Name: _______________________________

Period: ____

Unit 5 Reading Notes – States of Consciousness

I. HOW IS CONSCIOUSNESS RELATED TO OTHER MENTAL PROCESSES? (Pgs.

157-165)

● Consciousness-

● Cognitive neuroscience-

*Core Concept -

● Nonconscious processes-

A. TOOLS FOR STUDYING CONSCIOUSNESS

● Mental Rotation (Shepard and Metzler)-

● Zooming in with the mind (Stephen Kosslyn)-

B. THE CONSCIOUS AND NONCONSCIOUS MINDS

● Notable Metaphors

○ William James-

○ Sigmund Freud-

● What Consciousness Does for Us?

○ restriction-

○ combination-

○ manipulation-
 ● Levels of the Nonconscious Mind

○ Preconscious memories-

○ Unconscious-

■ Freudian view (psychodynamic)-

■ Modern view (cognitive view)-

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II. WHAT CYCLES OCCUR IN EVERYDAY CONSCIOUSNESS? (pgs. 166-177)

*Core Concept-

A. DAYDREAMING

○ benefit-

○ drawback-

B. SLEEP: THE MYSTERIOUS THIRD OF OUR LIVES

● Circadian Rhythms-

● The Main Events of Sleep

○ Eugene Aserinsky-

○ REM Sleep-

■ Sleep Paralysis-

○ NREM Sleep-
 ○ The Sleep Cycle (see figures 5.4 and 5.5) -

○ Awake-

○ Drowsy-

○ Stage 1-

○ Stage 2-

○ Stage 3 and 4-

■ 3 MOST IMPORTANT FEATURES OF NORMAL SLEEP:

○ REM rebound-

● The Function of Sleep

○ Evolutionary view-

○ Restorative function-

○ Crick-Mitchison View-
● The Need for Sleep -
○ Factors that influence how much sleep a person needs:

○ Sleep Debt-

C. Dreaming: The Pageants of the Night

● Dreams as Meaningful Events

○ Freud’s Theory (psychoanalytic perspective)

■ Guardian role-

■ Wish fulfillment-

● Manifest content-

● Latent content-

○ Dreams and Cognition (Cognitive perspective)-

● Dreams as Random Activity of the Brain

○ Activation-synthesis theory (biological perspective)-

 D. Sleep Disorders -

● Insomnia-

● Sleep apnea-

● Night terrors-

● Narcolepsy-

○ Cataplexy-

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III. WHAT OTHER FORMS CAN CONSCIOUSNESS TAKE?

*Core Concept-

A. HYPNOSIS

● Hypnotizability-

● Practical uses:
○
○
○

B. MEDITATION

● mental/physical effects-

○
C. PSYCHOACTIVE DRUG STATES

● Psychoactive drugs-

● Hallucinogens-

○ Examples:

● Opiates-

○ Examples:

● Depressants-

○ Examples:

● Stimulants-

○ Examples:

● Dependence and Addiction -

○ Tolerance-

○ Physical dependence-

○ Addiction-

○ Withdrawal-

○ Psychological Addiction-