Section Unit Topic

Physical chemistry Composition and physical states Intermolecular forces and their impact on
of matter state of the matter

Various physical properties of matter

Dipole moment

Dielectric constant

Van der waal's equation and critical

phenomenon

Liquefaction of gases

Aerosols

Colligative properties Liquid State

Vapor pressure

Ideal and real solutions

Raoult's law

Elevation of boiling point

Depression of freezing point

Osmotic pressure

Determination of molecular weight based on

colligative properties

Thermodynamics First, second and third law of

thermodynamics

Thermochemical laws

Isothermic and adiabetic processes

Reversible processes,

Work of expansion

Heat content
 Enthalpy

Heat capacity

Gibb's and helmoltz equation and chemical

potential

Chemical equilibria

Phase rule One, two, and three component systems

along with their applications

Solid- solid systems

Solid - liquid systems

Liquid-liquid systems

Distillation of binary systems

Azeotropic mixtures

Steam

Vacuum and fractional distillation

Refractive index Introuduction of refractive index

Specific refractivity

Molar refractivity

Refractometers

Solutions Solubility product, common ion effect, pH

and buffer solutions

Factors affecting solubility

Solubility curves

Types of solutions

Effect of cosolvancy

Ph and other factors on solubility

Solubility of gases in liquids

 Liquids in liquids

Solids in liquids

Critical solution temperature

Law of partitioning and its applications

Solute solvent interactions

Expression of concentration of
pharmaceutical solutions and calculations

Molarity

Molality

Mole fraction and percentage expressions

Electrochemistry Properties of electrolyte solutions

Electrolysis

Faraday's law of electrolysis

Electron transport

Electrical cell

Single electrode potential

Concentration cells

Half-cells and half cell potential

Types of half cells

Sign convention,

Nerst equation

Salt bridge

Electromotive series

Standard potential

Standard hydrogen electrode

 Measuring the relative voltage of half cells

Calculation of standard potential

Reference and indicator electrodes

Standard oxidation

Reduction potential

Ionic equilibrium Theory of conductivity

Equivalent conductance

Mobility of ions

Specific conductance

Kinetics Order of reactions

Derivation and internal form of rate laws

Molarities of reaction

Derivation of rate constants

Physical pharmacy Matter, properties of matter States of matter

Change in the state of matter

Latent heat and vapor pressure

Sublimation

Critical point

Eutectic mixtures

Gases

Aerosols

Inhalers

Relative humidity

Liquid complexes
 Liquid crystals

Glasses state

Solid crystalline and amorphous

polymorphism

Micromeritics and powder Particle size and distribution

rheology
Average particle size number and weight
distribution

Particle number

Method of determining particle size and

volume

Optical microscopy

Sieving

Sedimentation

Determining surface areas

Permeability

Adsorption

Derived properties of powders

Porosity

Packing arrangement densities

Bulkiness and flow properties

Surface and interfacial Liquid interface

phenomenon
Surface and interfacial tensions

Surface free energy

Measurement of surface and interfacial

tension

Spreading coefficient
 Adsorption and liquid interfaces

Surface active agents

Hlb classification

Solubilization

Detergency

Absorption at solid interfaces

Solid gas and solid liquid interfaces

Complex films

Electrical properties of interfaces

Viscosity and rheology Newtonian systems

Law of flow

Kinematics viscosity

Effect of temperature

Non newtonian systems

Pseudoplastics

Dilatant

Plastic

Thixotropy in formulations

Determination of viscosity and thixotropy by

capillary

Falling ball

Rotational viscometer

Application of theology in pharmacy

Dispersion systems Colloidal dispersions

Definition
 Properties of colloids

Protective colloids

Application of colloids in pharmacy

Suspensions and emulsions

Interfacial properties of suspended particles

settling in suspension

Theory of sedimentation

Effect of brownian movement

Sedimentation of flocculated particles

Sedimentation parameters

Wetting of particles

Significance of electrical properties in

dispersions

Controlled flocculation

Flocculation in structured vehicles

Rheological considerations

Types of emulsions

Theories of emulsions

Physical stability of emulsions

Complexation Classification of complexes

Methods of preparations and analysis

Applications

Buffer Buffer equations and buffer capacity in

general

Buffers in pharmaceutical systems

Preparations and stability

 Buffered isotonic solutions

Measurements of tonicity calculations and

methods of adjusting isotonicity

Solubility Miscibility-influence of foreign substances

Three component systems

Dielectric constant and solubility

Solubility of solids in liquids

Ideal and non-ideal solutions

Solvation and association in solutions

Solubility of salts in water

Solubility of slightly soluble and weak

electrolyte

Calculating solubility of weak electrolytes as

influenced by ph, influence of solvents on
the solubility of drugs

Combined effect of ph and solvents

Distribution of solutes between immiscible

solvents

Effect of ionic dissociation and molecular

association on partition

Extraction

Preservatives action of weak acids in

emulsions

Drug action and distribution co-efficient

Concepts of dissolution and diffusion

Organic chemistry General principles A brief review of classification and sources

of organic compounds

Sp3, sp2, sp hybridization

 Sigma and pi- bonds

Bond lengths

Bond angles and bond energies along with

their significance in reactions should be
carried out

Overview of bond polarization

Hydrogen bonds

Inductive effects

Resonance, and hyper conjugation be taken

Concept of homolytic and heterolytic bond

fission

Acidity and basicity with different theories

should be covered briefly

Ease of formation and order of stabilities of

electron deficient and electron rich species
along with the reasons for the same should
be covered

Relationships between energy content,

stability, reactivity and their importance in
chemical reactions should be covered.

Calculations for determining empirical and

molecular formula should be covered

Different classes of compounds Alkanes including cyclic compounds

Alkenes including cyclic compounds

Alkynes with only open chain compounds

Aliphatic hydroxyl compounds

Alkyl halides

Aldehydes and Ketones: oxidation,

reduction, oxime and hydrazone formation

Carboxylic acids: formation of esters, acid

 chlorides and amides, ester hydrolysis

All functional derivatives of carboxylic acids

Protection and deprotection of Introduction to protection and deprotection

groups of functional groups

Two examples each for amino, hydroxyl, and

carbonyl groups

The significance of these in syntheses should

be explained

Aromaticity and aromatic Concept of aromaticity

chemistry
Huckel's rule and its use in determining the
aromatic / nonaromatic character of a
compound

A brief coverage of structure of benzene

Detailed coverage of electophilic and

nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions

Reactivity and orientation in these reactions

Reactivity and orientation in mono- and

disubstituted benzenes

Benzyne mechanism

Different aromatic classes of Aromatic hydrocarbons.

compounds
Phenolic compounds.

Aromatic and aliphatic amines

Diazonium salts.

Aromatic nitro- compounds, aryl halides, and

ethers.

Polycyclic aromatic Syntheses and reactions with mechanisms of

hydrocarbons bi and tricyclic fused carbocyclic rings like
naphthalene, anthracene, and phenanthrene

Carbonyl chemistry Carbonyl chemistry involving group

conversions and their reaction mechanisms
 along with stereochemistry wherever
applicable

Wolf-kishner reduction and huang-minlong

modification

Reduction of arylsulfonyl hydrazine /

hydrazones to alkanes.

Bamford steven reaction

Dcc oxidation of alcohol

Michael addition / 1,4-addition / conjugate

addition

Mannich condensation / reaction.

Robinson annulation.

Stobbe condensation

Darzen's glysidic ester synthesis

Beckmann rearrangement

Baeyer villiger rearrangement

Curtius, wolff, and lossen rearrangements

Willgerodt rearrangement.

Pinacol-pinacolone rearrangement

Methylene transfer reactions

Use of diazomethane and sulphurylides in

the same

Mono- and dialkylations in 1,3-dicarbonyl

compounds

Formation and use of enol ethers, enol

acetates and enamines as protective groups
and in regiospecific alkylations

Heterocyclic chemistry Iupac nomenclature of heterocyclic rings [3-

10 membered] containing o, s, and n atoms.
 nomenclature of above rings containing
mono-,di-, and multiple [same or different]
heteroatoms should also be covered

Nomenclature of 2 and 3 fused rings

containing mono-, di-, and multiple
heteroatoms [same or different] should also
be covered

Syntheses and reactions of three to six

membered rings in detail

Syntheses of five and six membered rings

containing mono- or any di- heteroatoms [o,
s, and n]

Syntheses of quinoline, isoquinoline,

benzoxole, benzthiole, and benzazole,
benzdiazole, benzoxazole, and benzthiazole.

Bridged rings Bridged ring systems and their nomenclature

Kinetic and thermodynamic Kinetic and thermodynamic control of

control sulfonation, enolate anion formation and
alkylation of enamine reactions.

Stereochemistry Chirality and asymmetry with introduction of

the same to s, p and n

Definition and classification of different

types of isomerisms

Enantiomers

Diastereomers

Enantiomerism and diastereomerism

Meso compounds and their optical activity

Stereochemistry in acyclic compounds

Newman projection formulae and their

significance

Conformational analysis of n- butane

 Absolute and relative configuration

Assigning r and s configuration based on

cahn ingold and prelog system

Racemic mixture- its definition and

resolution

Definitions of terms stereoselective

Stereospecific

Enantiomeric excess and distereomeric

excess

Stereochemistry in cyclic systems

Conformations of cyclohexane

Cis - trans relationship in cyclohexane

Prediction of stability of different

conformations of 1, 2- 1,3- and 1,4-
disubstituted cyclohexanes

Effect of multiple substitutions on the

stability of cyclohexane conformations

Chair conformations of cis-, and trans-

decalins, perhydrophenanthrenes, and a
tetracyclic steroidal nucleus

An introduction to atropisomerism

Carbohydrates Definition and classification

D and l nomenclature in sugars.

Different ways of drawing / representing a

sugar molecule [including cyclic structure]

Interconversion of these representations

Anomers and epimers

Mutarotation

Reactions of glucose
 Chain extension and chain reduction of a
sugar.

Amino acids and proteins Amino acids and proteins

Definition and classification

D and l amino acids, natural, essential, and

non-essential amino acids

Denaturation, strecker, gabriel phthalamide

methods for the preparation of amino acids

Peptide bond and its formation

Two protective groups each, for -nh2 and -

cooh functionalities during protein synthesis

Sequencing of a protein by chemical and

enzymatic methods

Organometallic chemistry Organometalic chemistry [preparation and

few reactions] of cu and boron

Pericyclic reactions Concept of homo and lumo

Drawing of homo and lumo of 1, 3-

butadiene, allylic cation, radical and anion,
and 1, 3, 5-hexatriene

Meaning of conrotatory and disrotatory

Allowed and disallowed thermal and

photochemical reactions

Introduction to sigmatropic, electrocyclic

and (4n + 2) cycloaddition reactions

Cope, oxy-cope in claisen rearrangement,

diel's-alder and retro diel's alder reaction

Pharmaceutical Pharmaceutical impurities Impurities in pharmaceutical substances

chemistry
Sources

Types and effects of impurities

Limit tests for heavy metals like lead, iron,

 arsenic, mercury and for chloride and
sulphate as per indian pharmacopoeia [i. p.].

Monographs Monograph and its importance

Various tests included in monographs as per

i. p. a study of the following compounds with
respect to their methods of preparation,
assay, and pharmaceutical uses

Sodium citrate, calcium carbonate, copper

sulphate, light and heavy kaolin, ammonium
chloride and ferrous gluconate.

Isotopes Stable and radioactive

Mode and rate of decay

Types and measurement of radioactivity

Radiopharmaceuticals and their diagnostic

and therapeutic applications in pharmacy
and medicine such as 125i, 32p, 51cr, 60co,
59fe, 99tc-m

Radiocontrast media

Use of baso4 in medicine

Therapeutic classes of drugs Dentifrices, desensitizing agents, and

anticaris agents.

General anesthetics

Local anesthetics.

Antiseptics, disinfectants, sterilants, and

astringents

Diagnostic agents.

Coagulants, anticoagulants and plasma

expanders

Drug metabolism Introduction to drug metabolism based on

the functional groups.

Various classes of therapeutic Drug resistance, wherever applicable, should

agents be covered in respective classes of drugs

Antiamoebic agents

Anthelmintic agents

Antibacterial sulpha drugs

Quinolone antibacterials

Antimycobacterial drugs

Antifungal agents

Antiviral agents including hiv and anti-hiv

drugs

Thyroid and anti thyroid drugs

Antiallergic agents

Antiulcer agents and proton pump inhibitors.

Hypoglycemic agents

Antimalerials

Different classes of therapeutic Drug resistance, wherever applicable, should

drugs be covered in respective classes of drugs

Sedative-hypnotics

Antiepileptic agents

Neuroleptics.

Anti-anxiety drugs

Diuretics

Antibiotics

Penicillins, cephalosporins and other beta-

lactam antibiotics like imipenam and
aztreonam

Beta-lactamase inhibitors such as clavulanic

acid and sulbactum
Chloramphenicol

Tetracyclines

Aminoglycoside antibiotics

Macrolide antibiotics

Lincomycins

Polypeptide antibiotics

Anticancer antibiotics

Steroids

Corticosteroids [gluco- and

mineralocorticoids] and anti-inflammatory
steroids

Sex steroids

Male and female contraceptive agents

Anabolic steroids

Anticancer agents

Drug resistance, wherever applicable, in

respective classes of drugs

Narcotic [centrally acting] analgesics

[analgetics].

Morphine and all its structural modifications

[peripheral and nuclear]

Narcotic agonists and antagonists [dual and

pure]

Non-narcotic analgesics [nsaids]

Difference between narcotic and nonnarcotic

agents

Adrenergic drugs

Neurotransmitters and their role

 General and specific adrenergic agonists and
antagonists [up to alpha-2 and beta-2 only

Cholinergic agents.

Muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic agonists

and antagonists [up to m2 and n2].

Neuronal [transmission] blockers

Drugs used in neuromuscular disorders

Drugs used in the treatment of parkinson's

disease

Central and peripheral muscle relaxants

Hypertensive, antihypertensive, and

antianginal agents

Eicosanoids

Prostaglandins, prostacyclins, and

thromboxanes

Their biochemical role, biosynthesis, and

inhibitors

Introduction to quantitative structure

activity relationship

Linear free energy relationship

Hammett's equation

Introduction, methodology, advantages and

disadvantages / limitations of hansch
analysis

Asymmetric synthesis Chirality

Chiral pool

Sources of various naturally available chiral

compounds

Eutomers, distomers, eudismic ratio

 Enantioselectivity and enantiospecificity

Enantiomeric and diasteriomeric excess

Prochiral molecules

Asymmetric synthesis of captopril and

propranolol

Combinatorial chemistry

Introduction and basic terminology

Databases and libraries

Solid phase synthesis technique

Types of supports and linkers, wang, rink,

and dihydropyran derivatized linkers

Reactions involving these linkers

Manual parallel and automated parallel

synthesis

Houghton's tea bag method,

micromanipulation, recursive deconvolution

Mix and split method for the synthesis of

tripeptides

Limitations of combinatorial synthesis

Introduction to throughput screening

Pharmaceutics Pharmacy profession Pharmacy as a career

Evaluation of pharmacy

Earlier period middle to modern ages.

Introduction to pharmaceuticals Definition of pharmaceuticals

Importance of pharmaceuticals

Scope of pharmaceutics

History and development of profession of

pharmacy and pharmaceutical industry in
 india

Indian pharma

Industry in global perspective

Introduction to dosage form Definition of drug

New drug and dosage form

The desirable properties of a dosage form

The need of dosage form

Ideas about available type of dosage forms

and new drug delivery system

Route of administration Route of administration with respect to

dosage form design

Physiological consideration for various

routes of administration

ADME Scheme of fate of dosage form after its

administration

Definition and introduction to concept of

absorption

Biotransformation and elimination of drug

Introduction to bioavailability and various

equivalences referring plasma time profile of
drug

Sources of drug information Introduction to pharmacopoeia with

reference to ip, bp, usp and international
pharmacopeia

Study of structure and features fo index in

general and notice and compartment of
monographs of excipients

Drug and drug product

Drug information system in online database

Patient-consumer information and non- print

 material

Classification of information

Primary, secondary and tertiary

Nomenclature of drug

Allopathic dosage form Merits and demerits

Importance

Formulation development

Vehicles and excipients with examples for

the dosage form

Liquid dosage form

Monophasic liquid dosage form

Aromatic waters

Syrup

Elixir

Linctus

Lotion

Liniment

Glycerites

Solutions

Spirits

Ent preparations

Mixtures

Paints

Mouthwash

Crude extract Infusion

 Decoction

Maceration

Percolation

Tincture and extract

Methods of preparations of dry

Soft and liquid extract

Allergenic extract Types of allergens

Preparation of extract

Testing and standardization of extracts

Ayurvedic system of medicine Theory and basic concept

Diagnosis

Various branches of treatment in ayurveda

Types of drug formulation in ayurveda and

important ayurvedic drugs and their uses

Formulation of asavas

Arishtas

Watika

Churna

Tailas

Ghruta

Lep

Homeopathic system of Theory and basic concept

medicine
Diagnosis

Treatment

Source of homeopathic medicines and

 important homeopathic drugs and their uses

Biological products Absorbable and non-absorbable material

types

Sutures and ligatures

Processing

Manufacturing

Sterilization

Packing

Qc tests of materials like catgut and nylon

GMP Introduction to gmp

Qc and qa.

Pharmaceutical plant, location, Plant location and lay out of an industry

layout
Various factors affecting locational aspects
of chemical and pharmaceutical plants

Layout of plant building and importance of

flow sheet

Difference between scientific process and

technological process

Layout of various departments

Equipments

Product lay out v/s process layout

Dosage form necessities and Antioxidants

additives
Preservatives

Coloring agents

Flavoring agents and diluting agents

Emulsifying agents
 Suspending agents

Ointment bases

Solvents and others

Powders Advantages and limitations as dosage form

Manufacturing procedure and equipments

Special care and problems in manufacturing

powders

Powders of ip

Effervescent granules and salts

Capsules Hard gelatin capsules

Shell formulation and manufacturing

Capsule sizes

Storage

Filing

Cleaning process general formulation

contents and evaluation

Soft gelatin capsules

Shell formulation

Formulation contents

Filing of capusles

Sealing and storage

Microencapsulation

Advantages

Encapsulation materials

Methods of microencapsulation
 Ip formulations

Tablets Types of tablets

Ideal requirement of tablets

Classification

Granulation methods

General formulation

Compression machines

Different types of tooling’s

Difficulties in tableting

Trouble shooting aspects of capsules

Evaluation of capusles

Sugar coating

Compression coating

Film coating

Problems in tablet coatings and their trouble

shooting aspects

Ip formulations

Parenterals and product Definition

requiring sterile packaging
Types, advantages and limitations

General formulation

Vehicles

Production procedure

Production facilities

Controls

Tests
 Selected ip injections

Sterile powders

Implants

Emulsions

Suspensions

Suspensions Formulation of deflocculated and flocculated

suspension

Manufacturing procedure

Evaluation methods

Ip suspensions

Emulsions Emulsifying agents

General formulation

Manufacturing procedure

Evaluation methods

Ip emulsions

Suppositories Ideal requirements

Bases

Manufacturing procedure

Evaluation methods

Ip products

Semisolids Definitions

Bases

General formulation

Manufacturing procedure

Evaluation methods
 Ip products

Liquids of solutions, syrups, Definition

elixirs, spirits, aromatic water,
liquid for external uses General formulation

Manufacturing procedure

Evaluation methods

Ip products

Pharmaceutical aerosols Definition

Propellants

General formulation

Manufacturing and packaging methods

Pharmaceutical applications

Impacts of propellants on environment

Ophthalmic preparations Requirement

Formulation

Methods of Preparation

Containers

Evaluation

Ip products

Preformulations Consideration of importance

Physical properties

Physical forms

Particle size

Crystal forms

Bulk control

Solubility product, common ion effect, pH

 and buffer solutions

Wetting, flow cohesiveness

Compressibility

Organoleptic properties and its effect on

final product consideration of chemical
properties

Hydrolysis

Oxidation

Recemization

Polymerization

Isomerization

Decarboxylation

Enzymatic decomposition

Formulation additives

Stabilizers

Suspending and dispersing agents dyes

Solid excipients and its effect on quality of

finished product

Radio pharmaceuticals Therapeutic uses

Diagnostic uses

Facilities and work area

Preparation of radio pharmaceuticals

Radio pharmaceuticals used in medicines

Stability of formulated products Requirements

Drug regulatory aspects

Pharmaceutical products stability

 Self life

Overages

Containers

Closures

Kinetic principles and stability Reaction rate and order

testing
Acid base catalysis

De stabilization and accelerated stability

testing

Prolonged action Benefits

pharmaceuticals
Limitations

Oral products

Terminology

Drug elimination rate

Types and construction of implants products

Product evaluation

Parenteral products

Absorption and evaluation

Novel drug delivery system Critical fluid technology

Transdermal drug delivery system

Controlled drug delivery system

Multiple emulsion

Nano particles

Targeted drug delivery system

Aerosols

Inhalation and new products reported

Cosmetics Formulation and preparation of dentifrices

Hair creams

Lipsticks

Face powders

Shaving preparations

Skin creams

Shampoos

Hair dyes

Depilatories

Manicure preparations

Packaging materials Role and features of pharmaceutical packing

materials

Glass

Plastic

Rubber

Metal and paper as pharmaceutical

packaging material

General quality control of pharmaceutical

packages

Primary

Secondary and tertiary packaging materials

Child resistant and pilfer proof packaging

GMP and validation Concept and need of good manufacturing

practice guidelines

Elements of gmp covering controls of area

and processes and product

Regulations related to gmp

 Introduction of validation process

Types of validation

Brief methodology of process

Equipments and instrument validation

Pilot plant scale up techniques Need

Organization and layout

Scale up techniques for solid and liquid

dosage forms

Technology transfer

Pharmacology General pharmacology Introduction to pharmacology

Definition

Scope and source of drugs

Dosage form and routes of drug

administration

Pharmacodynamics

Mechanism of drug action

Receptors

Classification and drug receptors interaction

Combined effect of drugs

Factors modifying drug action

Pharmacokinetics

Mechanism and principle of absorption

Distribution

Metabolism and excretion of drugs

Principles of basic and clinical

pharmacokinetics
 Pharmacogenetics

Adverse drug reactions

Discovery and development of new drugs

Preclinical and clinical studies

Pharmacology of peripheral Neurohumoral transmission in autonomic

nervous system and somatic

Parasympathomimetics

Parasympatholytics

Sympathomimetics

Sympatholytics

Ganglionic stimulants and blockers

Neuromuscular blocking agents and skeletal

muscle relaxants of peripheral

Local anesthetic agents

Drugs used in myasthenia gravis

Pharmacology of cardiovascular Introduction of hemodynamic and

system electrophysiology of heart

Anti-hypertensive drugs

Anti-anginal agents

Anti-arrhythmic drugs

Drugs used in congestive heart failure

Anti-hyperlipidemic drugs

Drugs used in the therapy of shock

Haematinics

Anticoagulants and haemostatic agents

Fibrinolytics and antiplatelet drugs

 Blood and plasma volume expanders

Drugs acting on urinary system Diuretics and anti-diuretics

Drugs acting on respiratory Anti-asthmatic drugs

system
Mucolytics and nasal decongestants

Anti-tussives and expectorants

Respiratory stimulants

Pharmacology of central Neurohumoral transmission in the c.n.s with

nervous system special emphasis on pharmacology of
various neurotransmitters

General anesthetics

Alcohols and disulfiram

Sedatives

Hypnotics and centrally acting muscle

relaxants

Psychopharmacological agents

Antipsychotics

Antidepressants

Antianxiety agents

Anti-manics and hallucinogens

Anti-epileptic drugs

Anti-parkinsonism drugs

Nootropics

Narcotic analgesics

Drug addiction

Drug abuse

Tolerance and dependence

Pharmacology of endocrine Basic concepts in endocrine pharmacology
system
Hypothalamic and pituitary hormones

Thyroid hormones and antithyroid drugs

Parathormone

Calcitonin and vitamin-d

Insulin

Oral hypoglycemic agents and glucagon

Acth and corticosteroids

Androgens and anabolic steroids

Estrogens

Progesterone and oral contraceptives

Drugs acting on the uterus

Chemotherapy General principals of chemotherapy

Sulphonamides and co-trimoxazole

Antibiotics

Penicillins

Cephalosporins

Chloramphenicol

Macrolides

Quinolines and fluoroquinolins

Quinolones

Tetracyclines

Aminoglycosides and miscellaneous

antibiotics

Chemotherapy of tuberculosis
 Leprosy

Fungal diseases

Viral diseases

Aids

Protozoal diseases

Worm infections

Urinary tract infections and sexually

transmitted diseases

Chemotherapy of malignancy

Autacoids and their antagonists Histamine

5-ht and their antagonists

Prostaglandins

Thromboxanes and leukotrienes

Pentagastrin

Cholecystokinin

Angiotensin

Bradykinin and substance p

Analgesic

Anti-pyretic

Anti-inflammatory and anti-gout drugs

Pharmacology of drug acting on Antacids

the gastrointestinal tract
Anti-secretary and antiulcer drugs

Laxatives and antidiarrheal drugs

Appetite stimulants and suppressants

Digestants and carminatives

 Emetics and antiemetics

Chronopharmacology

Definition of rhythm and cycles

Biological clock and their significance

leading to chronotherapy

Chronopharmacology Definition of rhythm and cycles

Biological clock and their significance

leading to chronotherapy

Immunopharmacology Immunostimulants and immunosuppressants

Chemotherapy of malignant Basic principal of chemotherapy

diseases
Drugs used in cancer chemotherapy

Peptides and proteins as General principal of peptide pharmacology

mediators biosynthesis and regulation of peptides
peptide antagonists

Protein and peptide as drugs

Nitric oxide Biosynthesis of nitric oxide and its

physiological role

Therapeutic use of nitric oxide and nitric

oxide donors

Clinical condition in which nitric oxide may

play a part

Vitamins and minerals Vitamin deficiency diseases and their

management

Role of minerals in health and diseases

Principles of toxicology Definition of poison

General principles of treatment of poisoning

Treatment of poisoning due to heavy metals

Insecticides
 Opioids and other addict forming drugs

Study of acute

Sub acute and chronic toxicity as per oecd

guidelines

Genotoxicity

Carcinogenicity

Teratogenicity and mutagenicity studies

Pharmacognosy Introductory pharmacognosy Historical development

Modern concept and scope of

pharmacognosy

Significance of pharmacognosy in various

systems of medicine practiced in india

Ayurveda

Unani

Homeopathic and siddha

Classification of crude drugs Based on alphabetical

Morphological

Pharmacological

Chemical

Taxonomical and chemotaxonomic methods

Organized and unorganized drugs

Official and unofficial drugs

Sources of crude drugs Plants

Animals and minerals

Marine products

Plant tissue culture

Factors influencing quality of Exogenous factors
crude drugs
Temperature

Rainfall

Daylight

Altitude and soil

Endogenous factors

Mutation

Polyploidy and hybridization in medicinal

plants

Production factors including collection

Drying

Storage and transport methods

Study of morphological and histological

characters of crude drugs

Ergastic cell inclusions

Anatomical structures of both monocot and

dicot stems,

Leaves and roots

Barks

Fruits and seeds

Techniques in microscopy Details of mountants

Clearing agents

Chemomicroscopic in microchemical
reagents

Introduction to Definition of phytoconstituents

phytoconstituents
Classification of phytoconstituents

Chemical tests and pharmaceutical

 importance of

Carbohydrates and their derivatives

Fats and proteins

Alkaloids

Glycosides

Flavonoids

Steroids

Saponins

Tannins

Resins

Lipids and volatile oils

Principles of plant classification Diagnostic features and medicinal

significance of important plants with special
reference to

Algae

Rhodophyceae (agar, alginic acid, diatoms).

Fungi

Ergot

Yeast and penicillium

Gymnosperm

Pinaceae (turpentine, colophony)

Gnetaceae (ephedra)

Angiosperm

Apocynaceae

Asteraceae
 Lamiaceae

Rubiaceae

Rutaceae

Solanaceae

Scrophulariaceae

Leguminosae

Papaveraceae

Acanthaceae and apiaceae

Pteridophytes

Male fern

Pharmaceutical aids Biological sources

Chemical constituents

Adulterants and uses of

Starches

Acacia gum

Tragacanth

Sterculia

Guar gum

Pectin

Arachis oil

Castor oil

Sesame oil

Cotton seed oil

Olive oil
 Cotton

Silk

Wool

Regenerated fibers

Asbestos

Kaolin

Prepared chalk

Kieselghur

Animal products Biological sources

Chemical constituents

Adulterants and uses of

Shellac

Cochineal

Cantherides

Woolfat

Lard

Beeswax

Honey

Musk

Lanolin

Gelatin

Plant products Introduction to plant bitters

Sweeteners

Nutraceuticals
 Cosmeceuticals and photosensitizing agents

Toxic drugs Study of allergens

Hallucinogens

Narcotics

Toxic mushrooms

Enzymes Biological sources

Preparation

Characters and uses of

Diastase

Papain bromalain

Ficin

Yeast

Pancreatin

Urokinase

Pepsin

Trypsin

Pencillinase

Hyaluronidase and stryptokinase

Natural pesticides and Introduction to herbicides,, ,

insecticides
fungicides

Fumigants and rodenticides tobacco

Pyrethrum and neem

Adulteration and evaluation of Different methods of adulteration

crude drugs
Evaluation of drugs by organoleptic
 Microscopic

Physical

Chemical and biological methods

Deterioration of herbal drugs by insects

Quantitative microscopy Definition and determination of stomatal

index

Stomatal number

Palisade ratio

Vein islet number

Vein termination number

Lycopodium spore method

Micrometers and measurement of

microscopic characters

Biogenetic pathways Formation of primary and secondary

metabolites

Study of calvin cycle

Tca cycle

Shikimic acid pathway

embden-mayerhoff pathway

Acetate hypothesis

Isoprenoid pathway

Biosynthesis of carbohydrates

Lipids and volatile oils

Carbohydrates and lipids Biological sources

Salient morphological features

Chemical constituents
 Uses of plantago

Uses of bael

Uses of chalmooogra oil

Uses of neem oil

Uses of shark liver oil

Uses of cod liver oil

Uses of guggul lipids

Tannins Biological sources

Morphology

Chemical constituents

Chemical test and uses of pale catechu

Chemical test and uses of black catechu

Chemical test and uses of nutgalls

Chemical test and uses of terminalia belerica

Chemical test and uses of terminalia chebula

Volatile oils Chemical test and uses of terminalia arjuna

Biological sources

Morphology

Chemical constituents

Adulterants and uses of black pepper

Adulterants and uses of turpentine

Adulterants and uses of mentha

Adulterants and uses of coriander

Adulterants and uses of cardamom

 Adulterants and uses of cinnamon

Adulterants and uses of cassia

Adulterants and uses of lemon peel

Adulterants and uses of orange peel

Adulterants and uses of lemon grass

Adulterants and uses of citronella

Adulterants and uses of cumin

Adulterants and uses of caraway

Adulterants and uses of dill

Adulterants and uses of spearmint

Adulterants and uses of clove

Adulterants and uses of anise

Adulterants and uses of star anise

Adulterants and uses of fennel

Adulterants and uses of nutmeg

Adulterants and uses of eucalyptus

Adulterants and uses of chenopodium

Adulterants and uses of ajowan

Adulterants and uses of sandal wood

Resinous drugs Classification, formation and sources of

resinious drugs

Chemical constituents

Identification test

Adulterants and uses of benzoin

Adulterants and uses of peru balsam

 Adulterants and uses of tolu balsam

Adulterants and uses of colophony

Adulterants and uses of myrrh

Adulterants and uses of asafoetida

Adulterants and uses of jalap

Adulterants and uses of colocynth

Adulterants and uses of ginger

Adulterants and uses of turmeric

Adulterants and uses of capsicum

Adulterants and uses of cannabis

Adulterants and uses of podophyllum

Glycosides Nature and classification

biological sources

Morphology

chemical constituents

Adulterants and uses of digitalis

Adulterants and uses of strophanthus

Adulterants and uses of squill

Adulterants and uses of thevetia

Adulterants and uses of oleander

Adulterants and uses of cascara

Adulterants and uses of aloe

Adulterants and uses of rhubarb

adulterants and uses of senna

 Adulterants and uses of quassia

Adulterants and uses of dioscorea

Adulterants and uses of quillaia

Adulterants and uses of glycyrrhiza

Adulterants and uses of ginseng

Adulterants and uses of gentian

Adulterants and uses of wild cherry

Adulterants and uses of withania

Adulterants and uses of bitter almond

Biosynthesis of cardiac and anthraquinone

glycosides

Alkaloids Nature, classification, biological sources of

alkaloids

Morphology

Chemical constituents

Adulterants and uses of areca nut

Adulterants and uses of belladonna

Adulterants and uses of hyoscymous

Adulterants and uses of stramonium

Adulterants and uses of duboisea

Adulterants and uses of coca

Adulterants and uses of coffee

Adulterants and uses of tea

Adulterants and uses of cinchona

Adulterants and uses of opium

 Adulterants and uses of ipecac

Adulterants and uses of nux vomica

Adulterants and uses of ergot

Adulterants and uses of rauwolfia

Adulterants and uses of vinca

Adulterants and uses of kurchi

Adulterants and uses of ephedra

Adulterants and uses of colchicum

Adulterants and uses of vasaca

Adulterants and uses of pilocarpus

Adulterants and uses of aconite

Solanum xanthocarpum

Biosynthesis of tropane

Cinchona and opium alkaloids

Herbarium Preparation of herbarium sheets and their

importance in authentication of plants

Extraction and isolation General methods used for the extraction

techniques
Isolation and identification of alkaloids

Lipids

Glycosides

Flavonoids

Saponins

Volatile oils and resins

Application of column

Paper and thin layer chromatographic

 techniques

For the isolation of phytopharmaceuticals

Phytopharmaceuticals Isolation

identification and estimation of caffeine

identification and estimation of eugenol

identification and estimation of digoxin

identification and estimation of piperine

identification and estimation of tannic acid

identification and estimation of diosgenin

identification and estimation of hesperidine

identification and estimation of berberine

identification and estimation of calcium

sennosides

identification and estimation of rutin

identification and estimation of glycyrrhizin

identification and estimation of menthol

identification and estimation of ephedrine

identification and estimation of quinine

identification and estimation of

andrographolides and guggul lipids

Quality control and Quality control of herbal drugs as per who

standardization of herbal drugs
Ayush and pharmacopoeial guidelines
extractive values

Ash values

Chromatographic techniques of tlc, hptlc and

hplc for determination of chromatographic
markers
 Determination of heavy metals

Insecticides

Pesticides and microbial load in herbal

preparations

Herbal formulations Principals involved in ayurveda,

Sidha

Unani

Chinese and homeopathic systems of

medicines

Preparation of ayurvedic formulations like

aristas

Asava

Ghutika

Tailia

Churna

Avaleha

Ghrita and bhasmas

Unani formulations like majooms

Safoofs

Determination of alcohol contents in arishtas

and asavas

Worldwide trade of crude drugs Study of drugs having high commercial value
and volatile oils and their regulations pertaining to trade

Plant biotechnology History and scope of plant tissue culture

Growth media

Plant growth regulators

Callus and suspension culture

 Biotransformation

Immobilization

Hairy root culture

Transgenic plants and their applications

Plant tissue culture as source of secondary

metabolites.

Herbal cosmetics Importance of herbals as shampoos of

soapnut

Skin care of aloe, turmeric, lemon peel,

vetiver

Conditioners and hair darkeners like amla,

henna, hibiscus and tea

Traditional herbal drugs Common names

Sources

Morphology

Active constituents and uses of traditional

and folklore

Pharmacological and clinical uses of

punarnava of boerhaviadiffusa

Pharmacological and clinical uses of

shankhpushpi (convolvulus microphylla)

Pharmacological and clinical uses of lehsun

(allium sativum)

Pharmacological and clinical uses of guggul

(commiphora mukul)

Pharmacological and clinical uses of kalmegh

(andrographis peniculata)

Pharmacological and clinical uses of tulsi

(ocimum sanctum)

Pharmacological and clinical uses of valerian

 (valerian officinalis)

Pharmacological and clinical uses of

artemisia (artemisia annua)

Pharmacological and clinical uses of chirata

(swertia chirata)

Pharmacological and clinical uses of ashoka

(saraca indica)

Plants based industries and Knowledge about the herbal products being
research institutes in India manufactured by premier herbal industries
and thrust area of the institutes involved in
plant research

Patents Indian and international patent laws

Proposed amendments as applicable to

herbal/natural products and processes

Intellectual property rights with special

reference to phytoconstituents

Pharmaceutical Importance of quality control in

analysis pharmacy

Acid-base titrations Definitions of acids and bases according to

arrhenius and lewis theory

Definition of normality

Definition of molarity

Definition of molality

Definition of equivalent weight

Primary and secondary standards with

examples and differences between them

Standardization of strong acids and bases

using primary and secondary standards

Preparation of standard solutions of and

calculations of equivalent weights of oxalic
acid, potassium acid phthalate, calcium
chloride dihydrate and sodium carbonate

Calculation of factors involved in

standardization of sodium hydroxide,
hydrochloric acid and oxalic acid

Direct, back and differential titrations

Application of direct and back titrations to

preparations like boric acid and borax in a
mixture

Ammoniated mercury

Milk of magnesia and zinc oxide ointment

Law of mass action

Acid-base equillibria

Ph scale

Ph and hydronium ion concentrations in

aqueous systems

Calculations of ph for weak acids and weak

bases

Use and applications of ph meter

Hydrolysis of salts

Strengths of acids and bases

Dissociation constant

Theory of acid –base indicators

Neutralization of titration curves

Definition

Different types of buffers which includes

chemical and biological and their
composition

Buffer capacity
 Buffered isotonic solutions

Calculations involving preparation of various

buffer capacity solutions

Biological and pharmaceutical applications of

buffers

Non-aqueous titrations Acid-base definitions according to lowry-

bronsted

Lewis and arrhenius concept

Factors affecting strengths of acids and

bases

Intrinsic structure and surrounding

environment

Protophilic

Protogenic

Amphiprotic and aprotic solvents

Acid-base equillibria in non- aqueous media

Titrants and indicators used for assay of

acidic and basic substances

Preparation of perchloric acid

Formation of onium ion

Assay of 1o, 2o, 3o amines and amine

hydrochlorides using perchloric acid and the
reactions involved in it

Standardization of sodium ethoxide solution

Assay of phenols and phenobarbitone

General applications of non-aqueous

titrations

Oxidation- reduction titrations Definition of oxidation

Reduction
Oxidizing and reducing agent

Equivalent weight

Concept of half reactions

Systematic balancing of half reactions with

respect to

Oxalic acid-kmno4

Feso4-ceric nitrate and i2-sodium

thiosulphate solution titrations

Calculation of equivalent weight of oxalic

acid, kmno4, feso4, permangnate and i2
from half reactions

Calculation of factors for titrations

mentioned in a, b and c

Redox itrations

Kmno4 as self indicator

It's preparation

Standardization and use in the assay of

ferrous gluconate tablets

H2o2 and nano2 solution

Iodimetric and iodometric titrations

Definitions and difference between iodimetry

and iodometry

Preparation

Standardization of iodine solution

Assay of ascorbic acid and sulphur ointment

by iodimetry

Assay of copper sulphate and ferric chloride

by iodometry

Bromometric titrations
 Iodate titrations

Definition

Standardization and use of kio3 in the assay

of ascorbic acid and ki

Cerimetric titrations

Standardization and use of ceric solutions in

the assay of paracetamol tablets

It's advantages over permanganate

solutions

Bromine titrations

Standardization and use of bromine solution

in the assay of phenol and isoniazide tablets

Potassium dichromate titrations

Standardization and use of potassium

dichromate solution in the assay of ferrous
ammonium sulphate

Precipitation titrations Principle of solubility product and sparingly

soluble salts

Titrants and indicators used in mohr's,

volhard's and fajan's methods

Preparation and standardization of silver

nitrate and ammonium thiocyanate solutions

Assay of sodium chloride by mohr's method

Use of nitrobenzene in the assay of halides

Ammonium chloride and thiourea by

volhard's method

Calculation of factors in argentimetric

titrations

Titration curve method

General applications of precipitation

 titrations

Complexometric titrations Difference between double salts and co-

ordinate compounds

Definitions of co-ordination number of metal

ions

Ligands- uni-, bi-, and multidentate

Complexing

Chelating and sequestering agents with

respective examples

Structure of complexes of platinum with

ammonia

Ethylene diamine tetraacetate as a

multidentate ligand in complexometry

Co- ordinate compounds of edta with bi-, tri-

, and tetravalent metal ions

Stability of complexes and factors affecting

it

Use of buffers in edta titrations

Selective analysis of ions based on ph

adjustments

Use of masking and demasking agents

Pm or metal ion indicators

Standardization of edta solution

Titration curves

And examples of assays carried out by direct

and back titrations and by replacement of
one complex by the other

Applications of complexometry in the assays

of calcium gluconate

Milk of magnesia
 Zinc undecenoate ointment and aluminium
hydroxide gel

Assay of naf by indirect titration

Gravimetry Principles of gravimetry

Factors affecting precipitation

Formation and properties of precipitate

Colloidal state

Impurities in precipitate

Conditions of precipitation

Precipitation from homogenous solutions

Washing

Drying and ignition of precipitate

Experimental techniques of drying and

ignition

Applications of gravimetry in pharmacy

Extraction techniques Liquid-liquid extraction

Separation of mixtures by extraction

Distribution law

Successive and multiple extraction of craig

method

Continuous counter- current extraction

Effect of temperature and ph on extraction

Inert solute

Associate ion pair formation

Emulsion problem in extractions

Applications in pharmacy
Potentiometry Theory

Ion selective electrodes

Measurement of potential

Red-ox titration curve

Ph measurement

Relation of ph to potential

Applications in pharmacy

Miscellaneous methods of Diazotization titrations

analysis
Kjeldahl nitrogen estimation

Karl fisher titrations

Liquid gelenicals

Oxygen flask determination of alcohol

content in liquid gelenicals

Oxygen flask combustion method

Calibration

Calibration of instruments

General principles of Wave-particle duality

spectroscopy
Wave properties

Particulate properties

Line and band spectrum

Electromagnetic spectrum

Absorption and emission spectroscopy

Understanding of terms such as absorbance

Transmittance

Absorptivities
 Molar absorptivity

E 1cm 1%

Λmax

Effect of solvent and ph on λmax

Ultraviolet-visible spectrometry Different electronic transitions

Auxochromes and their effects

Auxochromic

Bathochromic and hypsochromic shifts in red

and blue shifts

Beer-lambert law

Its derivation

Deviations in beer's law

Single and double beam spectrophotometers

covering sources of radiations

Different monochromators

Detectors such as barrier cell

Photocell

Photomultiplier tube

Photodiode array detector

Applications of this technique in qualitative

and quantitative estimations giving
emphasis on problem solving

Fieser-woodward rules for calculations of

theoretical λmax values

Spectrofluorimetry Principle

Definitions and types of luminescence

Mechanism of fluorescence and

 phosphorescence

Singlet and triplet states and intersystem

crossing

Fluorescence yield and factors affecting it

Quenching of fluorescence and fluorescence

quenchers

Structure and fluorescence

Brief discussion of instrumentation

Applications of fluorimetry in pharmacy

Flame photometry and atomic Principle and instrumentation with emphasis

absorption spectrometry on working and importance of different
components

Temperature

Flame absorption and emission profiles

Interferences and their avoidance

Quantitative estimations and applications

Infrared spectrometry Infrared region in em spectrum

Principle

Different stretching and bending vibrations

Components and their working of a

dispersive instrument

Fourier transform technique

Ft instruments and their comparison with

dispersive instruments

Sample handling techniques

Functional group and finger print regions in

the spectrum

Functional groups identification and their

 use in characterization of compounds

Problems based on identification of

functional groups from spectra of unknown
compounds

Proton nuclear magnetic Principle involved in the technique

resonance spectrometry
Knowledge about fundamental terms
involved such as quantized absorption

Flipping of nucleus

Spin number

Magnetic moment

Magnetogyric ratio

Relaxation

Equations relating these terms to frequency

of radiation and magnetic field without
derivation of the equations

Types of relaxation processes

Low and high resolution instruments

A brief discussion on the low resolution

instrumentation of 60 mhz

Quantitative knowledge of relationship

between mhz and magnetic field

An introduction to superconductivity
magnets

Solvents and reference standards used

Setting up of a nmr scale

Sample preparation

Shielding and deshielding of a proton and it's

effect on chemical shifts

Discussion on and importance of equivalent

 and non equivalent protons of number of
signals

Chemical shifts of position of signal and their

calculation from the spectrum

Chemical shifts of different h's

Splitting multiplicity of a signal

Coupling constants of j values

Integration of area under the signal

Importance of these terms in identification

or confirmation of different functional
groups

Significance and contribution of j value in

stereochemistry

Prediction of expected theoretical values of

chemical shifts and multiplicities for all
protons from simple structures containing up
to 12-15 carbons

An introduction to ft-technique and its

significance in 13c-nmr spectrometry

Mass spectrometry Principle

Low and high resolution instruments

Components and importance of each in brief

Different types of mass spectrometric

techniques

Brief knowledge of chemical ionization mass

spectrometry

Calculations of hydrogen deficiency index or

unsaturation index

Base or parent peak

Molecular ion
 M+1

M + 2 peaks

Calculations of molecular weight based on m

+1 and m + 2 peaks

Formation of molecular ion and further

fragmentation

Rearrangements in mass spectrometry

Major modes of fragmentations of

hydrocarbons

Hydroxyl compounds

Halogen compounds

Aldehydes

Ketones

Carboxylic acids and amines

Introduction is only to recent advances in ms

Polarography Principle and instrumentation

Ilkovich equation with no derivation and its

importance

Dropping mercury electrode

Saturated calomel electrode

Liquid-liquid junction potential

Polarographic cell

Explanation of origin of s-shaped c-v curve

Applications 27 of this technique

Amperometric titrations

Principles
 Instrumentation and applications

Nephelometry and turbidimetry Principles

Tyndall effect

Duboscq turbidimeter

Eeel's nephelometer

Applications

Chromatography Principle

Rate and plate theory

Van deemter equation and the parameters

affecting separation/band broadening

Classification of chromatography

Retention factor

A detailed study of thin layer

chromatography

Preparative tlc

Paper chromatography

Column chromatography

Gas chromatography

Qualitative and quantitative applications of

the above techniques

An introduction to high performance thin

layer chromatography

Comparison of thin layer chromatography

and high performance thin layer
chromatography

A brief introduction to high pressure /

performance liquid chromatography

Miscellaneous An introduction to electrophoresis

 An introduction to lasers and masers

Statistical treatment to experimental data

Sampling techniques and applications in

pharmaceutical industry

Biochemistry Cell Revision of ultra structure of cell

Functions of various cellular constituents

Applications of biochemical principles to

pharmacy

Carbohydrates Types of carbohydrates

Their functions

Digestion and absorption

Aerobic and anaerobic oxidation with

energetics

Glycogenesis

Glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

Hexose monophosphate shunt

Diseases associated with carbohydrate

metabolism

Proteins Different types of proteins

Their functions

Digestion and absorption

Denaturation and its effect on biological

activity

Renaturation of proteins

Urea formation

Urea cycle

Creatinine formation
 Transamination and deamination

Proteins as enzymes

Lipids Different types of lipids

Their functions

Digestion

Absorption aand metabolism

Betaoxidation of fatty acids with energetics

Biosynthesis of cholesterol from acetate

Adrenocorticoids

Androgens

Progesterone

Estrogens and bile acids or salts

Ketone bodies

Their formation and biochemical significance

Diseases associated with lipid metabolism

Vitamins Definition

Classification

Structures of biochemical role except b12

Sources

Daily requirements and deficiency symptoms

Vitamins as co-factors in biochemical

reactions

Biological oxidations and Oxidation reduction systems in the body

reductions their role

Oxidative phosphorylation and electron

transport chain
 Cytochromes and inhibitors of the same

Enzymes Classification and their various roles

Enzyme co-factors

Enzyme kinetics

Michaelismenton equation along with its

transformations

Double reciprocal plot

Factors affecting enzyme action

Enzyme inhibition

Competitive and noncompetitive and kinetics

Nucleic acids Different types of nucleic acids and their

composition

Purine and pyrimidine bases

Sugars and phosphoric acid

Nucleosides and nucleotides

Formation of nas and their back bone

Different ways of representing dna and rna

molecules

Physico-chemical properties of nas

Their stability in acidic and basic solutions

Isolation

Purification and identification

Buoyant density

Sedimentation coefficient and svedberg

constant of nas

De-novo biosynthesis of nas

Dna and the watson-crick model and its

 features

Dna as the bearer of genetic information

Central dogma of molecular genetics and the

processes defined in the same

Replication of dna

Different types of rnas with their special

features and functions

Minor or rare bases

Transcription and translation

Different post translational modifications of

proteins

Triplet codon and the codon dictionary

Mutations

An introduction to different types of

mutations

Their nature and repair

Hereditary diseases Eliptocytosis

Spherocytosis

Heriditary non polyposis colorectal cancer

Diabetes insipidus

Biotechnology Plant cell and tissue culture Structure of plant cell

Dna

Genes and chromosomes

Cell and tissue culture

Requirements

Callus culture
 Suspension culture

Batch culture

Concept of somatic hybridization

Somatic embryogenesis

Processes and applications

Isolation and immobilization of enzymes and

plant cells and application

Protoplast and cell fusion

Germ plasm conservation

Production of secondary metabolites by

plant tissue culture

Gene transfer techniques

Animal cell culture Introduction to animal cell culture

Medium used in atc

Use of fcs

Primary culture

Secondary culture

Cell line

Cloning

Concept and application with technical

hurdles

Transgenic animals as source of food

Organs and tissues

Concept of xeno transplant

Fermentation technology and Fermentation as biochemical process

industrial microbiology
Types of fermentations
 Fermenter

Working and construction

Accessory components

Modification

Fermentation monitoring and in situ

recovery of products

Recombinant DNA technology Basic concepts

Introduction

Role of restriction endonuclease

Dna ligase

Dna polymerase

Reverse transcriptase

Process and applications Constructing recombinant dna molecules

Dna clones sources of dna for cloning

Dna vectors

Role of expression vectors

Host cell for recombinant work

Method for screening and selecting

transformants

Expression of foreign genes

Uses of recombinant dna

Pcr and applications

Human gene therapy concept and

applications

Drug delivery systems in gene therapy

Biotechnology derived products Sources and upstream processing

Introduction

Escherichia coli as a source of recombinant

Therapeutic protein

Additional production systems

Yeast

Fungal production systems

Transgenic animals

Transgenic plants

Insects cell based systems

Upstream processing

Downstream processing

Product analysis

Protein -based contaminant

Removal of altered form of the protein of

interest from the product stream

Determination of protein concentration

Immunological approaches to detection of

contaminant

Endotoxin and other pyrogenic contaminants

Pyrogen detection

Dna as contaminant

Microbial and viral contaminant

Viral assays

Miscellaneous contaminants

Validation studies

Production and purification of recombinant

 proteins like,

Insulin

Growth hormones

Somatostatin

Interferons

Only examples of recombinant blood

products

Proteomics Introduction

Genomic study

Structural and functional genomes

Human genome project

Technologies for proteomics

Protein identification

D-sds-page

Dimensional electrophoresis

Applications of dna and protein microarray

technology

Pharmaceutical and medical application of

proteomic

Formulation of proteins and Introduction

peptides
Making small protein particles

Precipitation of proteins from supercritical

fluids

Aseptic assembly

Quality control issues

Lyophilization of freeze-drying
 Protein compaction

Introduction to microbiology Scope and application to pharmacy field

Whittaker's five kingdom concept

Historical development

Biogenesis vs. a biogenesis

Germ theory of fermentation

Germ theory of disease

Contribution of leeuwenhoek

Robert koch

Jenner

Louis pasteur and ehrlich

Microscopy and staining Principle

technique
Ray diagram

Construction

Working and applications of light compound

Dark field

Phase contrast

Fluorescence and electron microscope

Concept of resolving power

Magnification power

Numerical aperture and angular aperture

and working distance

Principle application of oil immersion

microscopy

Theory of staining

Principle and technique of staining

 procedure

Monochrome

Gram

Acid fast

Negative

Capsule

Endospore

Biology of microorganisms Cultural characteristics

Pure culture techniques

Bacteria

Morphology and fine structure of bacteria

Nutritional requirement and type of culture

media

Growth and growth curve of bacteria

Physical condition for growth

Measurement of bacterial growth of counting

methods

Reproduction in bacteria

Genetic exchange

Transformation

Conjugation and transduction

Development of drug resistance by

recombination and mutation

Preservation of bacterial culture

Biochemical properties of sugar

fermentation and imvic test
 Pathogenesis of staphylococcus

Mycobacterium

Salmonella introductory study of disease

causing rickettsia

Importance of actinomycetes in antibiotic

production

Fungi and viruses Introduction of fungi

General characteristics of fungi

Morphology

Industrial and medical significance of

saccharomyces cerevisae

Penicillium and aspergillus

Candida albicans

Epidermophyton and trichophyta

Introduction of viruses

Structure and general properties

Bacteriophages of lytic and lysogenic cycle

Epidemiological uses of bacteriophages

Human viruses

Cultivation and multiplication virus host cell

interaction

Pathogensis of hiv and prions

Types of tumor viruses

Aseptic technique Omnipresence of microorganisms

Importance of asepsis

Sources of contamination and methods of

prevention
 Principle, construction and working of
laminar airflow bench

Sterilization and disinfection Concept and classification of sterilization

Principle and methods of sterilization

Mechanisms of cell injury

Construction working and applications of

moist heat and dry heat sterilizer

Gamma radiation sterilizer

Filtration sterilizer

Indicators of sterilization

Microbial death

Kinetic terms

D value

Z value

Terminology of chemical antimicrobial

agents

Chemical classification of different

disinfectants

Characteristics of ideal disinfectants

Factors affecting action of disinfectants

Evaluation methods of rw coeff

Kelsey sykes test

Microbial spoilage Chick martin test

Types of spoilage

Immunology and health Factors affecting spoilage of pharmaceutical

products

Host parasite relationship

Normal microbial flora of human body

Infection vs. disease

Pathogenicity vs. virulence

Koch and rivers postulates

Reservoir of infectionsources of infection

Portals of entry

Portals of exit

Vectors of infection

Communicability of disease

Recognized symptoms of microbial disease

Classification of immunity

Xternal defense mechanism of host

Skin

Mucus membrane

Chemical secretions

Naturally occurring microbial flora

Internal defense mechanism: inflammation

Fever

Natural killer cells

Phagocytic cells

Soluble mediators

Complement lymphokines

Interferons

Immune response
Specific immunity and immune response

Humoral immunity antibody response

Mediators of humoral immunity

Basic structure of antibody

Antibody classes and functions

Maturation of immune response

Immunologic memory

Antigens

Specificity and immunogenicity

Natural vs. artificial antigens

Soluble

Cellular antigens

Thymus independent antigen

Adjuvant

Hypersensitivity

Immediate or anaphylaxis

Compliment mediated or cytolytic

hypersensitivity

Immune complex or arthrus hypersensitivity

Delayed or cell mediated hypersensitivity

Cellular immunity

Transplantation immunity

Cellular immunity to viruses

Implications of t-cell response

Acquisition of specific immunity

 Natural vs. passive acquisition

Practical aspects of immunity

Measurement of humoral immunity

(antibodies

Precipitation tests

Agglutination tests

Ria

Elisa

Immune fluorescence

Production of monoclonal antibodies

Measurement of cell mediated immunity

Intradermal tests

Tests for migration

Mixed lymphocyte reaction

Vaccines and sera Cell mediated toxicity

Manufacturing of seed lot system and quality

control of bacterial vaccines and toxoids of
tetanus

Tab

Cholera

Bcg

Dpt

Viral vaccine like polio

Salk sabin

Rabies

Mmr
 Hepatitis

Chickenpox

Influenza

Antisera of diphtheria

tetanus

Antiviral antisera of rabies

Microbial assay Preparation of allergenic extracts and

diagnostics

Importance

General methods of assay of antibiotics

Cup and plate method

Paper disc method

Turbidometry

Dilution method

Methods for fungicidal and antiviral

compounds

Microbial assay limit tests

Pathophysiology Basic principles of cell injury Causes

and adaptation
Pathogenesis and morphology of cell injury

Abnormalities in lipoproteinemia

Glycogen infiltration and glycogen storage

disease

Basic mechanisms of Pathogeneses of inflammation

inflammation and repair
Chemical mediators in inflammation

Pathogenesis of chronic inflammation

Repair of wounds in the skin

 Factors influencing healing of wounds

Hypersensitivity Hypersensitivity type i, ii, iii, iv

Biological significance of hypersensitivity

Allergy due to food

Icals and drugs

Auto-immunity and diseases of Mechanism of autoimmunity

immunity
Classification of autoimmune diseases in
man

Transplantation and allograft reactions

Mechanism of rejection of allograft

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome

Amylodosis

Neoplastic diseases Disturbances of growth of cells

General biology of tumors

Differences between benign and malignant

tumors

Classification of tumors

Historical diagnosis of malignancy

Etiology and pathogenesis of cancer

Invasions

Metastasis

Patterns of spread of cancer

Environmental carcinogenesis

Shock Types of shock

Mechanisms of shock
 Stages and management of shock

Biological effects of radiation Nuclear radiation

UV

X-ray and other radiations

Protein calorie malnutrition, Deficiency of vitamins

vitamins, obesity. Starvation
Study of various syndromes due to obesity
and starvation

Pathophysiology of common Parkinsonism

diseases
Schizophrenia

Depression and mania

Stroke of ischemic and hemorrhage

Hypertension

Angina

Myocardial infarction

Ccf

Atherosclerosis

Diabetes mellitus

Peptic ulcer and inflammatory bowel disease

Cirrhosis and alcoholic liver diseases

Acute and chronic renal failure

Asthma and chronic obstructive airway

diseases

Infectious diseases Hepatitis

Infective hepatitis

Sexually transmitted diseases

 Pneumonia

Typhoid

Urinary tract infections

Tuberculosis

Leprosy

Malaria

Dysentery

Viral oncogenesis

Biopharmaceutics Bio-pharmaceutics Fate of drug after drug absorption

and
pharmacokinetics Various mechanisms for drug absorption

Drug concentration in blood

Biological factors in drug absorption

Physicochemical factors

Dosage form consideration for

gastrointestinal absorption

Drug absorption

Gastrointestinal absorption

Biological considerations

Physicochemical considerations

Role of the dosage form

Pharmacokinetics

Compartmental and non-compartmental

pharmacokinetics

Biotransformation and drug disposition

Eliminination and variability

 Body weight, age, sex and genetic factors

Pharmacokinetic variability diseases

Pharmacokinetic variability

Drug interactions

Individualization and optimization of drug

dosing regimens

Bio-availability and bio- Quality parameters of dosage forms

equivalence
Assay methods and its validation

Physico

Chemical properties of drugs and added

substances and its effect on preparations
and biological availability of dosage forms

Pharmaceutical properties of dosage forms

Disintegration

Dissolution rate

Biological

Pharmacological effects of dosage forms

Factors affecting bioavailability

Determination of bioavailability

Significance of bio-equivalence studies

Statistical analysis of bioequivalence studies

Development

Scale up and post approval changes and in

vitro dissolution in vivo plasma
concentration profile correlation or iv/iv
correlation (ivivc)

Multi stage
 Bioequivalence studies

Therapeutic equivalence

Titration design for clinical rationales

New drug application

Bio- pharmaceutical statistics Post marketing surveillance

Process validation

Clinical pharmacy General principles

and therapeutics
Preparation and maintenance

Analysis of observational
records in clinical pharmacy

Clinical trials

Type and phases of clinical trials

Placebo

Ethical and regulatory issues

including good clinical practice
in clinical trials

Therapeutic drug monitoring

Adverse drug reaction

Types of ADR

Mechanism of ADR

Drug interaction

Monitoring and reporting of ADR

and its significance

Drug information services

Drug interactions

Drug interaction in paediatric

and geriatric patients
Drug treatment during
pregnancy

Lactation and menstruation

Pharmacovigilance

Nutraceuticals

Essential drugs and rational

drug usage

Age related drug therapy

Concept of posology

Drug therapy for neonates

Paediatrics and geriatrics

Drugs used in pregnancy and

lactation

Drug therapy in gastrointestinal

Hepatic

Renal

Cardiovascular and respiratory

disorders

Drug therapy for neurological

and psychological disorders

Drug therapy in infections of

respiratory system

Urinary system

Infective meningitis

TB

HIV

Malaria and filaria

Drug therapy for thyroid and

 parathyroid disorders

Diabetes mellitus

Menstrual cycle disorders

Menopause and male sexual

dysfunction

Drug therapy for malignant

disorders like leukaemia

Lymphoma and solid tumours

Drug therapy for rheumatic

Eye and skin disorders

Anatomy, Cell physiology Cell

physiology and
health education Cell junctions

Transport mechanisms

Homeostasis

Ion channels

Secondary messengers

The blood Composition and functions of blood

Rbc

Wbc

Platelets

Homeostasis

Blood groups

Mechanism of clotting

Introduction to disorders of blood

Gastrointestinal tract Structure of the gastrointestinal tract

Functions of its different parts including

 those of liver

Pancreas and gall bladder

Various gastrointestinal structures and their

role in the digestion and absorption of food

Respiratory system Structure of respiratory organs

Functions of respiration mechanism and

regulation of respiration

Respiratory volumes and vital capacity

Autonomic nervous system Physiology and functions of the autonomic

nervous system

Mechanism of neurohumoral transmission in

ans

Sense organs Structure and physiology of eye

Ear

Taste buds

Nose

Skin

Skeletal system Structure and function of skeleton

Articulation and movement

Disorders of bones and joints

Central nervous system Functions of different parts of brain and

spinal cord

Neurohumoral transmission in the central

nervous system

Reflex action

Electroencephalogram

Specialized functions of the brain

 Cranial nerves and their functions

Urinary system Various parts structure and functions of the

kidney and urinary tract

Physiology of urine formation and acid base

balance

Brief introduction to disorders of kidney

Endocrine glands Basic anatomy and physiology of pituitary

Thyroid

Parathyroid

Adrenal glands and pancreas

Local hormones

Brief introduction to disorders of various

endocrine glands

Reproductive system Structure and functions of male and female

reproductive system

Sex hormones

Physiology of menstrual cycle and various

stages of pregnancy and parturition

Cardio vascular system Anatomy of heart and blood vessels

Physiology of blood circulation

Cardiac cycle

Conducting system of heart

Heart sound

Electrocardiogram

Blood pressure and its regulation

Lymphatic system Composition

Formation and circulation of lymph

 Spleen and its functions

Pharmaceutical Fluid flow Type of flow

engineering
Reynold's number

Viscosity

Concept of boundary layer

Basic equation of fluid flow

Study of valves

Flow meters

Manometers and measurement of flow and

pressure including mathematical problems

Heat transfer Source of heat

Mechanism of heat transfer

The laws of heat transfer

Steam and electricity as heating media

Determination of requirement of amount of

steam/electrical energy

Steam pressure

Boiler capacity

Mathematical problems on heat transfer

Steam traps and reducing valve

Lagging

Evaporation Basic concept of phase equilibrium

Factors affecting evaporation

Evaporators

Film evaporators
 Single effect and multiple effect evaporators

Mathematical problems on evaporation

Distillation Rault's law

Phase diagram

Volatility

Simple steam and flash distillation

Principles of rectification

Mc-cabe thiele method for calculations of

number of theoretical plates

Azeotropic and extractive distillation

Mathematical problems on distillation

Drying Moisture content and mechanism of drying

Rate of drying and time of drying

calculations

Classifications and types of dryers

Dryers used in pharmaceutical industries and

special drying methods like freeze drying
and lyophilization

Mathematical problems in drying

Size reduction and size Definition

separation
Objectives of size reduction

Factors affecting size reduction

Laws governing in energy and power

requirement of a mill

Types of mills including ball mill

Hammer mill

Fluid energy mill

 Micronizer

Quadro co-mil

Multimill

Extraction Theory of extraction

Extraction methods

Equipment for various types of extraction

process

Mixing Theory of mixing

Solid-solid

Solid-liquid and liquid-liquid mixing

equipment

Crystallization Characteristics of crystals like purity

Size

Shape

Geometry

Habit, forms

Size and factors affecting them

Solubility curves and calculation curves and

calculations of heat balance around s
swanson's walker crystallizer

Super saturation theory and its limitations

Nucleation mechanism

Crystal growth

Study of various types of crystallizers

Tanks

Agitated batch
 Swanson’s walker

Single vacuums

Circulating magma and crystal crystallizers

Cracking of crystals and its prevention

Numerical problems on yields

Introduction to polymorphism

Filtration and centrifugation Theory of filtrations

Filter aids

Filter media

Industrial filters

Including filter press

Rotary filter

Edge filters

Filter leaf and laboratory filtration

equipments

Factors affecting filtration

Mathematical problems on filtrations

Optimum cleaning cycle in batch filters

Principles of centrifugation

Industrial centrifugal filters and centrifugal

sedimentars

Dehumidification and humidity Basic concept and definition

control
Wet bulb and adiabatic saturation
temperatures

Psychometric count and measurement of

humidity

Application of humidity measurement in

 pharmacy

Equipments for humidification and

dehumidification operations

Refrigeration and air Principles and applications of refrigeration

conditioning and air conditioning

Material of constructions General study of composition

Corrosion

Resistance

Properties and applications of the materials

of construction with special reference to
stainless steel

Glass as material of constructions

Ferrous metals as material of constructions

Cast iron as as material of constructions

Non-ferrous metals as as material of

constructions

Copper and alloys as material of

constructions

Aluminum and alloys as material of

constructions

Lead as material of constructions

Tin as material of constructions

Silver as material of constructions

Nickel and alloys as material of

constructions

Chromium and non metals as material of

constructions

Stone as material of constructions

Slate as material of constructions

 Brick as material of constructions

Asbestos as material of constructions

Plastics as material of constructions

Rubber as material of constructions

Timber as material of constructions

Concrete as material of constructions

Corrosion and its prevention with reference

to commonly used material in
pharmaceutical plants

Automated process control Process variable

systems
Temperature

Pressure

Flow level and vacuum and their

measurement

Elements of automatic process control and

introduction to automatic process control

Elements of computer aided manufacturing

Industrial hazards and safety Mechanical industrial hazards

precautions
Chemical industrial hazards

Electrical industrial hazards

Fire industrial hazards

Dust industrial hazards

Noise hazards

Industrial dermatitis

Accident

Records of industrial hazards

 Safety requirements/equipments

Pharmaceutical Introduction to management Types of management

management
Basic concepts of management

Management process

Function and principles

Levels of Management

Pharmaceutical management art

Science or profession

Social responsibilities of management

Functions of management

Planning and forecasting Nature

Process and types of planning

Steps in planning process

Planning premises

Advantages and limitations of planning

Management by objective

Meaning

Objective features

Advantages and limitations

Forecasting

Importance

Limitations

Techniques of forecasting

Organization Definition
 Nature

Theories

Functions

Line and staff organization concepts

Research management R and d organizations and research

categories

Elements needed for an r and d organization

Technology transfer

Inventory management Objective and functions of inventory control

Types of inventories

Requirements of effective inventory control

Communication Nature of communication

Types of communication

Process of communication

Channels and barriers of communication

Limitations of communications

Importance in pharmaceutical industries

Marketing research New product selection

Product management

Advertising

Leadership and motivation

Meaning

Nature

Leadership styles

Theories of leadership
 Theories of motivation

Human resource and Definition

development
Hrd methods

Hrd process

Hrd in indian industry

GATT General agreement on tariff and trade and

its impact on pharmaceutical industry

History of gatt

Its impact on pharmaceutical industry

Pharmaceutical market in india

World trade organization and Introduction to wto

trade related intellectual
property rights Types of intellectual property rights

Industrial property and copyrights indian

patent acts

1970 with latest amendment

Definition

Types of patents

Standard institutions and Bureau of indian standards

regulatory authorities
International organization for
standardization

United states of food and drug

administration

Central drug standard control organization

International conference on harmonization

World health organization

Pharmaceutical Historical background drug

jurisprudence legislation in India
Code of ethics for pharmacists

The pharmacy act 1948

Drugs and cosmetics act 1940

Rules 1945

Including new drug applications

Narcotic drugs and psychotropic

substances act and rules there
under

Drugs and magic remedies act

1954

Medicinal and toilet

preparations (excise duties) act
1955, rules 1976

Medical termination of
pregnancy act 1970 and rules
1975

Prevention of cruelty to animals

act 1960

Drug price control order

Shops and establishment act

Factory act

Consumer protection act

Indian pharmaceutical industry

An overview

Industrial development and

regulation act 1951

Introduction to intellectual
property rights and Indian
patent act 1970

An introduction to standard
 institutions and regulatory
authorities such as BIS

ASTM

ISO

TGA

USFDA

MHRA

ICH

WHO

Minimum wages act 1948

Prevention of food adulteration

act 1954 and rules 1955

Bibliography

Dispensing and Introduction to laboratory

hospital pharmacy equipment

Weighing methodology

Handling of prescriptions

Labelling instructions for

dispensed products

Preparations based on
percolation process

Preparations based on
maceration process

Study of difference between

marketed and dispensed
products of different dosage
forms

Posological calculations
involved in calculation of dosage
for infants, enlarging and
reducing formula, displacement
value

Preparations of formulations
involving allegation

Alcohol dilution

Isotonic solution

Study of current patent and

proprietary products

Generic products and selected

brand products

Indications

Contra indications

Adverse drug reactions

Available dosage forms and

packing of antihypertensive
drug

Available dosage forms and

packing of anti-amoebic drugs

Available dosage forms and

packing of anti-histaminic drugs

Available dosage forms and

packing of anti-emetic drugs

Available dosage forms and

packing of antacids and ulcer
healing drugs

Available dosage forms and

packing of anti-diarrheal and
laxatives

Available dosage forms and

packing of respiratory drugs

Available dosage forms and

packing of antibiotics

Available dosage forms and

packing of analgesics and
antipyretic drugs

Compounding and dispensing of

following prescriptions

Mixtures

Solutions

Emulsions

Lotions

Liniments

Powder

Granules

Suppositories

Ointments / paste

Cream

Incompatibility

Prescription based on physical

Chemical and therapeutic

Tablets

Inhalations

Reading and counselling of

prescriptions from the clinical
practice

Designing from mock pharmacy

Layout and structure of retail

pharmacy
Compounding

Dispensing

Storing

Labelling

Pricing

Recording and counselling of

prescription

Procurement of information for

the given drug for drug
information services