Introduction to Power Electronics for

renewable energy

First Course on Power Electronics Chapter 1

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 Contents

• Introduction to Power Electronics

• Applications and the Role of Power Electronics
• Energy and the Environment
• Need for High Efficiency and High Power Density
• Structure of Power Electronics Interface
• Voltage-Link Structure
• Recent and Potential Advancements

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Photovoltaic power conversion systems

By F. Blaabjerg 3
 Wind power systems

dc-dc, ac-dc, and dc-ac converters are required for any renewable
enery systems!

By F. Blaabjerg 4
By Home Power Magazine
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Adjustable Speed Drives and powering the
Information Technology

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 Strategic Space and Defense Applications

Source: James Soeder, NASA and Terry Ericsen, ONR. 7

 Role of Power Electronics
AC DC
Input
Output load
source
DC AC

Role of PE: facilitates the transfer of power from the source to the
load by converting voltages and currents from one form to another.

The controller: allows management of the power transfer process

in which the conversion of voltages and currents should be achieved
with as high energy-efficiency and high power density as possible.
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 Energy and the Environment: The Percentage
Energy Consumption
1TW = 1012 W

Percentage use of electricity in various

Energy consumption in Norway 2015, sectors in the U.S.
Source: Statistics Norway

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 NEED FOR HIGH EFFICIENCY AND
HIGH POWER DENSITY

Bruckewell Technology Ltd

•SCR – Silicon Controlled Rectifier

•BJT - Bipolar Junction Transistor
Transformer vs converter! •IGBT - Insulated-gate bipolar transistor
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 silicon carbide (SiC)

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Bruckewell Technology Ltd
 Example 1
A rectifier given in the figure has the input voltage Vin of 24 V. The
output voltage is Vo = 18 V and the output current is Io = 9 A. The
excess input voltage is dropped across a transistor that functions as a
controllable resistor. Losses on the transformer are neglected.
Calculate losses and the energy efficiency of the regulator.

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STRUCTURE OF POWER ELECTRONICS
INTERFACE

Voltage-link structure of power electronics interface

Current-link structure of power electronics interface

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 Matrix Converters

Matrix converter structure of power electronics interface

More complex circuits face challenges on protection and

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 SWITCH-MODE LOAD-SIDE CONVERTER

Group 1 Adjustable DC or a low-frequency sinusoidal ac output

- dc and ac motor drives
- uninterruptible power supplies
- regulated dc power supplies without electrical isolation

• Group 2 High-frequency AC
- compact fluorescent lamps
- induction heating
- regulated dc power supplies where the dc output voltage needs to be
electrically isolated from the input, and the load-side converter
internally produces high-frequency ac, which is passed through a
high-frequency transformer and then rectified into dc.

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 iL
Inductor and capacitor

t
v

iC

v
t

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 Example 2
Find transfer functions G(s) = Vo(s)/Vin(s) for circuits below

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 Power solid-state devices
uncontrolled Semi- (turn-on) controlled Controllable

diode Thyristor, triac IGBT, MOSFET

IGBT - insulated-gate bipolar transistor

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 Power Diode Vd
i

0.7 V

electrical4u.com

Voltage ratings - VRRM The maximum

reverse voltage that the diode can withstand
Current ratings (IF)
Reverse recovery time (trr) - Greater is the trr
slower diode. Small trr is preferred
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 on
off

VDSS is the maximum voltage between the drain and

source while the gate and source are short-circuited.

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on-off switch
Switch-Mode Conversion: Switching Power-Pole
as the Building Block

On: qA = 1
off: qA = 0

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Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) of the Switching
Power-Pole

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Switching Power-Pole in a Buck DC-DC Converter

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 Example 3
In the converter in the figure below, the input voltage Vin = 20 V . The
output voltage V0= 12 V . Calculate the duty-ratio dA and the pulse
width Tup , if the switching frequency fs= 200 kHz .

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 Fourier transform

Fourier series and Fourier coefficients: Any waveform g(t) repeating with an
angular frequency  = 2/T can be expressed as the Fourier series

where is the average of g(t). The peak value Fourier coefficients are

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In order to make the magnitude and phase of each frequency component
readily visible, the Fourier series can be represented in the cosine form

where the rms magnitude and the phase*

*Care must be taken when computing the phase due to negative values of
. If available, it is easiest to apply four-quadrant inverse tangent function:26
= atan2(- ; ).
 Example 4
The waveform of the unfiltered
output voltage vA is plotted in the
figure. The duty cycle D = dA= 0.6,
the switching frequency fSW = 200
kHz. Calculate its average vA and the
rms magnitudes of its harmonic
components up to 600 kHz.

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Example – switching waveform from PSIM

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Questions?!

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