JOURNAL CONTETS 1

Judul Evaluation of Lithium-Ion Battery EquivalentCircuit Models for

State of charge Estimation by an Experimental Approach
Journal Energies
Volume dan Halaman Vol. 4 ; 1-17
ISSN 1996-1073
Tahun 2011
Penulis Hongwen He ; Rui Xiong and Jinxin Fan
Reviewer Aulia Khairi
Tanggal 08 October 2018

Contribution To improve the use of lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicle (EV)

Journal applications, evaluations and comparisons of different equivalent circuit
models are presented in this paper. Based on an analysis of the traditional
lithium-ion battery equivalent circuit models such as the Rint, RC, Thevenin
and PNGV models, an improved Thevenin model, named dual polarization
(DP) model, is put forward by adding an extra RC to simulate the
electrochemical polarization and concentration polarization separately. The
model parameters are identified with a genetic algorithm, which is used to find
the optimal time constant of the model, and the experimental data from a
Hybrid Pulse Power Characterization (HPPC) test on a LiMn2O4 battery
module. Evaluations on the five models are carried out from the point of view
of the dynamic performance and the state of charge (SoC) estimation. The
dynamic performances of the five models are obtained by conducting the
Dynamic Stress Test (DST) and the accuracy of SoC estimation with the
Robust Extended Kalman Filter (REKF) approach is determined by
performing a Federal Urban Driving Schedules (FUDS) experiment. By
comparison, the DP model has the best dynamic performance and provides the
most accurate SoC estimation. Finally, sensitivity of the different SoC initial
values is investigated based on the accuracy of SoC estimation with the REKF
approach based on the DP model. It is clear that the errors resulting from the
SoC initial value are significantly reduced and the true SoC is convergent
 within an acceptable error

Motivation In order to overcome the drawbacks of the mathematical models, the neural
network model was put forward, which took the weights of neurons into
account instead of the state variables [10–14]. The accuracy of this model
could reach 3% under certain conditions. However, the accuracy and
calculation burden of the model were influenced by the choices and quantity of
input variables of the neural network. Also, a neural network trained by data
can only be used within the original scope of that data. Based on the dynamic
characteristics and working principles of the battery, the equivalent circuit
model was developed by using resistors, capacitors and voltage sources to
form a circuit network [15–17]. Typically, a large capacitor or an ideal voltage
source was selected to represent the open-circuit voltage (OCV), the remainder
of the circuit simulated the battery’s internal resistance and dynamic effects
such as terminal voltage relaxation. On a basis of the OCV estimate, SoC
could be inferred via a lookup table. The equivalent circuit model has been
widely used in various types of modeling and simulation for EVs and battery
management systems. Evidently high dynamic simulation with high accuracy
is one of the key technologies. In this paper, a LiMn2O4 battery module with a
nominal voltage of 57.6 V and a nominal capacity of 100 Ah is researched. An
improved model is proposed based on the investigations of the traditional
models from the point of view of the aspects of dynamic performance and SoC
estimation. The model parameters are identified by the genetic algorithm along
with the experimental data. The dynamic performances of the battery models
are compared and the accuracy of the model-based SoC estimations with a
robust extended Kalman filter (REKF) are evaluated. Furthermore, the
sensitivity of the different SoC initial values on the presented model-based
SoC estimation is discussed.
Problem To evaluate the validity of the battery models, six consecutive Dynamic Stress
statement Test (DST) cycles [16] which is a standard testing program of the EVT500-
500, are adopted as the input for both the lithium-ion battery module and the
battery models, as shown in Figure 8. The initial SoC is 100%. The parameters
of the battery models as a function of SoC are updated via linear lookup table
and extrapolation It can be concluded that all five equivalent circuit models
simulate the dynamic characteristics to some extent, albeit with different
accuracy. Both the DP model and the Thevenin model have better dynamic
simulation results, which indicates that these two models are more suitable for
the modeling of lithium-ion batteries. A statistical analysis on the absolute
values of the terminal voltage errors was conducted and the results were as
shown in Table 6. It shows that the Rint model has the biggest error and can
hardly simulate the dynamic performance of the power battery since the
polarization characteristic has been ignored. The PNGV model and the
Thevenin model can both simulate the polarization characteristics
Opinion An accurate SoC estimation depends on two aspects according the definition
of SoC given by Equation (15), one is the initial SoC, and the other is the
calculation of SoC consumption. From the comparison in Section 4.3.1, the DP
model has the highest accuracy for the SoC estimation under the assumption of
a precise initial SoC value. In order to investigate whether the SoC estimation
with REKF algorithm and the DP model, can effectively solve the initial
estimation inaccuracy of SoC, a further simulation analysis is conducted. Four
different SoC initial values, 0.90, 0.96, 0.84 and 0.50, are preset and the
corresponding SoC estimations are performed based on the FUDS cycles, at
the same time, a true SoC is calculated with the true initial SoC of 0.899 based
on the FUDS test data. The results are shown in Figure 15 for the first 150 s
and the results of the statistic analysis on the absolute SoC estimation error
between the true value and the estimation during 151 s~15775 s are listed in
Table 9. It can be seen that the estimated SoC can effectively converge around
the true SoC within 150 s, no matter which initial SoC value is used and its
terminal error is within 1.56%
JOURNAL CONTENTS 2

Judul Saturation Analysis of Current Transformers

Journal IJRR
Volume dan Halaman Vol. 2 ; 1-6
ISSN 2454-2237
Tahun 2015
Penulis Riyas Ahamed M, Vimalraj M, Arjuna Rao S
Reviewer Aulia Khairi
Tanggal 08 October 2018

Contribution Current transformer is one of the essential parts in electric power systems. All
Journal types of protection and control devices needs current transformers to perform
measurement of current at ground level. It is well known that current and
voltage profiles may carry several transient features about the nature of fault.
Some of these features are very high frequency components. To perfectly
transform these transients the electromagnetic current transformers sometime
are found incapable due to their magnetic saturation.
A method for testing electronic instrument transformers is described, including
electronic voltage and current transformers (EVTs, ECTs) with both analog
and digital outputs. A testing device prototype is developed. It is based on
digital signal processing of the signals that are measured at the secondary
outputs of the tested transformer and the reference transformer when the same
excitation signal is fed to their primaries. The tes that estimates the
performance of the prototype has been carried out at the National Centre for
High Voltage Measurement and the prototype is approved for testing
transformers with precision class up to 0.2 at the industrial frequency (50 Hz
or 60 Hz). The device is suitable for on-site testing due to its high accuracy,
simple structure and low-cost hardware.
Motivation The saturation is the concept related to property of magnetic materials used for
the current transformer core. In usual the metering CT’s core saturates for
smaller multiples of the rated current. But protection and PS class CT’s can be
operated for a wide range of rated current. When the secondary induced EMF
passes the level of knee point voltage (VK) shown in fig. 2, the core goes for
saturation. Measurement class CT’s can’t operate beyond the knee point, but
the protection and PS class CT’s can operate around the knee point depends on
the class of CT. However, there is a significant difference between high-
voltage lightning discharges to the grounding system, having neutral potential,
or the insulation puncture of high-voltage equipment to the ground and the
powerful E1 electric field part of which is directed parallel to the surface of the
earth, i.e., parallel to the grid of the grounding system. During HEMP the
grounding system stops acting as a zero-potential plane and is converted into a
source of high amplitude voltage pulse, applied to electric equipment grounded
at different parts of the grounding systems and having galvanic coupling
between each other, which establishes field intensity in the air reaching as high
as 50 kV/m, it becomes obvious that considerable differences of potentials can
emerge even on a short section of a standard grounding system, which
significantly exceeds the value registered during the flowing of lightning
current through the grounding system
Problem Large magnitude of primary current (symmetrical in nature) during fault
statement condition can cause the saturation to the CT core. Current with higher
magnitude of the rated primary current (about 20 times of the rated value) can
cause saturation. This level can be adjusted by choosing the knee point voltage
of the core. Fig. 4 shows the core saturation due to larger magnitude of
primary current. 2.2 Saturation due to DC offset. If the saturation level is
reached the magnetizing current will strongly increase. The CT needs all
current for magnetizing and no current is left for the secondary side. The
secondary current will be strongly distorted and the error will be considerable.
Fig. 4 shows secondary currents for some examples of saturation due to large
primary AC current and fig. 5 shows an example of CT saturation with DC
offset.
Opinion The concept, causes and remedies of saturation makes it clear that:
Consequences of CT saturation are the secondary current will not faithfully
replicate the primary current, secondary current is clipped and this clipping of
CT current leads to blinding of the protection system. The saturation can be
caused due to large primary AC currents or smaller magnitude DC offset. The
remedies to overcome saturation clears that, it requires more care while
choosing the designing parameters (includes burden)
JOURNAL CONTENTS 3

Judul Technologies and Components That Protect Digital Relays from

ElectromagneticPulse
Journal IJRSEEE
Volume dan Halaman Vol. 1 ; 1-11
ISSN 2248-9622
Tahun 2018
Penulis Adnan Kakilli, Ugur Kesen
Reviewer Aulia Khairi
Tanggal 08 October 2018

Contribution Protection of digital protective relays (DPR) from a powerful electromagnetic

Journal pulse capable of interfering with their normal functionality or damaging their
internal elements has recently gained particular relevance. This article
discusses issues related to the electromagnetic pulse's impact on DPR.
Technologies and components, the use of which can significantly improve
DPR's resistance to electromagnetic pulses are suggested.
Organizations which are responsible for theelectric power generation,
transmission and distribution of the generated energy, has to deliver energy for
their consumers. Companies should provide energy constantly with high
quality and the cheapest way possible. Power plants are complex structure.
Quality and reliability of the provided energy depends on fast and selective
protection of it. One of the basic problems of electrical engineering is to
protect these kind of facilities and deliver the generated energy efficiently.
Protection relay plays a crucial role in deliveringpart of this process.
Protection relays have the highes priority for protection of power systems and
they are many and varied. In this study, an electromechanical overcurrent
protection relay‟s operating characteristic curves were obtained,
thenexperimentally investigatedan presented. Experiment took place in
Marmara University, Laboratory for Electrical Installations The experimental
data were estimated using the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) method and
 the characteristic curves of the run time. Moreover, overcurrent relay in the
validation study was carried out with the data obtained from the mathematical
model.

Motivation Electromechanical relays have been reliably in use for protection of the power
systems since the initiation of use of electricity in 1878. In recent decades,
developments in semiconductor technology has enabled relays to work faster
and more reliable [3]. Electromechanical relays work on a principle of
adaptive current or voltage. Depending upon the type and kind of protection in
need, relays which correlates with the magnitude of current -current, current-
voltage or voltage -voltage are in use. By using these magnitudes together,
watt metric relays, directional relays, ratio relays and relays conduct
comparison are obtained. There are two drawbacksof electromechanical relays.
One of them is their system of operation with a certain amount of friction and
the other is in some cases they need mechanical adjustment of their current
reaction. During the time due to wear and tear their structural properties
deteriorate which in turn leads to deviation from intended use via calibration
degradation. In addition to this, another drawback of these relays come up :
Electromagnethical relays cannot be remotely observed and alerted about their
failures.
Problem In accurance of a short circuit or insulation error, relays protect the power
statement system immediately or with anacceptable delay. If the changes in terminals
happen instantly whenever relay is stimulated by the unit which is related with
it then the relay is called instant time relay. Energy systems frequently
observed transient faults and short-term overloads. Therefore, for theprotection
of power systems, system protection relays which can delay the time are
preferred [1], [2]. These protection relays are called delayed time relays. For
these relays, delay time can be constant or inverse. Over current inverse time
relays are manufactured and grouped in 3 main types: Standard inverse time
(SIT) relays, very inverse time (VIT) relays and ultra inverse time (UIT)
relays. In these kind of relays work time and work unit are negatively
correlated
Opinion According to performance values and graphics represented above, for the
forecast of operational characteristics of electro-mechanic over-current
protective relay ANN has illustrated a high performance with 97.9%
accuracyas seenin . When calculation methods are taken into the consideration
it has been noticed at contrary of conventional methods, ANN works with high
performance and speed. To sum everything up, ANN becomes the ideal tool in
solution of complex problems in electrical system‟s delivery and safety,
because its ability to eliminate the need for traditional statistical techniques
such as regression. This elimination of complex mathematical expressions
reduces the burden of mathematical calculation. Conduct of such studies
exemplify effective use of ANN which is a form of artificial intelligence tech