INTRODUCTION:

Refrigeration is the process of cooling a substance, system, or space to maintain it’s desired

temperature depending on its use. Heat is removed from the medium in order to acquire a low

temperature. The work of heat transfer is mostly driven by mechanical means, but can also be driven by

electricity, heat, magnetism or other means. Refrigeration has many benefits and applications, including

but not limited to: commercial and domestic use, industrial purposes, and air conditioning. In fact, the

idea of preserving food using low temperature dates back to atleast the Roman and Chinese empires.

Staying hydrated has proven multiple benefits both for your mental and physical health. Though

drinking cold water has it’s downsides, it has many benefits as well. According to a research done by D.

LaFata, A. Carlson-Phillips, S. Sims, and E. Russel by the US National Library of Medicine, drinking cold

beverage can “help more” when it comes to exercising because cold drinks can help keep your body

from overheating. Another study prepared by R. An and J. McCaffrey on their Journal of Human

Nutrition and Dietetics suggests that drinking cold water can also help in weight loss because as your

body intake cold beverages it helps you burn a couple of extra calories as you digest it because your

body has to work harder in order to maintain it’s core temperature. Lastly, according to an article

published by alstherapyalliance.org, cold water improves and boosts metabolism rates and a lot of

health practitioners have revealed that fast metabolism rate is an indicator of good health

Standard Refrigerators, although is useful and efficient, it also has multiple downsides including

but not limited to: It takes a huge toll in your electricity bill, according to the website of California Energy

Commission, approximately one sixth of electricity consumption in a typical American home is caused by

the refrigerators and freezers. In fact, refrigerators are such an energy hog that it mostly comes in two

price tags, they have the retail price and the estimation of what it’ll cost you to run every year. Repairs

can also be a huge disadvantage of refrigerators, among the common repairs made to refrigerators

includes leaks and icing, icemaker malfunction, cooling problems, and faulty fan motors. Last on the list
of disadvantages of refrigerators is that they are dangerous and environmentally unfriendly if not taken

care of and disposed properly as it contains refrigerant that can be hazardous and damaging to the

environment because of a chemical not visible to the naked eye which is chlorofluorocarbon (CFC). This

chemical is also responsible for the earth’s ozone layer depletion

With the gathered data above, the researchers came up with a device that will vastly improve

the standard way of cooling beverages. The PoSmaLiCoo (Portable Smart Liquid Cooler) is a device that

allows liquid cooling in a much faster rate than the standard liquid coolers, i.e. Refrigerators, Water

Dispensers, etc. The PoSmaLiCoo also offers a safer output than the ones mentioned above, and lastly

the PoSmaLiCoo also aims to be more affordable and user friendly than the devices mentioned before.

Background of the Study:

In this industrialized time and affluent regions, refrigeration is widely used in storing foods at

low temperatures, thus prohibiting the destructive action of bacteria and molds. Many perishable

products can be frozen, preserving them for months and even years with little loss in flavour, nutrition,

and even physical appearance. According to an article written by the Editors of Encyclopaedia

Britannica, The previous cooling method of ancient people, including Greeks and Romans is by using ice

transported coming from the mountains. Wealthy families made use of pits that were dug to the ground

and insulated with wood and straw to store the ice, this is called snow cellars. In this procedure, packed

snow and ice can be preserved for months. This principle was the basic means of refrigeration until the

beginning of the 20th century, and peculiarly is still used in some areas of the world. In today’s time,

artificial refrigeration is the one being widely used. It was first demonstrated by William Cullen at the

University of Glasgow in 1748 by using ethyl ether as it’s main substance. multiple substance and

chemicals were used following Glasgow's Principle. this includes vapour instead of liquid as the main
cooling agent, ammonia, dichlorofluoromethane, chlorofluorocarbon, and in the present time,

Tetrafluoroethane

According to article written by Brenton Shields in the hunker website, multiple chemicals are

used in today’s modern refrigerators, this includes Tetrafluoroethane, chlorofluorocarbon, polystyrene,

acrylonitrile. Most of these chemicals are harmful to our health. According to the toxnet website,

Tetrafluoroethane as the main chemical in today’s refrigerator may not be as harmful as

chlorofluorocarbon but studies shown that it is significantly harmful. Toxnet performed multiple tests

and studies which shows if exposed to proper dose or amount of tetrafluoroethane may induce negative

effects in people’s health like fever, dyspnea, and even asthma.

The researcher’s solution for the gathered data above is the device PoSmaLiCoo (Portable Smart

Liquid Cooler). The device uses a peltier cooler and heatsink as a main component to lower the

temperature of the liquid. A Peltier cooler is a solid component which transfers heat from one side of

the device to the other, with consumption of electrical energy depending on the current. A heatsink is a

device that incorporates a fan or some other means to keep a hot component cooled down and absorbs

heat from a desired material.

Statement of the problem:

The proponents, together with the study aim to answer the following problems:

1. Does the PoSmaLiCoo save more energy than the following standard liquid cooling devices?

a. regrigerator

b. water dispenser

2. chemical wise, is PoSmaLiCoo safer than the following standard liquid cooling devices when it comes

to dichlorofluoromethane and chlorofluorocarbon?

a. refrigerator
b. water dispenser

3. does PoSmaLiCoo have a faster rate of cooling the liquid than the following standard liquid cooling

devices?

a. refrigerator

b. water dispenser

Significance of the Study:

This research paper targets the needs of the key players mentioned below. The

proponents think that the device that is going to be produced by this project will certainly point

these subjects in the right direction, improvement-wise.

Businessmen. If proven effective, businessmen will be able to benefit from this study as they

can manufacture and sell the finished product.

Typical household. A typical family household will be able to benefit from the study as they will

no longer need to spend a lot of money just for cooling a specific beverage of their choice.

Eatery or restaurant Business owners. The key player mentioned will be able to benefit from

the study as they will save a lot of money when it comes to just cooling beverages of their choice may it

be water, liquor, or flavoured drinks. They will no longer need ice for cooling and the beverages will also

taste better as there will no longer be ice present.

Environment. Using PoSmaLiCoo will greatly help the environment as the researcher’s device

will lessen if not eliminate the harmful chemicals mentioned before.

Researchers.This study is a part of the completion of course requirements. Throughout

this study, the researchers will enhance their knowledge and vocabulary as they go finishing the

study.
 Future Researchers. This study will serve as a reference reading material for future researchers

who would plan to make any research connected to the study.

Scope and Limitation:

The objective of this device is to help reduce the chemicals used in liquid cooling by the

traditional liquid coolers. The scope of this study is to focus on using peltier and heatsink as the main

component in order for us to lessen if not eliminate the harmful chemicals produced in the traditional

liquid cooling system/devices. Although there are a lot of materials and process in lowering

temperatures of liquid, the researchers focuses on the two mentioned above for the reason that it is

cheaper and does not contain the two chemicals mostly used in today’s modern refrigeration

(dichlorofluoromethane and chlorofluorocarbon). The study will also focus on how the device is more

eco-friendly than the standard cooling systems.

The paper will not cover any other material or process aside from the mentioned above

Definition of terms

Air Conditioning. The control of temperature, humidity, purity, and motion of air in an enclosed space,

independent of outside conditions.

Ammonia. Ammonia (NH3), colourless, pungent gas composed of nitrogen and hydrogen. It is the

simplest stable compound of these elements and serves as a starting material for the production of

many commercially important nitrogen compounds.

Calories. A unit of energy or heat variously defined. The calorie was originally defined as the amount of

heat required at a pressure of 1 standard atmosphere to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1°

Celsius.
Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC). Any of several organic compounds composed of carbon, fluorine, and

chlorine.

Coolant. This is a substance typically liquid or gas, that is used to reduce or regulate the temperature of

a system.

Dichlorofluoromethane. Dichlorofluoromethane or Freon 21 or R 21 is a halomethane or

hydrochlorofluorocarbon, colorless and odorless gas. Its critical point is at 178.5 °C (451.7 K) and 5.17

MPa (51.7 bar). At temperatures from 5 K to 105 K it has one phase in the space group Pbca.

Dyspnea. Also known as Shortness of breath, is the feeling that one cannot breathe well enough.

Ethyl Ether. Also called as Diethyl ether, well-known anesthetic, commonly called simply ether,

an organic compound belonging to a large group of compounds called ethers; its molecular structure

consists of two ethyl groups linked through an oxygen atom, as in C2H5OC2H5.

Heat sink. Is a passive heat exchanger that transfers the heat generated by an electronic or a mechanical

device to a fluid medium, often air or a liquid coolant, where it is dissipated away from the device,

thereby allowing regulation of the device's temperature at optimal levels. In computers, heat sinks are

used to cool CPUs, GPUs, and some chipsets and RAM modules.

Metabolism. Is the set of life-sustaining chemical reactions in organisms.

Ozone Layer. The ozone layer or ozone shield is a region of Earth's stratosphere that absorbs most of

the Sun's ultraviolet radiation. It contains high concentration of ozone (O3) in relation to other parts of

the atmosphere, although still small in relation to other gases in the stratosphere.

Ozone Layer Depletion. This is a gradual thinning of Earth’s ozone layer in the upper atmosphere caused

by the release of chemical compounds containing gaseous chlorine or bromine from industry and other

human activities.

Peltier. Is a solid-state active heat pump which transfers heat from one side of the device to the other,

with consumption of electrical energy, depending on the direction of the current.

Refrigerant. Substance or mixture, usually a fluid, used in a heat pump and refrigeration cycle. In most

cycles it undergoes phase transitions from a liquid to a gas and back again.

Refrigeration. Process of cooling a space, substance, or system to lower and/or maintain its

temperature below the ambient one (while the removed heat is rejected at a higher temperature). In

other words, refrigeration means artificial (man-made) cooling

Refrigerator. A refrigerator consists of a thermally insulated compartment and a heat pump that

transfers heat from the inside of the fridge to its external environment so that the inside of the fridge is

cooled to a temperature below the ambient temperature of the room

Room Temperature. Defined as a comfortable indoor temperature (68 to 77 degrees Farenheit). An

example of room temperature is the temperature of a cup of water that has been sitting in a room for

an hour.

Tetrafluoroethane. Is a hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) and haloalkane refrigerant with thermodynamic

properties similar to R-12(dichlorodifluoromethane) but with insignificant ozone depletion potential and

a somewhat lower global warming potential (1,430, compared to R-12's GWP of 10,900)