Lecture Notes Trigonometric Identities fi page fi

Sample Problems

Prove each of the following identities.

fi. tan ı xin ı ‡ cox ı = xec ı tanX ı — fi

fiO. fi — X coxX ı =
tanX ı ‡ fi
fi fi
£. ‡ tan ı =
tan ı xin ı cox ı fifi. tanX 8 = cxcX 8 tanX 8 — fi

3. xin ı — xin ı coxX ı = xin3 ı cox ı

fi£. xec ı ‡ tan ı =
fi — xin ı
cox α fi ‡ xin α
4. ‡ = X xec α
fi ‡ xin α cox α cxc Ø cot Ø
fi3. — = fi
xin Ø tan Ø
cox ı cox ı
†. — = X tan ı
fi — xin ı fi ‡ xin ı
fi4. xin4 ı — cox4 ı = fi — X coxX ı
cxc ı cox ı
6. coxX ı =
tan ı ‡ cot ı fi†. (xin ı — cox ı)X ‡ (xin ı ‡ cox ı)X = X

xin4 ı — cox4 ı X
F. = fi xin ı ‡ Œ xin ı ‡ 3 3 ‡ xin ı
xinX ı — coxX ı fi6. =
coxX ı fi — xin ı
tanX ı X cox ı
8. = xin ı fiF. — tan ı = xec ı
tanX ı ‡ fi fi — xin ı

9. f i — xin ı cox ı fi ‡ xin ı

=
cox ı fi ‡ xin ı fi8. tanX ı ‡ fi ‡ tan ı xec ı =
coxX ı

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§ Last revised: May 8, £Ofi3
Lecture Notes Trigonometric Identities fi page £

Practice Problems

Prove each of the following identities.

cox ı fi cot ı — fi fi — tan ı

fi. tan ı ‡ = fifi. =
fi ‡ xin ı cox ı cot ı ‡ fi fi ‡ tan ı

£. tanX ı ‡ fi = xecX ı fi£. (xin ı ‡ cox ı) (tan ı ‡ cot ı) = xec ı ‡ cxc ı

fi fi xin3 ı ‡ cox3 ı
3. — = X tan ı xec ı fi3. = fi — xin ı cox ı
fi — xin ı fi ‡ xin ı xin ı ‡ cox ı

4. tan ı ‡ cot ı = xec ı cxc ı cox ı ‡ fi cxc ı

fi4. =
xin3 ı fi — cox ı
fi‡ tanX ı fi
†. = f i ‡ xin ı f i — xin ı
fi — tan ı cox ı — xinX ı
X X fi†. — = Œ tan ı xec ı
fi — xin ı fi ‡ xin ı

6. tanX ı — xinX ı = tanX ı xinX ı fi6. cxc4 ı — cot4 ı = cxcX ı ‡ cotX ı

f i — cox ı xin ı = X cxc ı xinX ı fi — cox ı

F. ‡
xin ı fi — cox ı fiF. =
coxX ı ‡ 3 cox ı ‡ X X ‡ cox ı

xec ı — fi f i — cox ı tan ı ‡ tan 4

8. = fi8. = tan ı tan 4
xec ı ‡ fi fi ‡ cox ı cot ı ‡ cot 4

fi ‡ cotX ı = cxcX ı
9.
fi ‡ tan ı cox ı ‡ xin ı
fi9. =
cxcX ı — fi fi — tan ı cox ı — xin ı
fiO. = coxX ı
cxcX ı

£O. (xin ı — tan ı) (cox ı — cot ı) = (xin ı — fi) (cox ı — fi)

c copyright Hidegkuti, Powell, £OO9

§ Last revised: May 8, £Ofi3
Lecture Notes Trigonometric Identities fi page 3

Sample Problems - Solutions

fi. tan ı xin ı ‡ cox ı = xec ı

Solution: We will only use the fact that xinX ı ‡ coxX ı = fi for all values of ı.
xin ı xinX ı xinX ı coxX ı
LHS = tan ı xin ı ‡ cox ı = · xin ı ‡ cox ı = ‡ cox ı = ‡
cox ı cox ı cox ı cox ı
xinX ı ‡ coxX ı fi
= = = RHS
cox ı cox ı
fi fi
£. ‡ tan ı =
tan ı xin ı cox ı
Solution: We will only use the fact that xinX ı ‡ coxX ı = fi for all values of ı.

fi cox ı xin ı coxX ı ‡ xinX ı fi

LHS = ‡ tan ı = ‡ = = = RHS
tan ı xin ı cox ı xin ı cox ı xin ı cox ı

3. xin ı — xin ı coxX ı = xin3 ı

Solution: We will only use the fact that xinX ı ‡ coxX ı = fi for all values of ı.
. Σ
LHS = xin ı — xin ı coxX ı = xin ı fi — coxX ı = xin ı · xinX ı = RHS

cox α fi ‡ xin α
4. ‡ = X xec α
fi ‡ xin α cox α
Solution: We will only use the fact that xinX ı ‡ coxX ı = fi for all values of ı.

cox α fi ‡ xin α coxX α (fi ‡ xin α)X coxX α ‡ (fi ‡ xin α)X
LHS = ‡ = ‡ =
fi ‡ xin α cox α (fi ‡ xin α) cox α (fi ‡ xin α) cox α (fi ‡ xin α) cox α
coxX α ‡ fi ‡ X xin α ‡ xinX α coxX α ‡ xinX α ‡ fi ‡ X xin α X ‡ X xin α
= = =
(fi ‡ xin α) cox α (fi ‡ xin α) cox α (fi ‡ xin α) cox α
X (fi ‡ xin α) X fi
= = =X· = X xec α = RHS
(fi ‡ xin α) cox α cox α cox α
cox ı cox ı
†. — = X tan ı
fi — xin ı fi ‡ xin ı
Solution: We will start with the left-hand side. First we bring the fractions to the common
denominator. Recall that xinX ı ‡ coxX ı = fi for all values of ı.
cox ı cox ı cox ı (fi ‡ xin ı) cox ı (fi — xin ı)
LHS = — = —
fi — xin ı fi ‡ xin ı (fi — xin ı) (fi ‡ xin ı) (fi — xin ı) (fi ‡ xin ı)
cox ı (fi ‡ xin ı) — cox ı (fi — xin ı) cox ı ‡ cox ı xin ı — cox ı ‡ cox ı xin ı X xin ı cox ı
= = =
(fi — xin ı) (fi ‡ xin ı) fi — xinX ı coxX ı
X xin ı
= = X tan ı = RHS
cox ı

c copyright Hidegkuti, Powell, £OO9

§ Last revised: May 8, £Ofi3
Lecture Notes Trigonometric Identities fi page 4

cxc ı cox ı
6. coxX ı =
tan ı ‡ cot ı
Solution: We will start with the right-hand side. We will re-write everything in terms of xin ı and
cox ı and simplify. We will again run into the Pythagorean identity, xinX ı ‡ coxX ı = fi.
fi fi cox ı cox ı cox ı
cxc ı cox ı · cox xin· ı fi xin ı xin ı
ıxin ı
= = = =
RHS = tan ı ‡ cot ı xin ı cox ı xinX ı coxX ı xinX ı ‡ coxX ı fi
‡ ‡
cox ı xin ı xin ı cox ı xin ı cox ı xin ı cox ı xin ı cox ı
cox ı cox ı xin ı coxX ı
= = = X ı = LHS
xin ı fi cox
· fi

xin4 ı — cox4 ı
F. = fi
xinX ı — coxX ı
Solution: We can factor the numerator via the difference of squares theorem.
. xinX ı ΣX (coxX ı)X . X Σ. Σ
xin4 ı — cox4 ı — xin ı ‡ coxX ı xinX ı — coxX ı
LHS = = =
xinX ı — coxX ı xinX ı — coxX ı xinX ı — coxX ı
= xinX ı ‡ coxX ı = fi = RHS

tanX X
ı
8. = xin ı
tanX ı ‡ fi
Solution:
.ΣX
xin ı xinX ı xinX ı
tan ıX cox ı Xı coxX ı
LHS = =. ΣX = cox =
tan ı ‡ fi
X
xin ı xin ı
X xin ı coxX ı
X
‡ fi ‡ fi ‡
cox ı coxX ı coxX ı coxX ı
cox ı
xin ı
X xinX ı
coxX ı = xin ı cox ı = xinX ı = RHS
X X
= coxX ı =
xinX ı ‡ coxX ı fi coxX ı fi
coxX ı ·
coxX ı

9. f i — xin ı cox ı
=
cox ı fi ‡ xin ı
Solution:
f i — xin ı f i — xin ı f i — xin ı fi ‡ xin ı (fi — xin ı) (fi ‡ xin ı) fi — xinX ı
LHS = = · fi · =
cox ı cox ı cox ı fi ‡ xin ı cox ı (fi ‡ xin ı) cox ı (fi ‡ xin ı)
= =
= cox ı
X

cox ı
= = RHS
cox ı (fi ‡ xin ı) fi ‡ xin ı
c copyright Hidegkuti, Powell, £OO9
§ Last revised: May 8, £Ofi3
Lecture Notes Trigonometric Identities fi page †

tanX ı — fi
fiO. fi — X coxX ı =
tanX ı ‡ fi
Solution:
xinX ı xinX ı coxX ı xinX ı — coxX ı
— fi —
tanX ı — fi coxX ı coxX ı coxX ı coxX ı
RHS = = = =
tanX ı ‡ fi xinX ı xinX ı coxX ı xinX ı ‡ coxX ı
‡ fi ‡
coxX ı coxX ı coxX ı coxX ı
xin ı — cox ı
X X cox ı X xin ı — cox ı
X X xinX ı — coxX ı X X
= · = = xin ı — cox ı
= coxX ı xinX ı ‡ coxX ı xinX ı ‡ coxX ı fi
. Σ
= fi — coxX ı — coxX ı = fi — X coxX ı = LHS

fifi. tanX 8 = cxcX 8 tanX 8 — fi

Σ . X
xin 8 X
f i f i xin 8 f i
RHS = 8 cxcX tanX 8 — fi = xinX 8 — fi = · X — fi = — fi
cox 8
· xin 8 cox 8
X coxX 8
. Σ
f i coxX 8 fi — coxX 8 xinX 8 xin 8 X
= — = X8
= X8
= = tanX 8 = LHS
X
cox 8 cox X8 cox cox cox 8

fi£. xec ı ‡ tan ı = cox ı

fi — xin ı
Solution:
cox ı cox ı cox ı fi ‡ xin ı cox ı (fi ‡ xin ı)
RHS = = · fi = · =
fi — xin ı fi — xin ı fi — xin ı fi ‡ xin ı (fi — xin ı) (fi ‡ xin ı)
cox ı (fi ‡ xin ı) cox ı (fi ‡ xin ı) fi ‡ xin ı fi xin ı
= = = = ‡ = LHS
fi — xinX ı coxX ı cox ı cox ı cox ı
cxc Ø cot Ø
fi3. — = fi
xin Ø tan Ø
Solution: We will start with the left-hand side. We will re-write everything in terms of xin Ø and
cox Ø and simplify. We will again run into the Pythagorean identity, xinX ı ‡ coxX ı = fi for all angles
ı.
fi
cox Ø
cxc Ø cot Ø xin Ø
xin Ø fi fi cox Ø cox Ø fi coxX Ø
LHS = — = — xin Ø = · — · = —
xin Ø tan Ø xin Ø cox Ø xin Ø xin Ø xin Ø xin Ø xinX Ø xinX Ø
fi
. X Σ
fi — coxX Ø xin Ø ‡ coxX Ø — coxX Ø xinX Ø
= = = = fi = RHS
xinX Ø xinX Ø xinX Ø

fi4. xin4 ı — cox4 ı = fi — X coxX ı

Solution:
LHS = xin4 ı —cox4 ı =. xinX ı Σ — .coxX ıΣ = .xinX ı ‡ coxX ı Σ .xinX ı —coxX ıΣ
X X

c copyright Hidegkuti, Powell, £OO9

§ Last revised: May 8, £Ofi3
Lecture Notes Trigonometric Identities fi page †

. Σ . Σ
= fi · xinX ı — coxX ı = fi — coxX ı — coxX ı = fi — X coxX ı = RHS

c copyright Hidegkuti, Powell, £OO9

§ Last revised: May 8, £Ofi3
Lecture Notes Trigonometric Identities fi page 6

fi†. (xin ı — cox ı)X ‡ (xin ı ‡ cox ı)X = X

Solution:

LHS = (xin ı — cox ı)X ‡ (xin ı ‡ cox ı)X

= .xin ı ‡ cox ı X xin ı cox ıΣ ‡ . xin ı ‡ cox ı ‡ X xin ı cox ıΣX = X xinX ı ‡ X cox ı
. Σ X X X
—
X
= X xinX ı ‡ coxX ı = X · fi = X = RHS

xinX ı ‡ Œ xin ı ‡ 3 3 ‡ xin ı

fi6. =
coxX ı fi — xin ı
Solution:
xinX ı ‡ Œ xin ı ‡ 3 (xin ı ‡ fi) (xin ı ‡ 3) (xin ı ‡ fi) (xin ı ‡ 3) xin ı ‡ 3
LHS = = = = = RHS
coxX ı fi — xinX ı (fi ‡ xin ı) (fi — xin ı) fi — xin ı
cox ı
fiF. — tan ı = xec ı
fi — xin ı
Solution:
cox ı cox ı xin ı coxX ı — xin ı (fi — xin ı) coxX ı — xin ı ‡ xinX ı
LHS = — tan ı = — = =
fi — xin ı fi — xin ı cox ı cox ı (fi — xin ı) cox ı (fi — xin ı)
. Σ
cox ı ‡ xin ı — xin ı
X X
f i — xin ı fi
= = = = RHS
cox ı (fi — xin ı) cox ı (fi — xin ı) cox ı

fi ‡ xin ı
fi8. tanX ı ‡ fi ‡ tan ı xec ı =
coxX ı
Solution:
X xinX ı xin ı fi xinX ı coxX ı xin ı
LHS = tan ı ‡ fi ‡ tan ı xec ı =‡ fi ‡ · = ‡ ‡
coxX ı cox ı cox ı coxX ı coxX ı coxX ı
xinX ı ‡ coxX ı ‡ xin ı fi ‡ xin ı
= = = RHS
coxX ı coxX ı

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c copyright Hidegkuti, Powell, £OO9
§ Last revised: May 8, £Ofi3