Let's do calculation for IP address 112.3.2.3 /25 We will calculate stepwise.

Step # 1 : Find Subnetmask

How to calculate Subnet Mask from given prefix?

The prefix number represents the network part of IP address.

We know that IPv4 address is made up of 32 bits binary number (4 Octets).
To get subnet mask, we will take a 32 bits binary number in which first 25 bits (here prefix /25) are '1' and remaining are '0'.

11111111 11111111 111111111 0000000 which is the Subnet Mask!!

11111111.11111111.11111111.10000000
255 . 255 . 255 . 128

So the Subnet Mask for prefix /25 is 255.255.255.128.

Step # 2 : Find Network bits and Host bits

How to find Network Bits and Host Bits?
Network Bits(NB) are same as the prefix#, and Host Bits(HB) are 32 - NB.
We know that SM = 32 (Subnetmask is 32 bit binary number). which means NB + HB = 32 (SM = NB + HB)

NB
HB =
= 25
32 - 25
So Network Bits are 25 and Host Bits are 7 for /25 network.
Step # 3 : Find Maximum Hosts per Subnet.
How to get maximum hosts per subnet?
Hosts per subnet = 2^HB

Hosts = 2^7
126 valid hosts, excluding Network Address and Broadcast Address.

Step # 4 : Find total subnets in given Network.

How to find maximum number of possible subnets in network?
Number of subnets = 2^NB

Subnets = 2^25
With /25 network maximum 33554432 unique subnets possible.

Step # 5 : Find Network Address and Broadcast Address

How to find Network Address and Broadcast Address?

If you have IP address and Subnet Mask (or prefix) you can easily find the Network Address.
All we need to do is Bitwise AND operation between IP address and Subnetmask to get Network Address.

IP Address: 01110000.00000011.00000010.00000011 112.3.2.3

Subnetmask: 11111111.11111111.11111111.10000000 255.255.255.128

BITWISE AND

Network Address: 01110000.00000011.00000010.00000000 112.3.2.0

To get Broadcast Address we need to find Wildcard Mask, which is inverted Subnet Mask.
Perform Bitwise OR operation between IP Address and Wildcard Mask to get Broadcast Address.

IP Address: 01110000.00000011.00000010.00000011 112.3.2.3

Wildcard Mask: 00000000.00000000.00000000.01111111 0.0.0.127

BITWISE OR

Broadcast Address: 01110000.00000011.00000010.01111111 112.3.2.127

This is it! We have found Subnetmask, Wildcard Mask, Hostbits, Networkbits, Maximum Hosts per Subnet,
Total Subnets in Network, Network Address, and Broadcast Address.

IP Address: 112.3.2.3 /25

Network Bits 25

Host Bits 7

Maximum Hosts per Subnet 128 (126 Valid hosts)

Maximum Subnets in Network 33554432

Subnetmask 255.255.255.128

Wildcard Mask 0.0.0.127

Network Address 112.3.2.0

Broadcast Address 112.3.2.127