}} = x(n}. Since xn] = yln] for n = 0 and xn} = {nl}, an] must be as shown in Figure $2.5-1 Figure $2.5-1 Since zn] = yln] for n <0 and.x{n] = x —n}, along with the property that 240] = 0, xn] is as shown in Figure $2.5-2. Finally, from the definition of Ev{x{n}} and Od{er{n)}, we see that a{n] = an] + an). Thus, «{n] is as shown in Figure $2.5-3.S24 ®) In order for win] to equal 0 for n <0, Od{w{n}} must be given as in Figure S2.5-4. a{win)} Figure 82.5-4 ‘Thus, w(n] is as in Figure $2.5-5, win) 2 “0123 4 Figure 82.5-5 82.6 (@) For a = —4, a" is as shown in Figure $2.6-1 x(n] 1 Figure $2.6-1 @) We need to find a f such that e* = (—e~ o Expressing —1 as e, we find (ey or p= 1 tie Note that any 6 = —1 + jx + j2xk for k an integer will also satisfy the preced- ing equation.Signals and Systems: Part I / Sol 525 © Rele) | = e-*Rele inte |= tle Since cos xn = (—1)" and sin xn = 0, Re(x(t)} and Jm{y(t)} for ¢ an integer are shown in Figures 82.6-2 and $2.6-3, respectively. Reel +imny Figure $2.6-2 Ime! +89") “2-10 1 2 Figure $2.6-3 First we use the relation (1 + j) = V2e"* to yield a(t) © VE + VEet igh el 1200 m gelttgt-toiee (a) Rele(t)} = 2e-'Reler*er™9 26 cos ant + 5) Relx (9) envelope is 26! Figure $2.7-1‘Signals and Systems 82.6 (b) Im{x(t)} = 2e~'Imle"*"*e*"") = 2e-* sin 2et + 3) - Inlxh envelope is 2et Figure $2.7-2 (© Note that w(t + 2) + a(t + 2) version of the signal in part (a). 2Rele(t + 2)). So the signal is a shifted x(e# 2) +xM(C+ 2) Figure $2.7-3 s28 (a) We just need to recognize that a = 3/a and C = 2 and use the formula for 5), = 6. ~ (ay yt) ¥2(3) =g— Ae = (©) This requires a little manipulation, Let m =n — 2. Then Sa et a yt So pm a phe Dore Doe oe whSignals and System: mart I / Solutions S27 (©) We need to recognize that (j)"* = ()*. Thus, EGE) = omelet $2.9 (a) The sum x(t) + y(t) will be periodic if there exist integers n and k such that. nT, = kT,, that is, if x(t) and y(t) have a common (possibly not fundamental) period. The fundamental period of the combined signal will be n7; for the small- est allowable 7. (®) Similarly, x(n} + yl] will be periodic if there exist integers m and k such that 2N; = KN», But such integers always exist, a trivial example being n = N, and N,. So the sum is always periodic with period nN, for n the smallest allow- able integer. (© We first decompose 2(t) and y(t) into sums of exponentials. Thus, enna) — gaia) axe) = Berta 4 Lacs ee WO = 35 ay Multiplying x(t) and y(t, we get grt gener 4 1 guortn — 4g Ay 4y Dee el eee 2° 2° eibnio0 We see that all complex exponentials are powers of ¢“*'°", Thus, the funda- mental period is 2x/(x/3) = 6s. 82.10 (a) Let 5° a{n] = S. Define m = —n and substitute L tl-m = — Eee since zr{m) is odd. But the preceding sum equals —S. Thus, S = —S, or S = 0. @) Let yu} = x{n}xJn}. Then yl—n] = a{—nJe{—n}. But a{—n) = —x\{n] and x{—n] = xdn}. Thus, y(—n] = —x(nhrdn] = —yln} So yln] is odd. © Recall that xin] = xn] + xn}. Then d wins Sein + edny* xin] +2 D> afnbedn)+ Yo adn) But from part (b), an{nJz,{n] is an odd signal. Thus, using part (a) we find that the second sum is zero, proving the assertion.(@ The steps are analogous to parts (a)-(c). Briely, ® se f (Dat = fo ecnar =- L {dr = ~S, or $= 0, wherer = — Gy = 240840, Yt) = af—Dx(-1) = 20x), =O, — y(disoad aide = fant xan ae 2 fsa + af eanecenae + co while 2 f°, 2(t)mn(t) dt = 0 S211 (@) ain] = =" = 67", For xin] = xin + NI, we need afm +N] sefeCer9007% a pleat) + 2MT/TON we gftentite ‘The two sides of the equation will be equal only if 2xN(T/T,) = 2xk for some integer k, Therefore, 7/7, must be a rational number. () The fundamental period of z{n] is the smallest NV such that N(T/T.) = NCp/a) = k. The smallest N such that Np has a divisor q is the least common multiple (LOM) of p and q, divided by p. Thus, _ LCM(p, a) N= SOP | note that k= P ‘The fundamental frequency is 2x/N, but n = (kT.)/T. Thus, Qn _ 2a 1 a r NAT, Lem, a)“ (c) We need to find a value of m such that x[n + N] = 2(nT + mT,). Therefore, N = m(7,/T), where m(T,/T) must be an integer, or m(q/p) must be an integer. ‘Thus, mq = LCM(@, a), m = LOM@, a)/4. LMC, a) q