Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1 Basic Insa: NSA Aying The Right Thing
1 Basic Insa: NSA Aying The Right Thing
= Î
1 q
õ
¼
1 Basic Insa
Hello. I’m ...
When we extend a
friendly greeting to people
we usually say: PÜ
q́ Ä
; §?
Vx ó̈
Àö
<Wx §.
An-nyeong-ha-se-yo? An-nyeong-ha-se-yo? 3, q́
6 PÜ Ä
;Vx §? 3
Á9
N V
F <
Wx§.
(How are you?) Ka-il-li wo-keo-ye-yo. Ne, an-nyeong-ha-se-yo?
Kim-sang-u-ye-yo.
The standard reply is to
give a positive answer, ie ne 3, q́
6 PÜÄ
;Vx§? w
9
ó Ru
Ù < §.
Vx
(yes), and ask the same Ne, an-nyeong-ha-se-yo?
Jon me-i-seun-i-e-yo.
question: Ne,
an-nyeong-ha-se-yo?
(Good, how are you?)
Note that
an-nyeong-ha- means to
be at peace. Thus, the literal PÜ
q́ Ä
;Vx §?
¾¥ß
Ä
î < §.
Vx
An-nyeong-ha-se-yo?
translation of the exchange I-seon-yeong-i-e-yo.
would be: Are you at peace?
and Yes, and are you at
peace?
To introduce ourselves,
we say our name and then
either -ye-yo or -i-e-yo
(I’m ..., it’s ... etc). We use -ye-yo if our name ends in a vowel sound, and -i-e-yo if it ends in a
consonant sound. Note that we are talking about sounds not spelling. See how people in the picture
identify themselves.
As you would expect, your name may have to be modified, slightly or dramatically, according to the
Korean sound system. This modification may have an impact on the choice between -ye-yo and
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-i-e-yo. Here are some notes. First, with names that end in an r sound, eg Barber, Miller, Taylor, etc,
Koreans don’t pronounce the final r. These names are then seen to end in a vowel sound within the
Korean sound system. This is why Kylie Walker in the picture chooses -ye-yo and says: Ka-il-li
wo-keo-ye-yo (not Ka-il-li wo-keor-i-e-yo).
What happens if your name ends in an l sound? You will use -i-e-yo since your name ends in a
consonant, but the final l sound in your name will be changed to r. Suppose your name is Debbie Bell.
You will then introduce yourself in Korean: De-bi ber-i-e-yo (not De-bi bel-i-e-yo).
When reading foreign names that end in a consonant sound such as p, b, t, d, k and g (linguists call
them non-nasal stops), Koreans generally add a schwa-like vowel sound, represented here as eu, to the
final consonant. Names such as Hart and Hind will be pronounced as Ha-teu and Ha-in-deu in
Korean, which of course means that they are to be treated as names ending in a vowel. Thus, we say:
Ha-teu-ye-yo and Ha-in-deu-ye-yo (not Hat-i-e-yo for instance).
The same goes for names ending in s, f, th and their voiced counterparts (linguists call all these
fricative sounds). If your name is Harris, you will say: Hae-ri-seu-ye-yo.
With names such as Bush, Dash and George (the final consonant of each is called a palato-alveolar
sound), Koreans add the vowel i at the end. Thus if your name is George, you will say: Jo-ji-ye-yo.
Ask your instructor, if your name is outside these notes.
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5;Vx§.
When someone is leaving, An-nyeong-hi
we say: An-nyeong-hi gye-se-yo.
ga-se-yo (Good-bye:
literally, Please go in peace).
But if it is we who are
leaving, we say:
An-nyeong-hi gye-se-yo
(Good-bye: literally, Please 3, q́
6 PÜÄ
;Vx §.
stay in peace) to whoever is ¦ ń
P §.
x
staying behind. Ne, an-nyeong-hi
ga-se-yo.
We can of course add: Tto Tto man-na-yo.
man-na-yo (See you again:
literally, We meet again).
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2 Romanisation
As you probably already know, Korean is written in its own very simple, and ingenious, phonetic
script called Hangeul. However, as a transitory means, Korean expressions in the first lesson have been
written in the English alphabet.
The process of writing Hangeul in the Roman alphabet is known as romanisation. There are a few
romanisation systems available, but the one that we follow here is ‘The Revised Romanization of
Korean’, or RRK, developed in 2000 by the National Academy of the Korean Language in the Republic
of Korea. Currently, many street signs in Korea are given not just in Hangeul but also in the Roman
Alphabet, and it is the RRK that is predominantly adopted here.
However, you should not take romanisation to be the same as spelling in English. This is because the
way words are spelt in English does not reflect the way they are actually pronounced. For example, the
a in arm, dare, dame and dam is pronounced differently in each case. Romanisation is a convention
whereby we standardise pronunciation by assigning constant values to each letter. Within RRK, as we
explain below in more detail, the letter a is consistently used to represent the English a sound as in arm;
it is not used for any other sounds which the letter a may represent in English.
Another warning is that, while Hangeul renders the sounds of Korean in a remarkably accurate way,
no script can ever fully describe the actual sounds of any given language. For instance, the Hangeul
letter is pronounced as d when it occurs between two voiced sounds, and as t elsewhere. RRK
romanises the letter as d when it is followed by a vowel, and t when it is followed by another
consonant or when it forms the final sound of a word. This works well, except when the letter occurs
sentence-initially and is followed by a vowel. This is a situation where the letter is romanised as d
but is pronounced as t. Thus, when you say: Ban-gap-sseum-ni-da, you should pronounce the
underlined d as d, but when you say: Deur-eo-o-se-yo, you should pronounce the underlined d as t.
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Consonants Vowels
g a as in part
kk as in sky ae as in cable
n ya as in yard
d yae as in yabby
eo as in pot
tt as in stop
e as in pet
r/l yeo as in yonder
m ye as in yet
b o as in port
pp as in spot wa as in wonder
s wae as in wag
ss oe as in wet
ng as in sing yo as in your
j u as in do
wo as in wobble
jj
we as in wet
ch
wi as in weeds
k yu as in few
t eu as in urn
p ui Say Ernie without the n (and without moving the lips)
h i as in feet
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More Notes
The dash symbol, ‘-’, in the romanisation stands for what we loosely call syllable boundary within
an independent expression. (Strictly speaking, this is not part of RRK conventions. In RRK the usage of
the dash symbol is somewhat arbitrary. It can be inserted, for example, where there is the possibility of
confusion in pronunciation.) Broadly stated, the rhythmic structure of a Korean sentence is such that
you can take one syllable to have one beat. Thus, when you practise reading, eg
An-nyeong-ha-se-yo?, it might be an idea to clap five times while saying the whole sentence.
Koreans use punctuation marks, such as ‘,’, ‘.’, and ‘?’, in very much the same way as you do in
English. They also use a space as you do in English after an independent expression, eg a word. All
these are reflected in the Romanisation system. (Note that suffixes or particles such as case markers are
all attached to the stem or the noun concerned in Korean, that is, no space is given between the stem and
suffixes and between the noun and particles. We will study this part of grammar in more detail later in
the course.)
4 More expressions
Here are some more Insa expressions and some classroom instructions you may hear your instructor
using. They’re not intended for you to learn by heart in this unit (some of them we study more closely
in Unit 7), but their use can help to give a more Korean ‘feel’ to classroom procedure.
,
¦
åÃÌB
%
.
Hope to see you again. Tto bwoep-gess-sseum-ni-da.
Ö
õń P<Vx§. You’re welcome. Cheon-man-e-yo.
3./<
6 W. Yes. Ne./Ye.
x§. No. A-ni-yo.
¾M
¥
û4
Á ...
N Teacher, ... Seon-saeng-nim ...
... (Your Name) +
Mr/Ms ... ... + ssi
R¤
ë
© x
÷ V;x §. Listen closely. Jal deur-eu-se-yo.
;Vx §. Repeat. Tta-ra ha-se-yo.
Ðx
ó̈ ;Vx§. Read. Ilg-eu-se-yo.
;
¤ Vx§. Write (it). Sseu-se-yo.
Às
ó
© ó̈
ë Ì#Tx §? Any questions? Jil-mun iss-eo-yo?
ÃÌ#
% Tx §? Do you get it? A-si-gess-eo-yo?
3, ë̈
6 RÃÌ#
% Tx §. Yes, I get it. Ne, al-gess-eo-yo.
x§, ë©u
R ¦tÃ
Ì#
% §.
Tx No, I don’t get it. A-ni-yo, jal mo-reu-gess-eo-yo.
v
B ¦;
Vx §. Try (it). Hae bo-se-yo.
¡
Z
ë ... All together ... Da gach-i ...
ẃ
½ ...
õ Once again .., Once more ... Da-si han beon ...
R
ë
© ÞÌ#
î Tx §. Well done! Jal ha-syeoss-eo-yo.
õ
Ö
õ
Ö ... (Please speak) slowly. Cheon-cheon-hi ...
Å#
N
: T!TÞÌT
î #x§. I’ve forgotten. Ij-eo-beo-ryeoss-eo-yo.
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¢ W (1)
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I N THIS U NIT ...
• Reading and writing Hangeul
• More about pronunciation
1 Hangeul: Introduction
GHANA
One of the most exciting and important events in modern Korean (Ga-na)
history was the 1988 Seoul Olympics.
When the 150 countries in the 1988 Seoul Olympics marched
GUYANA
into the Olympic Stadium for the opening ceremony, they did so in (Ga-i-a-na)
alphabetical order – Korean alphabetical order. Look at the
examples of countries’ names written in Hangeul and see if you can S
F
3
THE GAMBIA
read them using the guide below. (Gam-bi-a)
g, k a a
n [ ], ng
NIGERIA
u i m (Na-i-ji-ri-a)
b, p j
r, l n u
ROMANIA
s eu i o
s t (Ru-ma-ni-a)
f e k
b ae d, t
v ©
À BRAZIL
ó
h (Beu-ra-jil)
ó̈
Àcõs
B THAILAND
ÁF
ß
I CHINESE HONG KONG
Ú (Ta-il-laen-deu)
(Hong-kong)
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Looking at these examples can tell us a lot about the way Hangeul is written. Firstly, notice how it is
written in syllables, not in single, individually-spaced letters as in English. For example, if we were to
write Chinese Hong Kong according to the individually-spaced letter style of the English alphabet, it
would look like: i i (Hong Kong), whereas in the Hangeul system it is actually
written: I
ÁF
ß . On the other hand, if we were to write Hong Kong in Hangeul letters but according to
Ú
the conventions of written English, it would look like this: H K
o o .
ng ng
The shaping of Hangeul was influenced by culture as well as linguistics. Hangeul was originally
devised to complement the use of Chinese characters, and in Chinese a single character represented a
single syllable. So the Hangeul characters were not written in their individual spaces, but were grouped
in syllables. If you want to know more about this, read the Cultural Notes on Page 13.
Secondly, each Hangeul syllable consists of a vowel with optional surrounding consonants. Look
again at the example of Hong Kong. Both syllables have a central vowel, with front and rear
consonants.
Front Consonant Vowel Rear Consonant
1st Syllable H o ng
2nd Syllable K o ng
In this case, both front and rear consonants are present, but this is not always the case. For example,
the Korean word for child is a-i. Although it has only two letters, both are vowels, and so the word is
written in two syllables.
Front Consonant Vowel Rear Consonant
1st Syllable – a –
2nd Syllable – i –
Thirdly, note from the examples at the beginning of this unit that where there is no initial consonant,
the letter indicates this. For example, look at the examples of Guyana and Nigeria.
Ga- i- a- na Na- i- ji- ri- a
The reason for this is again related to the fact that Hangeul is written in syllables. If a syllable has no
initial consonant then we indicate that by inserting an initial zero consonant. Thus when we write the
Korean word for child (a-i) it comes out as: .
If you are not clear at this stage on the terminology consonant, vowel, and syllable, it might be wise
to stop and consult a suitable reference book.
Yet another characteristic of Hangeul almost too obvious to be worth pointing out is that it
transcribes the Korean language, and so when it transcribes foreign sounds it transcribes them as the
Korean ear hears them. Thus in the examples above, some vowel sounds might appear different from
those that the native English speaker might expect.
One particular point of difference is that the Korean language doesn’t have many clusters of
consonants. Thus, in a foreign-language transcriptions, clusters of consonants are made to look and
sound ‘less foreign’ by inserting the vowel eu between consonants. In this process st- becomes
seu-t-, and str- becomes seu-teu-r- and so on. Note, for example, how Australia is written in
Hangeul.
¦ w
x 8
| R ó̈
À
O- seu- teu- re- il- li- a
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2 Writing Hangeul
The vowels
For most people the easiest way to learn Hangeul is through practice in writing while reading aloud.
It might be helpful to use a squared paper – such as graph paper.
The table below shows the prescribed stroke order for writing all the Hangeul vowels, listed in
Korean alphabetical order. Check the romanisation pronunciation given in Unit 1 (see Page 6).
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The consonants
The nineteen consonants are shown below with their stroke order.
Vertical Vowel
Further Examples:
Horizontal Vowel
Further Examples:
Example:
O-(seu-teu-re-il-li-a) §
x ¦
x
¬
t ¶
= Australia yo tto eu u ryo hyu
Mixed Vowel
Further Examples:
A Hangeul syllable can have up to two consonants after the vowel. The position for the syllable-final
consonant(s) is the lower portion of the writing-square, below the combination of the syllable-initial
consonant and the vowel. Here are some examples.
Example: Han-(geul) õ
¼
q V
F
9
ó T
ë
¡ F̀
: "
ª
in sang ban gap anj chanh
Example: (Han)-geul
÷
¤
=
B
©
ó
w
Ù
u
deul neuj seup ol jon seun
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I N THIS U NIT ...
• More about Hangeul
• More about pronunciation
ß
½
î gi-yeok a
a
Vß
F
D ½
î ssang-gi-yeok
b
< ae
v
ni-eun
c
ya
d
Þ
< yae
<
V
S di-geut
e T
# eo
V
F
D <
V
S ssang-di-geut
f V
< e
©
÷ ri-eul g U
# yeo
C
¹ mi-eum h W
< ye
C
¹ bi-eup i ¦
x o
V
F
D C
¹ ssang-bi-eup j Â
wa
v
À
ø si-ot k Ü
wae
V
F
D v
À
ø ssang-si-ot l Â
oe
C
¹ i-eung m §
x yo
C
¹ ji-eut
n
u
V
F
D C ssang-ji-eut
o ö
wo
p
¹
ë
we
©
÷ chi-eut
q ö
wi
C
¹ ki-euk
r ®
yu
©
÷ ti-eut s
x eu
C
¹ pi-eup t Ô
 ui
©
÷ hi-eut u
i
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To refer to the consonants themselves, use the names provided in the box below. For tensed
consonants, the prefix D V- (ssang-: double) is added to the respective normal consonant. The vowels
F
are referred to as the individual sound they represent.
Alphabetical order is followed letter by letter in units of one syllable. Thus the first entry in a Korean
dictionary is , followed by all the compounds whose first syllable is . These compounds are of
course themselves presented in alphabetical order, and so the final entry under in a standard concise
dictionary would be
(fully, sufficiently), for (
©) is alphabetically the last consonant and u
÷
(
) is alphabetically the last vowel. The next entry would be 3 O, followed by all the 3
F O- compounds,
F
then j́
P- and so on.
The tensed consonants, i.e., , , ,
and
, are placed at the conclusion of the respective
normal consonant entries, i.e., , , , and . That is, - entries follow the entire - entries
and precede - entries.
In dictionaries, words which begin with vowels are ordered under ‘zero-initial’ consonant ( C),
¹
and thus before ( C ) and after
(D
¹ V
F v À).
ø
Some examples
Consider the following list of Korean family names as an example of Korean alphabetical order in
action. If you picked up a Korean telephone book, the names would be in this order.
F
V
3 5
q
<
[
O '
A
:
<
[
Q
¬ À
ó
¡ Á
N
3
S
F
4
r ¦
s
>q
µ ®
K
û
Ä
î
Ü
ë
s
n
¾
¼
O
F
8
ó V
F
8
: L
ô ¾
õ
<[
O X
" ¥
¾ ¾
¥
Ä
¶
Þ
w u
ó
B
B ¾
¼
p Á
N
9 P
q́ V
G
: #
T
Á
í
ß U
# ¾
õ Á
î
ß ¦
x
µ
C
E
á ö
®
ì
v
¹
C
õ
¼
q
Á
N
: V
F
; ½
õ Ä
í
à V
= V¡
= R
ë y
¦
¨
õ
¼
r
> Ö
õ Ä
%
O
F
> ¾
õ
ẃ
}
@ )
d
â
õ Á
ß
I C
}
4
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2 Reading Hangeul
In the first two units we made a few important points about Korean pronunciation, mostly as to how
we pronounce vowels and syllable-initial consonants. Let us review them, and study more points on
reading syllable-final consonants. For our reading practice, we draw examples from, wherever possible,
country/city names around the world and common English loan words, which should not be regarded as
foreign words but rather as Korean words of foreign origin.
s
x
¦
w
V
<
v u
ø ¦"
Ow
R
9 u
Ù
Si-deu-ni o-a-si-seu Si-e-ra-ri-on Mo-ri-syeo-seu Me-i-seun-ssi
Sydney Oasis Sierra Leon Mauritius Mr Mason
t
»Î
¦A
x R
9}
Ä
N ¦t A
µ
w 6
V
F
U-reu-gwa-i o-pe-ra Sing-ga-po-reu Ga-bong Seu-ri-rang-ka
Uruguay Opera Singapore Gabon Sri Lanka
8
R
p
ó ḿ
s
s
ÐÄ
÷9
4N 3ë
6R
Re-ba-non I-ran Ma-deu-ri-deu Hel-sing-ki Ne-pal
Lebanon Iran Madrid Helsinki Nepal
When the syllable-final (©) is followed by another , that is, when you have two s between
÷
two vowels, the two s shall be pronounced as retroflex l. Now, listen and practise.
÷8
Î
1 R
õ
½ À?
ó
¾
Ù Â
ò
F . ÷8
*
ª R R8
ë
¥ R
tel-le-bi-jeon pil-leum keul-leop Chil-le Mal-le-i-si-a
television film club Chile Malaysia
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¹
À), and the aspirated series as
x
§ x
§ §
x
ja-yo jja-yo cha-yo
(
C ), (
¹ © ), (
÷ C ) and
¹
(
© ).
÷ “I sleep.” “It’s salty.” “It’s cold.”
The distinction is to be made clearly x
§ x
§
when these consonants occur
syllable-initially. Listen and practise sa-yo ssa-yo
reading the Korean words in the table on “I buy.” “It’s cheap.”
the right.
Now, listen and practice reading the country/city names below. The focus here is on the distinction
between normal and aspirated forms. Notice in particular that normal forms, ie , , and , are
pronounced as romanised – g, d, b and j, respectively – when occurring after a voiced sound, eg a
vowel. By contrast, pronunciation of aspirated forms, ie , , and , is constant. (Incidentally,
tensed forms, ie , , ,
and
, are not used in representing foreign loan words in Hangeul.)
t
q
Ú
F ¦
u {
כ
Ga-na Ka-ta-reu Kong-go Mo-na-ko
Ghana Qatar Congo Monaco
H§
m
÷ õ
¼ N
'
?
¦
Deo-beul-lin Teo-ki Kae-na-da Mol-ta
Dublin Turkey Canada Malta
v ©
À
ó
}6V
F w
¦ v
}
t
«w
Beu-ra-jil Peu-rang-seu Mol-di-beu Ki-peu-ro-seu
Brazil France Maldives Kypros
9
R
s
S
F
= ¨
Ja-me-i-ka Cha-deu Pi-ji Kam-pu-chi-a
Jamaica Chad Fiji Kampuchea
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Unexploded consonants
When occurring in the syllable-final position, (ß ½), (D
î Vß
F ½) and (
ß
½
î ]
ë
¦ C
¹ <
V
S ©
÷ C
¹ ¹
C
gi-yeok bak ki-euk di-geut ti-eut bi-eup pi-eup
Name of outside Name of Name of Name of Name of Name of
v
À
ø 2
Ì
C
¹ ©
÷ ©
÷
si-ot eot ji-eut chi-eut hi-eut
Name of Past-tense marker Name of Name of Name of
Let’s continue. In the examples below the underlined , and are pronounced as unexploded k,
p and t, respectively. It would be useful to know that when writing a foreign loan word in Hangeul,
(
vÀ) – not (
ø < V), nor (
S © ) – appears to be the most preferred letter for a syllable-final t
÷
sound (for an unclear reason).
½
H
©
6Á?
N ½
N w
ô¾
Nõ
|
µ
> m
õ
¼ ?
ó
p ½¾
N
õ
nek-ta-i ol-lim-pik aek-syeon-seu-ta dok-teu-rin non-pik-syeon
necktie olympics action star doctrine non-fiction
Â
ó
¬ Â
ó
© R
9 ¡
Â2 TB
ë
Hó
Â
§
tip jip-si me-i-keu-eop pap-song ri-deo-sip
tip gypsy make-up pop(ular) song leadership
°ú
«t
t À
ø
¡
µ
à µ
Ã
¦
s Ã
Ti-bet ro-bot keu-ri-ket ra-ket do-neot
Tibet robot cricket racket doughnut
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±ë
| Á
N
; v
ë
}
< Â Â
9
Sx
F »
ý Üx?
§
Ku-we-i-teu Jim-ba-beu-we cham-oe oe-sam-chon wae-yo
Kuwait Zimbabwe yellow melon maternal uncle “Why?”
3 Some FAQs
Are there several different Hangeul scripts?
No, there is only one. There are no separate sets of cursive, lower and upper case letters, as in
English.
Even so, these variations are relatively slight. Once your eye adjusts to them, they are never a source of
confusion.
Also note there is another source of variation – that caused by the different inner proportions of the
writing square. Look at the different proportions of the (
C ) letter in the following two words.
¹
This is because in
± the is followed by a horizontal vowel, and in ? it is followed by a
vertical vowel:
±
(Cuba)
?
(Canada).
Is Hangeul written down or across the page?
Predominantly, across the page. However, depending on the conventions of the particular field of
writing, Hangeul can be written down. For example, some of the major South Korean magazines are
written down the page, while others write across the page.
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I N THIS UNIT ...
• Telling people where you are going
• Some basic verbs
• Using the Polite Informal verb endings
• More about pronunciation
1 Conversation
Kylie, a foreign student in Korea, has just met up with a Korean acquaintance,
¥
¾ßÄ (Seon-Yeong),
î
in the street.
ó̈
À: q́
PÜ Ä
;
Vx§?
¥
¾ßÄ: q́
î PÜ Ä
;
Vx§,
ó̈
À . #
T §?
x
ó̈
À: @
q
}
< §.
V x
¥
¾ßÄ:
î 8 §?
x s¦@
q
}
< §. ¡
V x Z
ë §.
x
20
c G Shin 2006
T
# §?
x
T
# where vŢ
Þ û bank
7@q
}
university @M
} û9
½5
N V
F student dining hall
q
}
@
school M
}
@ û
student
q§
À
ó classroom ½5
N
9 V
F dining hall, restaurant
VÂ
F
3 ԧó lecture room (in university) Â
ó
© house, home
¦
s"X\d
B library 6
1 downtown
B
coffee shop -<
V to ...
>
Z<
T
Q post office x§. I go/I’m going
q
}
@
<
V x§. I’m going to school.
¦"
s d
X\
BV §.
< x I’m going to the library.
6
1<
V x§. I’m going to the city.
c G Shin 2006 21
V4»
= Î
B
keo-pi-syop
B
<
V keo-pi-syo-be to the coffee shop
>Z<
T
Q u-che-guk =⇒ >
Z<
T<
Q V u-che-gu-ge to the post office
§
q À
ó gyo-sil
§
q À<
ó V gyo-si-re to the classroom
3Â
V
F Ô§
À
ó gang-ui-sil VÂ
F
3 Ô§
À<
ó V gang-ui-si-re to the lecture room
x
¦5 video shop ;
V
F market
©(
Nµ
Ã
supermarket S7
F
4 s
ë ;
V
F Namdaemun Market
©(
N corner shop !w
T 'N
¢R
ë bus terminal
Ý
Ä
î E
á hospital V4
F
3 S'
F N
¢R
ë Gangnam Express Bus Terminal
9
¹
C ½à
N Á
í restaurant ß
½
î railway station
(bae-kwa-jeom)
ôÈ
L
*à
Á
í department store X©
"
ß½
î (Seo-ul-yeok) Seoul Station
À7
ý
r LL
ôÈ
*à
Á
í Lotte Department Store <@
[
O
} airport
[
<
O E
á park õ
¼
q Ö
õ<[@
O
} Incheon International Airport
22
c G Shin 2006
T
# §?
x
- go ¤-
write
¦-
x come P
ń - meet
-
do ¦-
v see
O
<
[ -
study å
øv
Z ¦- take an exam
- have a chat S
F
; - sleep
Ü-
½
í eat -
£ play
- drink >
ë
v
µ - exercise, work out
½
N
9
- have a meal ê
ó what
=
B -
V
do homework x
B §? do you do ...?/are you doing ...?
õÈ
½
-
*
telephone, ring 3.
6 Yes.
Ð-
ó̈ (ik-) read
x§. No.
Traditionally Korean verbs are listed in what is called their ‘dictionary form’, consisting of the verb
stem plus the suffix -
(-da). However, this form is non-functional in spoken Korean, and so in the
vocabulary lists in this book you see just the verb stems. We mention this because your instructor,
especially if he or she is a native speaker, may refer to the dictionary form, and when you start to use
Korean-English dictionaries you will see all the verbs are listed in this form.
A small number of Korean syllables end with two consonants, as in ó̈ Ð- (to read). When the
consonant cluster is followed by a vowel, ie when followed by a syllable that begins with the letter
(
C), both of the consonants are pronounced (see Page 25). Otherwise, there are rules that apply to
¹
determine which of the two are pronounced. In the case of ó̈ Ð-, the (©) falls silent, and thus we
÷
read ik-. We judge that these double consonant syllables are sufficiently rare for us to note the
pronunciation when individual cases come up, rather than to offer a list of rules at this stage.
24
c G Shin 2006
T
# §?
x
Q: ó
êB §?&
x What’s he doing? A: <
[
O B
x§.& He’s studying.
c G Shin 2006 25
V5»
= Î
5 =
¨; §.
Vx
I N THIS UNIT ...
• Could I have a ... please?
• Please have a ...
• Counting in Korean (1)
1 Conversation
Annie, another foreign student in Korea, has just walked into a coffee shop. She’s talking with the
waitress.
D2
Â
á: #
E T"Xx
¦; §.
Vx
< : }
¦s¦
¨w ó̈
Ì# §?
Tx
D2
Âá
E:
q́
P®
" , }
¦s¦¨
wp
2
Ù ×#
§. x
Tx ¦®õ
Ú
¨w ó̈
Ì# §.
Tx
< : =
ó̈
Ì# §?
Tx
D2
Âá
E: 6
3, ó̈
Ì# §.
Tx
< :
ÛÁ, =
í
¨; §.
Vx
26
c G Shin 2006
=
¨; §.
Vx
¦
water
® milk
¹t
C
¬
¨ drink, beverage ½B
N
9 c (traditional) rice nectar
¬
"
cola ¨à
Ä»
í Î (traditional) fruit punch
Ru
8 ¦63s
lemonade / -
¨ ¨ liquor
lemonade ô
K
¨ beer
¨
w juice ¦s
} ¦ ¨ wine
tea (in general)
w ¨ distilled hard liquor
Á
ß
I black tea ó̈
Ì- ‘there is/are ...’, to have
there isn’t/aren’t ...’, ‘to not
= green tea ×-
2
have’
õ9
¼
q S
F ginseng tea ¨-
to give
coffee U
# here
c G Shin 2006 27
V5»
= Î
A: K
ô
¨ ó̈
Ì# §?
Tx Do you have any beer?
The negative response will be:
§, 2
x ×#
§.
Tx B:
§, 2
x ×#
§.
Tx No, we don’t.
3, ó̈
6 Ì# §.
Tx Yes, there is.
Here the question is concerned with the existence (or non-existence) of the thing concerned in some
particular circumstances.
A second use of the Korean ó̈
Ì#Tx§ and 2 ×#
Tx§ is where English expressions similar to those in the
following question/answer sequences are used:
=
ó̈
Ì# §?
Tx Do you have green tea?
3, ó̈
6 Ì# §.
Tx Yes, we do.
Although the English version of this question/answer sequence does not use is (or are), the sequence
is nonetheless similar (even sometimes identical) in meaning to: Is there any green tea in your
possession, in your shop, at home, etc? and Yes, there is. That is, ó̈
Ì# § and 2
Tx ×#
Tx§ are also used for
talking about possession by whoever you is, rather than about the general existence of green tea in a
given context.
28
c G Shin 2006
=
¨; §.
Vx
»ó̈
Î À fruit Â
}
< yellow melon
»
Î apple
ö
kiwi
: pear q
õ<
¼ ®
½
ü pineapple
¦
}s¦ grape §
9 À (
ó ¨w) plum juice
x®
¦ õ
Ú orange Î
» biscuits
W
¢ mandarin >
V
F sweets
¨
8O
F watermelon
w¡
6Á
N ice cream
¨ plum -
÷
¤ to take, take hold of
B
µ
A
peach >
n ó̈
U Ì- (ma sit-) to be tasty
R
ë
° strawberry U2
>
n ×-
(mad eop-) to be unpalatable
S
F
3 persimmon F̀-
: (an-) to sit
3, 3
6 S
F ®
" .
Yes, thank you.
§, Æ
x s
»
" §.
x No, I’m OK.
c G Shin 2006 29
V5»
= Î
Pronunciation Notes
• In Unit 1, we learnt Mi-an-ham-ni-da (I’m sorry), Ban-gap-sum-ni-da (Nice to meet you),
and Gam-sa-ham-ni-da (Thank you). When written in Hangeul, these expressions are as
follows.
q́
P®
" .
¡
ó TB
ë
.
S
F
3 ®
" .
Notice the discrepancy between spelling and pronunciation involving the syllable-final ( C)
¹
in ®
and B
" . As we studied in Unit 3 (see Page 18), the syllable-final is to be pronounced as
an unexploded p, but here it is pronounced as m. This is in fact part of the general assimilation
rule within the Korean sound system whereby a non-nasal stop sound (eg p, t and k) becomes
nasalised (thus become m, n and ng respectively) when it occurs in front of a nasal sound. The
changes from p to m, t to n, and k to ng may seem strange at first sight, but, if you say them
slowly, you will see that these pairs of consonants have the same articulation points.
• In Korean, h tends to be silent (more precisely, weakly aspirated) when it occurs between two
voiced sounds. This is particularly noticeable when the speaker speaks at a normal speed. Thus,
you should pronounce Æ s
¬" ª
x § (“I’m OK”) as gwaen-cha-na-yo, not as
gwaen-chan-ha-yo.
Note that, while some of the English translations may sound impolite, all the Korean sentences in the
example are essentially polite – the Polite Informal ending has been employed.
Also, verb stems that end in (© ÷ - (to take, take hold of ), drop the before we add
), such as ¤
÷
-(x
);
Vx §. This is why we say s ; Vx§.
¤-
÷ =⇒ s-
+ ;x
V § = s;
§.&
Vx (Deu-se-yo) Have some!
-
£ =⇒ r-
+ Vx
; § = ;
r §.&
Vx (No-se-yo) Have fun!
30
c G Shin 2006
=
¨; §.
Vx
6
2
À
<
Wx§?
I N THIS UNIT ...
• This, that (near you) and that (far from both of us)
• Using counters (or unit noun)
• Counting in Korean (2)
• Asking/telling prices of things
1 Conversation
Kylie Walker has just walked into a small corner shop in Seoul. She’s talking with the shop owner.
ó̈
À:
ó
ê< §?
Wx
5
õ: 9
¨q
¼ ½B
N c<
Wx§.
ó̈
À: 9
½B
N §? »
cx Îó̈
ˬw
< §?
Wx
5
õ:
¨q
¼ §, 9
x ½B
N ... ẃ
cp
Ù < T
Q ½
õGÁC
Õ t
¹ ¬
¨< §.
Wx
ó̈
À:
, 6
3. ...
x¦Ú
õ
® p
2
Ù À
<
Wx§?
5
õ: ẃ
¨q
¼ 5 <
Võ
Ö E
á<
Vx§.
ó̈
À: n
>
U ó̈
Ì# §?
Tx
5
õ:
¨q
¼ ÛÁx
í §.
¨n
>
U ó̈
Ì# §.
Tx
ó̈
À:
Ã5
ń
P ¨;
Vx§.
5
õ: 6
¨q
¼ 3. ... x
¦õ
Ö E
á<
Vx§.
32
c G Shin 2006
2
À
<
Wx§?
2 What’s this/that?
Korean has two ways of saying that: one for things far from the speaker but near the hearer, geu-,
and one for things far from both the speaker and the hearer, jeo-.
-
this ...
this thing/object
- thing, object
that thing/object (near you)
-
that ... (near you) \
$ that thing/object (over there)
\-
$ that ... (over there) ê<
ó §?
Wx What is it?
c G Shin 2006 33
V6»
= Î
P̧
ô book r
õ
¼ photo
§·
Ú
õ ball-point pen
5 dog
¾
õ À
ó pencil q:
V
G cat
Â
Ô chair õÈ
½
* telephone
P̧
ô9 V
F desk ¶7
{»
ý mobile phone
ë
s door, gate Î8
÷
1 R
½
õ television
s
}
<
ë window
ø
q money
/
Æ
How many ...? 7
counter for machines
5 counter for things in general
counter for animals
Ý
Ä
î bottle; also counter for bottles ;
V
F counter for paper
cup, glass; also counter for box, container; also counter for
ŕ
cups/glasses Á
Õ
G boxes/containers
counter for long/thin things
¬ counter for books
34
c G Shin 2006
2
À
<
Wx§?
ó̈
Ì# §?
Tx
To name the things we’re interested in we say:
NOUN /
Æ5
ó̈
Ì# §?
Tx
To answer, substitute a Pure Korean number for /
Æ.
PK 5
ó̈
Ì# §.
Tx
NOTE: When adding a counter to Pure Korean numbers, we shorten the numbers 1, 2, 3 and 4 as follows.
ẃ , ẃ
ẃ 5 Ý Ä, ẃ
î ŕ
, ẃ ...
¤ ¨
¨5
,
¨Ý Ä,
î ¨ ŕ
,
¨ ...
becomes thus
±
ú
V
; V5
; , ;
VÝ Ä, ;
î V ŕ
, ;
V ...
a
Ã
3
6 35
6 , 6
3Ý Ä, 6
î 3 ŕ
, 6
3 ...
EXAMPLES
Q: :
/Æ
5 ó̈
Ì#Tx§? How many pears are there?
A: ;
V5 ó̈
Ì# §.
Tx There are three.
Q:
rõ/
¼ Æ;
V ó̈
F Ì# §?
Tx How many photos are there?
A: 6
3FV
; ó̈
Ì# Tx§. There are four.
Q:
¨w/Æ ŕ
ó̈
Ì# §?
Tx How many glasses of juice are there?
A:
¨ŕ ó̈
Ì# §.
Tx There are two.
Q: q
:V
G /
Æ
ó̈
Ì# §?
Tx How many cats are there?
A: ẃ
ó̈
Ì# §.
Tx There is one.
«t
À
ó « kilogram
E
á won (Korean currency)
'
N litre /£
§ R
ë N dollar
'N metre õ|
Ú
± cent
NOTE: Counters of foreign origin are not used with Pure Korean numbers, but with Sino-Korean numbers,
which we learn below. Note also that we use Sino-Korean numbers in counting money. See Page 37 for examples.
4 Sino-Korean Numbers
As mentioned earlier, Sino-Korean numbers are used for all larger numbers (recall that Pure Korean
numbers exist only for 1 – 99), for reading off numerals, and for abstract counting such as mathematics,
decimals, fractions, distances and money.
c G Shin 2006 35
V6»
= Î
36
c G Shin 2006
2
À
<
Wx§?
EXAMPLES
Q: 2
À
<
Wx§? How much is it/are they?
A: ń
PE
á <
Vx§. It’s/they’re 10,000 won.
Q:
2À
< §?
Wx How much is this/are these?
A: ń
Px õE
¦
Ö
á <
Vx§. It’s/they’re 15,000 won.
Q: =
2À
< §?
Wx How much is the green tea?
A: x PE
¦ń
á <
Vx§. It’s 50,000 won.
Q: $
\ÂÔ2À
<
Wx§? How much is that chair (ie over there)?
A: §
Âx
ó PE
¦ń
á <
Vx§. It’s 150,000 won.
PK 5
<V SK E
á <
Vx§. NOTE: PK 5 <V = for PK number of items. Note,
however, you use SK numbers with counters of foreign
They’re SK won for PK (items). origin, eg «
Àt
ó « (kilogram),
'N (litre), and
'N (metre).
EXAMPLES
¨5
<
V§ P
Âń
ó E
á<
Vx§. They’re 1,000 won for two. (eg ornaments)
À
2
<Vª
÷
* õ
Ö E
á<
Vx§. They’re 7,000 won for ten. (eg pens)
Ý
ẃ Ä<
î Vx
¦Pń
E
á<
Vx§. They’re 50,000 won a bottle. (eg wine)
Ã
¬<V
§Â9
ó P
Sń
F E
á<
Vx§. They’re 230,000 won for five. (eg a series of books)
7
ẃ <
VÖ P
ń
õ E
á<
Vx§. They’re 10,000,000 won each. (eg cars)
À
ó̈ '
N<
VõE
Ö
á <
Vx§. They’re 1,000 won a litre. (eg petrol)
À«
ó̈ Àt
ó «<
V9S§
F ¦
x§
±
ó õ|
Ú <
Wx§. They’re three dollars and fifty cents a kilo. (eg vegetables)
c G Shin 2006 37
V7»
= Î
7 ẃ
< T#
Q Tq
§À
ó
I N THIS U NIT ...
• Classroom management language
• Using the Polite Formal verb endings
KOREAN C LASS
The classroom you are in is not a place where Korean is spoken naturally. The majority of the people
there are not (at least for the moment) fluent speakers of Korean and, above all, Korean is the object of
study. However, we can make our classroom close to a real-life situation if, wherever possible, we take
Korean to be the means to achieve our goal. In this unit we study expressions that are frequently used in
teaching and learning a foreign language. We also study more about Korean politeness.
1 Conversation
F
9
V , Kylie, John, and
Annie are playing a V
F
9 :
,
;O®
F
" §? ...
x ó̈
À !
‘guessing’ game. 9 V
F is
holding a picture table, ó̈
: 3
À 6. ...
...
úG
' Jª
c
o
¬N<
é V ...
which has not been shown to
the other three. (However, :
q V
G ó̈
Ì# Tx§?
the table is given below for
your reference.) The three V
F
9 :
§.
x
are given instead, a list of the
Korean words for all the w:
ó úG
' Jª
c
o
¬N<
é V5
ó̈
Ì# §?
Tx
pictures in the table. Their
task is to find out, by asking V
F
9 : 6
3?
‘yes-no’ questions only,
which picture is in which row
and in which column. 9 V
F
w:
ó úG
' ... c
Jª
o
¬N<
é V ... 5
ó̈
Ì# §?
Tx
can say only 6 3 or x§.
V
F
9 : 6
3.
: ¤
ó
w G
Jª
v
7
ë L<
V
ó̈
Ì# §?
Tx
V
F
9 :
§.
x
ó̈
: ¤
À G
Jª
v
7
ë L<
V§
·Ú
õ ó̈
Ì# §?
Tx
V
F
9 : 6
3.
< : ±
úG
Jª
x
¦r
»N
ã <
é V P̧
ô ó̈
Ì# §?
Tx
V
F
9 :
§.
x
38
c G Shin 2006
<
ẃ T#
Q Tq
§À
ó
ẃQ
< T#T the Korean language
ẃ
½
õ Once again!
¢
ẃ W
í Hangeul 3?
6 Sorry?
?
¾
Ù name õ
Ö
õ
Ö Slowly!
U
# Nt
ë Ladies and Gentlemen! R
ë
± Fast!
...
Mr/Ms ... 5
¡ Loudly!
¾M
¥
û4
Á
N Teacher! H
more
ë
¡
Z All together!
all
G
ú
' J the first v7
ë L the middle
G
¤ J the second -<
V in, on, at
ª line, row ¥
È
ó the bottom
o
cN
¬
é the left side -<
V"X from
¦
xr»N
ã
é the right side
7O
F the last, the end
G
ú
' Jª
c
o
¬N<
é V on the left side of the first line
È<
ó
¥ V"
X¤G
Jª
the second last line
40
c G Shin 2006
<
ẃ T#
Q Tq
§À
ó
;
O
F V;x§. Start (it)!
;Vx§. Repeat after me!
R¤
ë
© #
÷ Tv¦;Vx§. Listen carefully!
v
B ¦;
Vx§. Try it yourself!
Às
ó
© ó̈
ë Ì# §.
Tx I have a question.
...v
/p
Þ ß
Ù Ä#
î Tt«óê<
Wx§? What is ... in English?
...v
/p
Þ ß
Ù Ä#
î Tt«#T
:5
Ê ¥
RB
ë §?
x How do you say ... in English?
W
F
7 x§? Is it correct?
¦t
u ÃÌ#
% Tx§. I don’t know.
Å#
N
: T!TÞÌ#
î Tx§. I’ve forgotten.
¨ª
§.
x Very good!
R
ë
© ÞÌT
î §.
#x Well done! (You did well!)
Language Notes
• The first four sentences, ie
;O
F V ;x§ (Start (it)!),
;Vx § (Repeat after me!), ©R¤
ë #
÷ T
¦;
v Vx§ (Listen carefully!), and Bv ¦;Vx§ (Try it (yourself)!), are all commands (see Page 30).
You will perhaps hear your instructor saying them many times; for instance, ; O
F ; Vx§ will be
said when you are about to do some exercises or group activities, and the expression B v ¦; Vx § is
typically to invite you to have a go.
• The expression © R (jal) in ©
ë R¤
ë #
÷ Tv ¦;Vx § (Listen carefully!) means well, and thus the whole
sentence means, literally, Listen well!
• When you want to know the meaning of a particular word, eg ± R
ë (ppal-li), you can say
‘±
R
ë ’pß
Ù Ä#
î Tt «ó ê<Wx §? (What is ±R
ë in English?). Two things we should note here: -p
Ù
(neun) and -t « (ro). Firstly, -p
, or v
Ù (eun), is the topic particle. The particle indicates that
Þ
the previous word or words are being specifically drawn to the listener’s attention (because the
speaker is going to talk about it). You use -p
if the previous word ends in a vowel, and -v
Ù if it
Þ
ends in a consonant. Secondly, -t «, or -x
t « (euro), is the instrument particle. Its English
equivalent would be by means of, by, in, etc. You use -t « after a noun ending in a vowel or the
consonant ( © ), and -x
÷ t« elsewhere.
• When you are looking for a translation of a sentence, eg Repeat after me, you can say ‘Repeat
after me’p ẃ
Ù < T#
Q Tt«# T: Ê5
¥ R
ë Bx§? (How do you say ‘Repeat after me’ in Korean?). Here,
T
# :5
Ê means how, and ¥ RB
ë x§ do you say?.
• If you are making good progress in learning Korean, you will very likely hear the last two
sentences, ie ¨ª
x § (A-ju jo-a-yo) and © R
ë ÞÌ#
î Tx§ (Jal ha-syeo-sseo-yo), many
times.
¨ means very, and ª
§ x (It)’s good. We saw ©R (jal; well) above in ©
ë R¤
ë #
÷ T
¦;
v Vx§ (literally: Listen well!). The same ©R is used in ©
ë R
ë Þ Ì#
î Tx § (literally, You did well!).
Incidentally, if you hear
¨© R
ë
Þ Ì#
î Tx§ (A-ju jal ha-syeo-sseo-yo), don’t be puzzled. It
means You did extremely well!
c G Shin 2006 41
V7»
= Î
VST- .
VST-x §/#Tx§.
( )
Making a Statement
VST-B
.
· · ·B
x§.
VST- ?
VST-x §/#Tx§?
( )
Asking a Question
VST-B
?
· · ·B
x§?
Issuing a Command
VST-§
Â
ó x¦. VST-;
Vx§.
VST-x
§Â
ó ¦.
x VST-x
;Vx§
Politeness cannot be reduced to mechanical rules. You will find different people have different ideas
about what is appropriate – indeed this difference highlights, at least in part, our individuality. As far as
your classroom is concerned, you will have to determine in consultation with your instructor what level
of speech is appropriate. If the instructor is middle-aged or beyond, then a more formal style would be
appropriate. If the instructor is young, then informality would be appropriate. The age of the instructor
is not the only variant, of course. The age of the students should also be taken into account: the older
the students, the greater the possibility that formal speech forms would come into play.
We suggest that you avoid being inhibited by the fear of being too informal or formal. As a beginner,
you will make many mistakes. But Koreans will not be seriously offended. They are more likely to be
delighted that you are trying to use Korean and, as people who are extremely tolerant, friendly and
supportive towards foreigners, they will not be hyper-critical of your performance.
On the next page is a table showing both formal and informal Insa, some of which we have studied
already. As you can see, these Insa expressions exhibit highly consistent patterns (VST plus an
appropriate ending), except for the pair ¦,
åà ÌB
%
and ¦ ń
P x § (See you again) and where
marked with a long dash, ———, which indicates that no appropriate expression is available.
42
c G Shin 2006
<
ẃ T#
Q Tq
§À
ó
Hello. PÜ
q́ Ä
§
Â
ó ?
PÜ
q́ Ä
;
Vx§?
Thank you. S
F
3 ®
" .
———
Thank you. ¥
q TB
ë
.
q ö
x§.
It’s O.K. s
»
Æ "
B
.
s
»
Æ
" §.
x
Yes. W.
< 3.
6
No. ¢
Â
ó .
§.
x
Welcome. T"
# Xx
¦§Â
ó ¦.
x T"
# Xx
¦; §.
Vx
Come in. #
÷
¤ Tx
¦§Â
ó ¦.
x #
÷
¤ Tx
¦; §.
Vx
c G Shin 2006 43
V8»
= Î
8 ¦
x µV
<j́
P ó̈
Ì# §?
Tx
I N THIS UNIT ...
• Fixing times to meet people
• Telling and asking the time
• Days of the Week
• ‘Shall we ...?’ and ‘Let’s ...’
• ‘How about ...?’
• Using Negatives
A RE YOU FREE THIS AFTERNOON ?
In this Unit we continue to look at ways of asking for basic information in Korean, especially fixing
times to meet people, and talking about the things we do on a daily basis.
Note also that from this Unit on we do not provide romanisations for Hangeul. We assess that they
should not be necessary by now.
1 Conversation
¨, a Korean student, is trying to find a time to exchange language lessons with David.
¨: q́
PÜ Ä
; Vx§? L7s.
L
7
s: 3, q́
6 PÜ Ä
; §?
Vx ¨.
¨: \, ... x
$ ¦£x
ò ¦µ<Vj́
P ó̈
Ì# §?
Tx
L
7
s: q́
P®
" . x¦£x
ò ¦µ<Vp
Ù j́
P2 ×#
§.
Tx ¨2Â
Ì#
ó̈ Tx§. 61ó̈Àv#
Þ TDJx§?
¨: , ... x
¦½
õv P
Þ q́ ×
éx§. :
OB
G
Ì#
ó̈ Tx§. x¦ µ¨ #TDJx§?
L
7
s: WF
í
¢ mx§. ... ;
Vp#
Ù TD
Jx§?
¨: V
; Æ s
¬"ª
§.
x
L
7
s: Û
Á, ;
í V< V P¢
ńëR
x§?
¨: 3, ª
6
§.
x
Translation
Ji-su: Hi, David, how’s things?
David: Hi, Ji-su. Yeah, fine, thanks.
Ji-su: Er, are you free this afternoon?
David: Not this afternoon, sorry – I’ve got classes. What about tomorrow?
Ji-su: The morning’s no good – I’ve got an appointment. What about two in the afternoon?
David: Mmm. ... What about three?
Ji-su: Three’s OK.
David: Well then, shall we meet at three?
Ji-su: Sure.
44
c G Shin 2006
¦
x µ<
Vj́
P ó̈
Ì# §?
Tx
¦£
x
ò today -t
ë minute
1
6ó̈
À tomorrow -
½
õ before
¦
x½
õ a.m. ó
half
¦µ
x p.m. j́
P hour, time
<
X
S now ¨2
Â
class
-
o’clock <
ẃ T#
Q T
¨2Â
Korean class
Æ
/
...? What time ...? OB
G
:
appointment, date
X/
S
To answer:
PK
< §. or
Wx NOTES: PK stands for Pure Korean Number, and SK
Sino-Korean Number.
PK
SK t
ë <
Vx§.
c G Shin 2006 45
V8»
= Î
Examples
We use Pure Korean numbers for the hours and Sino-Korean numbers for the minutes. (See the
Cultural Note below on Page 49.) Notice that -
in “ < X/
S Æ
<Wx§?” is a counter. While in English
we say: What time is it?, the Korean equivalent is literally: How many points in time (of the clock) is it?
We thus shorten the numbers
(one), ¤ (two), ±
ú (three) and a
à (four) to ẃ
, ¨, ;V and 6 3
respectively when adding - to these Pure Korean numbers (see Page 35).
ẃ ó
Â
§t
ë <
Vx§. ¨
§
Âë
ó t
<
Vx§. V
; <
Wx§.
not
§Âë
ó t
<
Vx§. not ¤
§
Âë
ó t
<
Vx§. not ±
ú
<
Wx§.
3
6 §
Âë
ó t
<
Vx§.
Ã
ó
Â
§t
ë <
Vx§. U
# Ã
ó
Â
§t
ë <
V§x.
not a
Ã
§
Âë
ó t
<
Vx§.
If the time is half past three, you can say either It’s thirty
(minutes) past three or It’s half past three by adding ó (half )
to the hour. That is:
V
; ó
<
Vx§.
V
; 9S§
F Âë
ó t
<
Vx§.
or ;
V ó
<
Vx§.
¨
§
¦
ó xt
ë <
Vx§.
46
c G Shin 2006
¦
x µ<
Vj́
P ó̈
Ì# §?
Tx
m
®x§ó̈
À Monday Xx
S
< §ó̈
À Friday
x
m
® §ó̈
À< V on Monday «x
| §ó̈
À Saturday
*x
ȧó̈
À Tuesday Àx
ó̈ §ó̈
À Sunday
¨
x§ó̈
À Wednesday Àx
ó̈ §ó̈
À¦ µ 1
x <V on Sunday one p.m.
x
µ
@ §ó̈
À Thursday ¨¥
R<
ë V on the weekend
Shall we ...?
When we want to propose doing something we can say:
VST - (x
)
x§? NOTE: If the VST ends in a consonant, add x
.
x
m
® §ó̈
À¦ x
µ ẃ
<
V ń
P¢ R
ë §?
x Shall we meet at one o’clock Monday afternoon?
,
;O®
F
" x§? OK. Shall we start?
ẃ
ŕ §
À
ó §?
x Shall we have a cup of coffee?
U :
# F̀©
÷ x§? Shall we sit here?
The -(x
)
ending carries masculine connotations, and thus female speakers tend to use:
3, VST -
6 x§/#
Tx§/· · ·B
x§. Yes, we ...
A: 6
1ó̈
À ń
P¢ R
ë §?
x Shall we meet tomorrow?
B1: 6
3, 1
6ó̈
À ń
P¢T
ë .
or Yes, let’s meet tomorrow.
B2: 6
3, 1
6ó̈
À ń
Px§. Yes, let’s meet tomorrow. (Literally: Yes, we meet tomorrow.)
And to say No, it is polite to use a non-committal expression such as below to show hesitation, rather
than giving a direct refusal.
WF
í
¢ § ...
mx We-ell ...
c G Shin 2006 47
V8»
= Î
EXAMPLES
A:
m
®x§ó̈
Àx ¦µ;V#TDJx§? How about Monday three p.m.?
B1:
m
®x§ó̈
Àx ¦µ;VÆ s
»
" §.
x or Monday three p.m. is OK.
B2:
m
®x§ó̈
Àx ¦µ;Vª
x§. Monday three p.m. is good.
A:
¨x§ó̈
ÀT #D §?
Jx How about Wednesday?
B:
¨x§ó̈ P×
À q́ éx§.
¨2Â ó̈
Ì# §.
Tx Wednesday’s no good. I’ve got classes.
3 Using Negatives
There are three points we should bear in mind. First, as we’ve learnt, the negative counterpart of the
verb ó̈
Ì- (there is/are; to have) is 2
×- (there isn’t/aren’t; ‘to not have’).
EXAMPLES
j́
P ó̈
Ì# §?
Tx Do you have time?
x§,
j́
P2×#
§.
Tx No, I don’t have time.
>
U ó̈
n ÌB
?
Is it tasty?
WF
í
¢ mx§, n
U2
> ×B
.
Well, it’s not tasty.
Second, the negative counterpart of “NOUN-< Wx §/< Vx§ (am/are/is a NOUN or NOUNs)” is
“NOUN-( /) < Vx § (am/are/is not a NOUN or NOUNs)”. Unlike its positive counterpart,
<Vx § takes a grammatical complement that is optionally marked with the particle - or -. (As
we will study in Unit 10, -
and - are two variant forms of the Subject marker.) You use the particle
-
with a noun that ends in consonants, and - with one that ends in a vowel.
Note that the verbs - (to be) and
- (‘to not be’) don’t follow the rules we studied on Page 25.
We suggest you treat them as exceptions. Note also that <
Wx§/ < Vx § and < Vx§ change to ó̈
Â
and
¢Â
ó in Polite Formal statements respectively.
48
c G Shin 2006
¦
x µ<
Vj́
P ó̈
Ì# §?
Tx
EXAMPLES
=
<Wx §? Is this green tea?
§,
x =
< §.
Vx No, that’s not green tea.
§,
x =
<
Vx§. No, that’s not green tea.
P̧
ô <
Vx§? Is it a book?
§, P̧
x ô <
Vx§. No, it’s not a book.
P̧
ôó̈
 ? Is it a book?
§, P̧
x ô ¢
Â
ó .
No, it’s not a book.
Third, to say I/you/they etc don’t do such-and-such, you add the negative adverb q́
P with a space
before the verb. Note that with verbs ending in
- (to do), the q́
P is placed directly in front of the
-.
EXAMPLES
©<
Â
ó V x§? Are you going home?
x§, ©
Â<
ó V q́
P x §. No, I’m not going home.
¨¥
R<
ë Vë
v>B
µ x§? Do you exercise on the weekend
x§,
¨¥R<
ë Vv >
ë PB
q́
µ x§. No, I don’t exercise on the weekend
<
X <
S T#
ẃQ T< [
O ®
" ? Are you studying Korean now?
x§,
<X ẃ
S < T#
Q T<[
O q́
P" ®
.
No, I’m not studying Korean now.
9 #
Tr
<
V"X.
P#
o §?
Tx
In this Unit ...
• Countries and People
• Where do you come from?
• Using Description Verbs
• Where is it located?
W HICH C OUNTRY A RE YOU FROM ?
In this Unit we learn to exchange personal information about ourselves, in particular, asking and
telling people where we come from.
1 Conversation
Annie Brown, an Australian exchange student to Korea, is buying pens in a small stationery shop
near her Korean university. She is talking with the owner of the shop, a middle-aged man.
Annie: q́Ä
PÜ
;Vx §? ...
§
· õ2
Ú À
<Wx §?
Shop Owner:
ẃ <Vx ¦Lô
E
á<Vx§.
Annie: ¨
¨; Vx§.
Shop Owner: 3. ... @
6 M
} û
<Vx §?
Annie: 3? ...
6 , 63. ... 6
3, @
M
} û
< Vx§.
Shop Owner: ê<
ó [
O Bx §?
Annie: <
ẃ T#
Q T< [
O B x§.
Shop Owner: , 6
3. ... ẃ
< T#
Q T # TOöx §?
Annie: 3, y
6 ¦< X#
S TOö x §.
ń
P, = ó̈Ì#Tx§.
Shop Owner: Tr
# < V" X. P#
o Tx§? < T<
Q V" X. P#
o §?
Tx
Annie:
x¦, ~³ ¨<V" X. P#
o Tx§.
Shop Owner: ³
~ ¨x§? ~ ³¨ 6 S
F <Vx§? ... ~
³ ¨#T"
X. P#
o §?
Tx s <
V"X
P#
o
. Tx§?
Annie:
x¦. jõ!
B T< V"X. P#
o Tx§. ... j
õ!
B T
; §?
Vx
Shop Owner: Û
Áx
í §. jõ!
B T© R ë̈
ë R §. ... s
x õ
¼
q¡Z
ë ,
#
¤ Tx§.
v w: Rq õo
¼ U%̀
¹ <Wx§?
Annie: 3? ...
6 x¦, jõ!
B Tp ...
Ù ... ~
³¨¨s¦< §. ...
Wx ...
s
U%̀<
¹
o V ó̈
Ì# Tx §.
Shop Owner: ¨s
¦x§? ~ ³¨ ¨s ¦p
Ù s <
Wx§?
Annie:
x¦, jõ!
B T< Wx§.
Shop Owner: , 6
3. ...
! §
· õ#
Ú U ó̈Ì# Tx§. õ
Ö E
á<
Vx§.
Annie: S
F
3 "®
. q́
PÜ Ä
5 ;Vx§.
Shop Owner: 3,
6 ¦x ¦; Vx§.
50
c G. Shin 2006
Tr
#
<
V"XP
o#
. §?
Tx
Translation
Annie: Hello. ... How much are these pens?
Shop Owner: They’re five hundred won each.
Annie: Can I have two, please?
Shop Owner: Sure. ... Are you a student?
Annie: Pardon? ... Oh! Yes! Yes, I’m a student.
Shop Owner: What do you study?
Annie: I study Korean.
Shop Owner: I see. Is Korean difficult?
Annie: Yes, a little bit. But, it’s interesting.
Shop Owner: Which country are you from? Are you from the US?
Annie: No, I’m from Australia.
Shop Owner: Australia? Are you Australian? ... Where abouts in Australia are you from? Are you from Sydney?
Annie: No, I’m from Canberra. ... Do you know Canberra?
Shop Owner: Of course, I do. ... I once went there with my friends. Isn’t it near Brisbane?
Annie: Pardon? ... No, Canberra is ... umm ... Australia’s capital. Umm ... it’s ... it’s near Sydney.
Shop Owner: Did you say that Canberra is the capital city of Australia? Isn’t the capital Sydney?
Annie: No, the capital is Canberra.
Shop Owner: I see ... Well, here are your pens. That’ll be one thousand won, thanks.
Annie: Thanks. Bye.
Shop Owner: Bye.
Language Notes
• 3
6?: I beg your pardon?
•
, 63: Similar to “Oh, I see.” See Page 45 for more information.
• ẃ
< TT
Q # # T Oö x §?: Is Korean difficult? Note that - (or -) is the Subject marker. Use -
after a noun ending in a vowel, and - elsewhere. The verb stem of # TOöx § is #
TÞ Â-. It is a
description verb, which means that ... is/are difficult. See Page 54 below.
• y
¦< X: a little bit
S
•
ńP: But ...
• =
ó̈
Ì# Tx§: It’s interesting.
• #
Tr : Which country ...
• -<
V" X: from
• .
P#
o Tx §?: Literally, Did you come ...? See Unit 10 for Past Tense.
•
< T: the US
Q
• ~
³ ¨: Australia
• ~
³ ¨x §?: Did you say ho-ju? See Page 45 for more explanations.
• ~
³ ¨ 6 S: an Australian
F
• #
T " X=# T < V"X: From where
• j
õ!
B T ;Vx §?: Do you know Canberra? The stem of ; Vx§ is ë̈
R- (to know, to know about).
•
Û Áx
í §: Of course! Note that Û Á§
í x is a ‘full’ sentence on its own.
• s
õ
¼ : friend(s)
• -
q ¡ Z
ë : together with ...
• ,
#
¤ Tx§: I visited ... The stem is v¦- (literally, go and see). See Unit 10 for Past Tense.
• v
w :Rqõo
¼ U%̀: Literally, in the vicinity of Brisbane
¹
•
< Wx§?: Isn’t it ...?
• ~
³ ¨ ¨s ¦<Wx §.: It’s Australia’s capital.
¨s¦ is the capital city.
• ...<
V ó̈
Ì#Tx§: It’s located in/at/on ...
•
!: an interjection used to signal that the speaker is about to offer something good to the hearer,
or about to invite the hearer to do something that the speaker thinks is good to the hearer.
•
¦x ¦;Vx §: Literally, “Please come again!”. This is a standard Insa from shop keepers to
customers who are taking their leave.
c G. Shin 2006 51
V9»
= Î
/-<
T
Q country, nation ³
~ ¨/x
¦w|
8Ró̈
À
Australia
ẃ
< T
Q Korea (ROK) ó̈
µ
> À Germany
ẃ
·
A A
/
· North Korea N
Russia
¦
y ¥
¾ Korea (DPRK) 6
} Vw
F /§
ḿ
"X France
Àt
ó̈
ø Japan ¬
R
ë /
@
Italy
D
<
T
Q China A
w Rq
õ
¼ Spain
7
ń
P Taiwan Ä<
î
ß T
Q England, UK
q
µ
@ Mongolia <
T
Q USA
:
R|4
S
F Vietnam
Asia
<
@ T
Q Thailand ¦;
x V
Oceania
R8
ë
¥ R
Malaysia ®.
Â
Europe
õs
¼
q ¦6
3
Indonesia 9
R
America
õs
¼
q ¦/q
õ
¼
India }
Africa
w
ú
Pakistan Â
<T
Q overseas
ḿ
Iran Tr
# ··· which · · ·
¡
Iraq -<
V"X from
, "
µ
> X, F
4, A
S
· East, West, South, North Ä#
î
ß T English
:
>
µ V
G the East #
§ T French
"
X:V
G the West #
µ
> T German
D
>
µ Middle East A
w Rq
õ#
¼ T Spanish
>
A
µ
·
Northeast Asia ¤
T#
ë T Arabic
4
>
µ S
F
Southeast Asia Rt
A
#
T Persian
S
F
4 9
R
South America Àt
ó̈ #
ø T Japanese
¨s¦ capital city <
D T#
Q T Chinese
6S/-q
F õ
¼ person W
í
¢ letter, alphabet
R/-#
ë
¥ T language, words
ẃ Chinese characters
Korea/Korean
There is no special adjectival form for Korean nouns – they combine freely with each other. Thus
ẃ
< T¥
Q R (pronounced as Han-gung-mal) – the Korean language – is literally Korea language; ẃ
ë < T
Q
6
S (Han-guk-sa-ram) – a Korean person – is literally Korea person and so on.
F
<
ẃ T#
Q T and ẃ
<T¥
Q R
ë
<
ẃ T¥
Q R (Han-gung-mal) refers to the spoken language. ẃ
ë <T#
Q T (Han-guk-eo) tends to refer to
the language in both its spoken and written forms. -#
T is usually employed when referring to languages
such as English which are widely known in both their spoken and written forms.
The Expression ẃ- in ẃ
The ẃ
- in ẃ
(han-ja) doesn’t have the same meaning as the ẃ - in ẃ
< T. In fact it is the same
Q
Han as in the Chinese Han Dynasty, and by association with a major Chinese dynasty this term often
means Chinese in Korea. Chinese herbal medicine, for example, is ẃ:O (Han-yak). The
G
pronunciation and Hangeul are the same, but each is written with a different Chinese character.
-
q and, (together) with ¿-
×
E be cold
··· o
U%̀<
¹ V in the vicinity of · · · ~
À
Þ - be (nice and) warm
-(x
)t
«®Ü
Ä
î - be famous for
= ó̈
Ì- be interesting
U
# N
many countries
= ×-
2
be boring
¦-
v visit (Literally: go and see) ¦<
y X
S a little (bit)
a-
ë
¥ be numerous SK Number - E
Á
Ù n-th floor
½-
í
à be small (in number) ÀE
ó̈ Á
Ù Ground Floor
°-
p
be easy /
ÆE
Á<
Ù V ...? On which floor ...?
TÞ
# Â-
be difficult È
*;V§
F À
ó toilette
c G. Shin 2006 53
V9»
= Î
a-
ë
¥ add -
x§ =⇒ a
ë
¥ x
§ They’re numerous.
à-
½
í à#
½
í Tx
§ They’re few.
= ó̈
Ì- add -#
Tx§ =⇒
= ó̈
Ì# Tx
§ It’s interesting.
= 2×-
= 2×#
Tx
§ It’s boring.
We’ve already seen how
- (do) can transform nouns into Action Verb stems, eg < [
O
- (to study),
½È
õ *
- (to telephone), B=
V
- (to do homework), etc. But this is not the only way
- is used.
-
can form the final syllable of description verb stems, eg, ®ÜÄ
î - (be famous), ~À
Þ - (be warm), etc.
Whether the
- verb is in fact an action or a description verb is usually clear, and can be judged from
the context, and from the grammar of the sentence. Consider the following description verbs.
Ü
® Ä
î -
- changes to
Bx§ =⇒
Ü
® ÄB
î x
§ They’re famous.
~
À
Þ - ~
ÀB
Þ x
§ It’s (nice and) warm.
Bear in mind that, with verb stems ending in , the changes to n, to which we then add -#Tx§.
We have met two such verb stems already: ¡ T- (be pleased eg, to see you) and q
óë ¥T- (be grateful).
ë
Consider the following list of verbs.
T-
óë
¡ ó x
ö § I’m pleased.
¥
q T-
ë
q öx
§ I’m thankful.
TÞ
# Â- changes to n,
=⇒
T
# Oöx
§ It’s difficult.
-
p
° then add -#
Tx§ í
õöx
§ It’s easy.
--
ý
 H
öx
§ It’s hot.
E-
¿
×
öx
§ It’s cold.
54
c G. Shin 2006
Tr
#
<
V"XP
o#
. §?
Tx
® {כ
Ù
p#T
"X.
P#
o §?
Tx Where does Yukiko come from?
Àt
ó̈ <
ø V"
Xo.#
P §.
Tx She comes from Japan.
And we can ask, for example, And where in Japan ...? by saying:
Àt
ó̈ T
ø #
"X.
P#
o §?
Tx Where in Japan does she come from?
#r
T
6
S
F < §?
Vx What country is (the) person (from)?
Àt
ó̈
ø 6
S
F <
Vx§. He’s/She’s Japanese.
#r
T
ë¥
R <
Vx§? What country is (the) language (from)?
Rt
A
ë
¥
R <
Vx§. It’s Persian.
8 Where Is It Located?
To ask this question we can say:
...v
/p
Þ T
Ù #
<V ó̈
Ì# §?
Tx -v
/-p
Þ = Topic Marker ; Use -v
Ù after a noun
Þ
ending in consonants, and -p
after a noun ending
Ù
To answer we can say: in a vowel.
...<
V ó̈
Ì# §.
Tx
EXAMPLES
®"
v #
Þ T<
V ó̈
Ì# §?
Tx Where’s Taj Mahal?
õs
¼
q ¦<
V ó̈
Ì# §.
Tx It’s in India.
x
¦ 5
p #
Ù T<
V ó̈
Ì# §?
Tx Where’s the video shop?
½o
î
ß U%̀<
¹ V ó̈
Ì# §.
Tx It’s near the station.
c G. Shin 2006 55
V 10 »
= Î
10 Æ
/
<
V ó̈
À# T¢
^#
ë §?
Tx
I N THIS U NIT ...
• Things we do on a daily basis
• More time expressions
• Talking about the past
• Dates: year, month and day
• Subject, object and topic markers
W HAT TIME DID YOU GET UP ?
In this unit we look at ways of talking about the things we do on a daily basis with reference to time,
and also about things we did in the past.
1 Conversation
@
and Kylie are talking at the university canteen.
@
: #=
T Vóê #
ÿ Tx§?
ó̈
À: T=
# Vx§? ... #
U N #
ÿ Tx§.
@ :
¨± ^#
ë Tx§?
ó̈
À: WF
í
¢ mx§. ...
¥ R®
ë
" §?
x
@ : 3?
6
ó̈
À: p
#
Ù T= V ... ó̈
À< Y
O <V ó̈ À#T¢ ^#
ë Tx§. ó̈À<Y
O
<
óV < ø9
½
N ¥ ½
ü #
ÿ Tx §. q I ¿
ß <V
}
@ q<V¡ ^#
ë Tx§. I
¿
ß ó<V# U" Xs õ
¼ ¥½
ü
P¢
ń ^#
ë Tx§. ¡ Z
ë
¥½
ü ÞÌ#
î Tx§. ... 2
À
< V
¦X
s "\d
B<V¡ ^#
ë Tx §. s
¦"X\ d
B<V" X ¨j́ P> q́
µ P
[
O
< #
ÿ Tx §.
q2À
¨ 'N¨
<
ẃ T#
Q T ¨2 Â
ó̈Ì2Ì#
Tx §. ... à
Á9
í Á9
N ½
N p
Ù ¨
V
<#
ÿ Tx §. ... 6
3' N ẃ
j́
P> q́
µ P
µ
ë
v >
#
ÿ Tx §. s
õ
¼
q¡ Z
ë v >
ë
µ #
ÿ Tx §.
Ã
ó< V©Â<
ó V¤
. P#
o Tx §. ó̈
À< Y
O <V
\½
$ Ü
9½
N ¥ ½
ü #
ÿ Tx§. ... #
U-Ò
ý <VB =
V¥½
ü
F
;
O #
ÿ Tx §.
q2Àẃ
ó
<V; S©
F ^#
ë Tx§.
@ :
, 36. ... #
Tq
,
Þ ¨© R
ë Þ ÌB
î
!
56
c G. Shin 2006
Æ
/
<
V ó̈
À# T¢
^#
ë §?
Tx
• ë
¥®
R
" x§?: Shall I talk?
Translation •
: I; this is the first person singular pronoun in
Tae-U: What did you do yesterday? Korean
Kylie: Yesterday? ... I did various things. • ó̈
À# T¢^#
ë Tx §: I woke up.
Tae-U: Were you very busy? •
< ø9
½
N ¥ ½
ü #
ÿ Tx§: I had breakfast.
Kylie: Well, ... shall I tell you everything? •
q: And
Tae-U: Pardon? • -<
V¡ ^#
ë Tx §: I went to ...; I left for ...
Kylie: Yesterday I got up at seven. Had breakfast • #
U" X: here/in this place
at half past seven. And went to university at
• s
õ
¼ : friend
nine. ... Met a friend at half past nine here.
Had coffee together. Went to the library at • ń
P¢ ^#
ë Tx§: I met.
ten. Studied for two hours in the library. • ¡
Z
ë : together
Then I had Korean class from twelve to •
Þ Ì#
î Tx§: I drank.
two. ... I had lunch at two. ... From four I • s
¦" X\d
B<V" X: in the library
exercised for one hour. I did with my friend. •
¨ j́
P> q́
µ P: for two hours
At half past five came back home. Had • <
[
O #
ÿ Tx §: I studied.
dinner at seven. ... Started homework at • 2
À
¨ ' N: from twelve o’clock
eight. And went to bed at half past eleven.
•
¨ : until two o’clock
Tae-U: Oh, gosh! ... Well done, any way!
• ó̈
Ì2 Ì#
Tx§: I had ... or There was/were ...
• à
Á9
í Á9
N ½
N : lunch
Notes for Conversation
• v
>
ë
µ #
ÿ Tx §: I exercised.
• ê
ó #
ÿ T§ x?: What did you do? • s
õ
¼
q¡ Z
ë : together with a friend
• #
TV=x §?: Did you say ‘yesterday’? We’ve met a • -<
V¤
. P#
o Tx §: I came back ... (so that I was
similar example already, see 9
½B
N cx§? on Page physically in ...)
33. • $
\Ü ½9
½
N : dinner
• #
UN : various/many (kinds of) things • B
=
V¥ ½
ü ; O
F #
ÿ Tx§: I began my homework.
•
±^#
ë T§ x?: Were you busy? • ;
S©
F ^#
ë Tx§: I slept.
•
: all • #
Tq
: Anyway
Þ
T=
# V yesterday õ=
½
V ...? When ...?
<
ø
morning, breakfast P (+ time word)
ḱ last ...
<
ø9
½
N (¥
½)
ü - to have breakfast Pm
ḱ x
® §ó̈
À last Monday
<
ø(©
) Ü
÷ ½-
í to have breakfast ḱ
P¨¥
R
ë last weekend
Á9
í
à Á
N lunchtime, lunch
õ (+ time word)
½ this ... (coming)
\Ü
$ ½
evening, dinner
½
õS<x
X §ó̈
À this Friday (coming)
W
F
4 day, daytime
õ¨
½ ¥
R
ë this (coming) weekend
S
F
8 night -
½
õ ago
one day
ẃ j́
P½ <
õ V one hour ago
<
V in one day/per day Oç
F
;
¾ last year
Æ
/
P ...?
j́ For how long (Lit. how many hours) ...? Xç
S
<
¾ this year
c G. Shin 2006 57
V 10 »
= Î
Q:
<
V/Æ
½
õ9½
N B
x§? How many times do you eat (Lit. have meals) a day?
A: ;
V½
õ9½
N B
x§. I eat three times a day.
58
c G. Shin 2006
Æ
/
<
V ó̈
À# T¢
^#
ë §?
Tx
4 Dates
To say the date in Korean we combine the relevant Sino-Korean number with year, month and day,
respectively.
· · ·ç
· · ·
¾ m · · ·ó̈
® À
EXAMPLES
1985
Ö
õ Lô
R§
ë Âx
ó ¦ç
¾ 1998
Ö
õ Lô
§Â
ó Rç
ë
¾
Year
2002
õ
Ö ç
¾ 2016
Ö
õ§ÂÇ
ó ç
¾
January À
ó̈ m
® February
m
®
July ÷
*
ª m
® December Â
ó
§ m
®
Month
For months we use SK numbers, but note:
June
® m
® (not Ç
m
®) October
m Â
® (not §
ó m
®)
the 1st Àó̈
ó̈ À the 10th Âó̈
ó
§ À
Day
the 28th §
Â
ó Ró̈
ë À the 31st S§
F
9 Âó̈
ó Àó̈
À
MORE EXAMPLES
1/1/1995 or 1 January 1995
Ö
õ Lô
§Âx
ó ¦ç
¾ ó̈
À m
® ó̈
Àó̈À
25/6/1950 or 25 June 1950 õ
Ö
Lôx
¦§Âç
ó ¾
®m
® §Âx
ó ¦ó̈
À
15/8/1945 or 15 August 1945 õ
Ö
Lô
§Âx
ó ¦ç
¾R
ë m
®§Âx
ó ¦ó̈
À
30/10/2003 or 30 October 2003
Ö
õ9Sç
F ¾
m
®9 S§
F Âó̈
ó À
· · ·
m · · ·ó̈
® À <
Vx§
M
ûó̈
À birthday À#
ó̈ -
T get up
M
ûó̈
À
birthday party ;
= S
F - sleep late/sleep in
õ
¼
s friend
¤ - go back
4
ó
u Á
N guest, customer
¤ ¦-
x come back
-Ü
Ä
î people (another counter for people)
: - learn
U
# ÃÜ
Ä
î six people ¾
õB
- practise
a
¥
ë a lot ¦G
v Á
Õ usually
y
¦<X
S a little
¨ frequently
R-
ë
§ live, reside
...? who ...?
c G. Shin 2006 59
V 10 »
= Î
Q: @
q
}
<V½
V
õ = x§? When do you go to university?
A: v
¦GÁ
Õ ø 10
<
< §.
V x Usually 10 o’clock in the morning.
¥
¾ßÄ
î
q¦s"
X\ d
B<V"X<[
O
#
ÿ §.
Tx I studied in the library with Seon-Yeong.
A: @
M
} û
9½5
N V<
F V"
X9½
N B
x§. I eat in the student canteen.
Q: #
T"
X P¢^#
ńë §?
Tx Where did you meet?
A:
B
<
V"
X ń
P¢^#
ë §.
Tx We met in the coffee shop.
[
O
< p
ó
Ù ©<
 X,
V" ¾
õBv
@
Þ q
}
<
V"XB
x§ We study at home, and practise in the class.
There’s no special preposition in English to indicate the location of an activity, so you’ll have to pay
careful attention to the verb to determine whether or not you should use <V" X.
q́
µ
> P for ... (duration) 5
= late
ẃ j́
P> q́
µ P for one hour À-
0
h already
ÀE
ó̈ ½
N early ;
½ + NEG
N not yet
EXAMPLES
6ó̈
1 À ó̈
ÀE ½¦
N x;Vx§. Come early tomorrow.
¨2
Â<
V 30t=
ë 5
.P#
o Tx§. I came to class thirty minutes late.
À-
0
h 6
m
® V<x§. It’s already June.
=
B V; P
½ q́
N #
ÿ Tx§. I haven’t done my homework yet.
T=
# Vp 10
Ù j́
P> q́
µ P; S©
F ^#
ë §.
Tx I slept for ten hours yesterday.
60
c G. Shin 2006
Æ
/
<
V ó̈
À# T¢
^#
ë §?
Tx
Mó̈
û
À½
=
õ V<
Wx§? When’s your birthday?
q
}
@
î
ß#
Ä Tt
«óê< §?
Wx What is hak-kyo in English?
8
¨ O©
F í
÷ Ü2
½ Ì#
§.
Tx I ate watermelon.
¥½
ü ÞÌ#
î §.
Tx I drank coffee.
The Korean subject and the object markers are often left out, as you have noticed, in the course of
fluent, informal speech. Thus, when these markers are present, they are probably best thought of as a
form of mild emphasis or as an indication that the speaker tries not to confuse the hearer.
Usually the first question asked by students is: What’s the difference between v/p
Þ and
Ù /? In
fact, whether you understand the distinction at this stage is not, in our view, a matter of great
importance when we think of all the other fundamental aspects of Korean you need to come to grips
with. Most students acquire a sense of the difference with time and exposure. But if you are concerned
about gaining an understanding of this distinction now, then the following note may help you.
If you recall what we’ve already said about v/p
Þ you’ll recall that v
Ù /p
Þ gives emphasis to the
Ù
word/words in front. What we are actually doing is announcing that what follows in the sentence relates
to the word(s) indicated by the topic of conversation. We’re picking out one of a number of possible
items for your attention and then making some statement relating to it. If you look back to the
Language Notes to the Unit 5 (Page 26) and Unit 8 (Page 45) Conversation Pieces you’ll see a detailed
explanation of this point.
With /, however, we’re also involved in emphasis, but in a different manner – we’re indicating
that the word(s) in front of
/ add to what you know already, not that some further comment is
following on the word(s). Thus, it is very likely that what follows / is what you know already. The
same thing can be said about © /¥
÷ ½. Let’s contrast these points.
ü
3
® 3ó̈
m Àv =
Þ VM
ûó̈
À<
Vx§. The 3rd of March is my birthday. or The 3rd of March, it’s my birthday.
3
® 3ó̈
m À =VM
ûó̈
À<
Vx§. My birthday is the 3rd of March. or It’s the 3rd of March that is my birthday.
w
¨ p
P
Ù q́
ÞÌ#
î §.
Tx I didn’t drink the juice. or The juice, I didn’t drink.
¨w
¥
½P
ü q́
ÞÌ#
î §.
Tx I didn’t drink (any) juice. or It’s juice that I didn’t drink.
¥
½ª
ü
B §?
x Whom do you like?
Â
x§? Who’s coming?
È
ü½
¥ª
B
x§? Is Jihui fond of me?
§, 6
x 1
È¥
½ª
ü
B
x§. No, I like Jihui.
c G. Shin 2006 61
V 11 »
= Î
11 ë
¥
a s
; §.
Vx
I N THIS U NIT ...
• Table Insa
• A Korean meal
• Common ingredients used in Korean meals
• Buying food and meals
• Some common Korean dishes
• Shall we ...?
B ON APPETIT.
Food, clothing and shelter are the three basic material necessities of life – and food is surely the most
talked about. In this Unit, we learn about Korean food and eating habits so as to extend our ability to
interact with Koreans socially.
1 Table Insa
, s
; §.
Vx Here, help yourself./Take some. ‘
’ is an interjection commonly used
to encourage an action from the hearer which the speaker believes
would give pleasure. See also Page 39.
mõ
¼ ¾2
s ×
P ...
ń Lit. We’ve prepared nothing, but ...; an expression used by the
host/hostess when inviting you to help your self
¥
a
ë s
; §.
Vx Bon appetit. Lit. Take a lot.; a standard invitation from the host for a
guest not to hold back
H
s;
Vx§. Have some more.; an exhortation in the middle of the meal for the guest
to refill the plate
3
N
Á ª
; §?
Vx Do you like Gimchi?
9
½
N ®
" .
Let’s eat! This is the standard way for a host to invite a guest to begin a
meal, or for one member of a party to suggest to the others that they
begin. Note that this expression has masculine connotations.
:
s
¾ !/>
¹ .
Here’s cheers. Lit. Let’s take, eg, a drink. There are a few more toasts
in Korean, but these are the standard suggestions to raise a glass of
alcohol.
ë
R
©Ü½Ã
í ÌB
%
.
Looks good! Lit. I’ll eat well.; an expression used when you start to eat
>
U ó̈
n Ì# §.
Tx It’s tasty! Lit. There is flavour (in this food). This is the standard
compliment about the quality of the meal. We strongly advise you
commit it to memory and use it often for the pleasure that it will give
your hosts.
¦, ¥
x a
ë Ü
½2
í Ì#
§.
Tx No more, thanks. If you are being entertained in a very traditional
Korea way, your hosts may continue to press food upon you. Your only
defense then might be to say this expression politely – literally, it
means No, I’ve eaten a lot.
R
ë
©Ü½2
í ÌB
.
I’ve eaten well.; an expression used when you finish eating
62
c G. Shin 2006
a
ë
¥ s
; §.
Vx
9
¹
C ½
N food ¦¡
} fork
ë
¦
T cooked rice
}
knife
Q
<
T soup ù-
ù
} be hot (in taste)
5
hot-pot style of soup -
be salty
ó
ś side-dishes T
ë
© -
¨ eat (respect form)
6
B O
F spoon ½#
í
Ü ¦-
Tv taste, try
ú6
# O
F chopsticks
ª -
to like
-
¤ use Ö#
ó
§ -
T
to dislike
À
ø
s cannot 9
¹
C ½©
N P¤
÷ -
ń÷ to prepare a meal
µ9
½
N dessert §
x -
to cook
• ë
¦: cooked rice. In English, we have one word for rice whether it’s in the field, in the shop or on the plate.
T
In Korean, if it’s in the field it’s !
U, when it’s harvested it’s ²
R, and when it’s cooked it’s ¦
ë T.
ë
• ¤
-: ¤- can mean use as well as write (see Page 25); as we saw on Page 25, when the verb stem ends in
the vowel s, the s drops out when attaching Polite Informal ending -# Tx §. Thus, B 6
O
F q
ú6
# O©
F
÷
hx
- § (We use spoons and chopsticks).
• s
À: When we want to say that something out of our control, eg, allergy, is preventing us from doing
ø
something we can place the negative adverb s À before the verb. For example, B
ø VF
F ©
Ú s
÷ ÀÜ
ø ½#
í § (I can’t
Tx
eat peanuts). The difference between s À (cannot) and q́
ø P (do not) is the difference between being
prevented from doing something and deciding not to do something. In English we often say I couldn’t do it
when we really mean I didn’t want to do it, and it’s the same in Korean. Since it’s always more polite to be
a victim of circumstances, than a deliberate non-performer, it’s best to under-use q́P and over-use (or so it
may seem to you) s À.
ø
ù- is an irregular verb to the extent that changes to n when followed by the -#
• }
ù Tx§ ending. Thus, The
gimchi is a bit hot will be 3 Á
N D 9
öx §. (See also Page 54.)
• ©
T
ë ¨- vs Ü ½-: When referring to a small number of basic human activities, such as eating, speaking,
í
giving, or sleeping, Korean speakers use special verb forms to indicate that they regard the person they are
referring to as being of a higher social status (see Unit 14). Therefore, of course, we can never use these
verb forms in referring to ourselves. For the Korean language learner the challenge is simple: when
someone uses ... © T
ë ¨;Vx §? in addressing you, you need to have the mental agility to reply with 6
3, ...
½#
í
Ü Tx§ and avoid saying 6 3, ... ©T
ë ¨;Vx§.
q meat û
M
¥
¾ fish
w
q (w
) beef (cow, bull) ¦
B
seafood
é
× (×
q é) pork (pig) R¡
ë
£ R
ì egg
bq
£
ë (£
b)
ë chicken - meat (chicken - bird)
Ú
F beans
Vq
G
: (:
V)
G lamb, mutton (sheep) ¨
tofu
b: The in £
• The pronunciation of £
ë b remains silent in Modern Korean, whether or not there is a
ë
following vowel.
c G. Shin 2006 63
V 11 »
= Î
> vegetables
q chili peppers
:
Chinese cabbage
shallots
¨
white radish £
ò garlic
V
F
9 lettuce -;
V
F sauce
<X
S spinach/greens P;
j́ V
F soy sauce
¦
x cucumber
q ;
V
F chilli sauce
ã
n
úó̈
É sesame leaves o
¬;
^ V
F soybean paste
VF
F
B
Ú peanuts ?
}
< ¾
Ù sesame oil
§
x cuisine, cooking V
F
C bread
D
<Tx
Q §
Chinese cuisine V©
F
C Â
ó bread shop, bakery
<
D TC
Q 9
¹ ½à
N Á
í a Chinese restaurant -
to buy
À9
ó̈ ½©
N Â
ó a Japanese restaurant Ü
½-
í to buy meals (Lit. buy and eat)
9
ẃ ½©
N Â
ó a traditional Korean restaurant ¨s
ë - order (eg food)
V9
G
: ½©
N Â/8
ó Rw|
«6V
F a Western-style restaurant ©
ø
q 6
÷ 1- pay
}
¦;V
F
a street food stall -
be cheap
9
½5
N V
F food court
- be expensive
• F
C: if F
V C sounds a little familiar it’s because it has reached the Korean language from Portuguese via Japan
V
and is, therefore, similar to pain, the French word for bread. It would take a little while to explain how two
or three Portuguese words got into Korean, but any book on Japan’s history will tell you the tale of the
Portuguese in Japan.
R
ë
¡ Spare ribs cooked in a similar manner to §
q
. Pork Galbi (×
é¡
R
ë ) is also served in more informal
settings.
Á
N
3 When we say just 3 Á
N we mean cabbage Gimchi, in much the same way as ice cream is presumed to
refer to vanilla ice cream unless we specify otherwise. If we want to specify a non-cabbage 3
Á
N , we
name the vegetable. Thus, cucumber Gimchi, for instance, would be x ¦3 Á
N .
P
ń ¨ Small dumplings with meat filling, usually eaten with a soy and vinegar sauce.
©>
T
ë Sweet potato noodles and finely-chopped beef and vegetables stir-fried together.
8
Á¦
N T
ë Steamed rice served in a bowl with a number of side helpings of finely-chopped Bulgogi, mushrooms,
carrots, spinach and bean sprouts, topped with a fried egg, sunny side up. The ingredients are then
combined together by vigorous spoon action, and eaten with chili sauce and a side soup.
Á¦
N
3 T
ë 3 is dried green seaweed (laver). To make 3
Á
N Á¦
N T, you wrap around, with a thin layer of 3
ë Á, cooked rice
N
and finely chopped/sliced carrot, pickled radish, meat, fish, etc, and then sliced it into bite-size pieces.
5
The suffix
5 on the names of dishes indicates that the food is cooked ‘hot-pot’ fashion – in a soup over
high heat. Thus 3
Á
N 5 is a hot soup where the most prominent ingredient is Chinese cabbage Gimchi.
More examples include: B
¦
5 (seafood Jjigae), ^ o
¬;V
F 5 (soybean paste Jjigae), etc.
ú
3Á
N The suffix ú
3 Á on the names of dishes indicates that the food is being deep-fried in light batter in a
N
similar fashion to Japanese tempura. Thus
> ú3 Á is mixed vegetables deep-fried in batter.
N
-
¾
õ This suffix indicates a noodle dish, such as H
Ä
J õ – the cold noodle dish of North Korean origin which is a
¾
summertime staple, or õ¾ – the ever-ready instant noodles.
-<
T/->
Q V
F This indicates a soup, the most common of which are Manduguk (ń
P T: dumpling soup) and Galbitang
¨<
Q
(¡
R
ë > V: beefy, spare-rib broth).
F
The expression · · · - v
/p
Þ x
Ù §?: What (or How) about · · ·?
The expression “· · · - v
/p
Þ x
Ù §?” can be very handy, when we’re asking a kind of contrastive
questions that involve more than one persons or things. It allows us not to repeat the whole question as
in the examples.
EXAMPLES
Q:
Q:
¥
¾îÄß
p
Ù
<V/
Æ
j́
P ẃ
<T#
Q T¥
½<
ü [
O B x §?
Seon-Yeong, how many hours per day do you study Korean?
A:
<
Vẃ
j́
P<[
O B
x§. I do one hour per day.
Q: @
px
Ù §? How about you, Tae-U? cf. @
p (
Ù < V/
Æ
j́
P ẃ
<T#
Q T¥
½<
ü [
O )x
B §?
A:
<
VFS
9§Ât
ó <
ë [
O B
x§. I do thirty minutes a day.
c G. Shin 2006 65
V 11 »
= Î
66
c G. Shin 2006
a
ë
¥ s
; §.
Vx
fast food outlets, catching a cheap unpretentious bowl of noodles or dumpling in the Northern
Chinese style.
There are also more elaborate Chinese meals at up-market establishments usually found in the
major hotels and in expensive neighbourhoods.
Other restaurants: There are various other types of restaurants in Korea specialising in particular dishes.
These might include ginseng chicken (9 S5
F > V), Buddhist vegetarian dishes (ṕ
F P>), green pea
flour pancakes (oõ7
¼ ç ½) or pigfoot (D
@ ¦
R). Interest in foreign foods is growing slowly, but is still
ë
not very high in Korea. In cities, almost all non-Korean restaurants outside the major international
hotels are either Japanese, highly indigenised Chinese or else Western-style fast food outlets.
Attitude to meat
The Korean attitude to meat is different to the Australian attitude in a number of ways. To begin
with, it is extremely rare to find a Korean who does not express a strong distaste for lamb. Most cite the
smell as the main reason and, seeing that no distinction seems to be made between mutton and lamb in
Korea, this is perhaps not surprising. Also behind the attitude seems to be a deep-seated cultural reflex,
shared with the Japanese and most Chinese, in which people traditionally contrasted their settled,
agricultural, beef-eating ways with the nomadic, pastoral, mutton-eating and milk-drinking ways of the
Mongols and other northern barbarians. It’s not as if the Chinese, Japanese and Koreans continue to
look down on their northern neighbours, of course. But since the constant threat of northern invasion
was a major theme of their respective histories in pre-modern times, the dietary reflex seems to persist.
Beef is the prestige meat in Korea, and it is considerably more expensive than pork. In fact, just as
Á
N
3 tends to mean just one kind of Gimchi, so q tends to mean beef, unless otherwise specified. It
is therefore expensive, relative to pork and chicken (the other two major meats), and in the course of a
normal household meal it is rarely eaten in the amounts that Australians are familiar with. However, for
guests beef is often laid on in abundance, and, in a very traditional mode of hospitality, a host might say
to a guest q ¥ a
ë © T
ë ¨; Vx § (Eat plenty of meat!) to counteract any tentativeness the guest might
feel.
Attitude to alcohol
Koreans have acquired something of a reputation as drinkers over the years, and this reputation can
obscure the very careful, moderate attitude taken by most people in Korea. We’d advise you to observe
Korean attitudes to drink carefully rather than just accept this reputation at face value.
Above all, the use of alcohol is socially and ceremony-bound. The idea of a quiet, relaxing drink or
two after work is not common, though sitting down and having round after round with work colleagues
is more common, as is consuming considerable amounts of alcohol on weekend group picnics.
In formally entertaining foreigners Koreans will rarely hit the bottle, since getting drunk together is
an expression of close friendship, and business colleagues are unlikely to risk losing their inhibitions
until they are very familiar with the company they are in. Foreign visitors will lose no respect by
displaying a similar degree of self-discipline, even when pressed by their hosts.
c G. Shin 2006 67
V 12 Î
= »
12
t §, !
« x Twt §?
« x
I N THIS U NIT ...
• Transportation and Travelling
• What number bus do you take?
• How far is it?
• How long does it take?
• Locations
• The Emphatic Particle -s
¦
D O WE GO BY TRAIN , OR BY BUS ?
In Unit 4 we started learning how to identify places, in Unit 9 we learnt a bit about the countries of
the world, about asking people where they come from, and where places were located. Now we bring
these two themes together again to learn how to find out basic travel information, and describe our own
travel experiences.
1 Conversation
@ and Kylie are talking about going somewhere this coming weekend.
@
:
õ
½ ¨¥R<
ë Vó êB x§? , n¾B
¼ x
»<
ý V¡R
ë x§?
Kylie: ¾
¼
n
Bx»
ý x §? ... The Folk Village ¥
R
ë <Vx§?
@ : 3.
6
Kylie:
ª x§. ...
õ7
½ L, n
¾B
¼ ý
x<
» Vp #
Ù T:Ê5
x§? t« x§,
Tw
! t« x §?
@
: Ţ
ût « x §.
Kylie: 3?
6
@ : 5
= S
F <Vx §. ...
¨E
áÙ p
4 ÷t
« x§.
q¨E
á<V"X
¾B
¼
n x
»
ý p!
Ù Twt« x §. ¨E
áß½ ë̈
î [<Vp
n
Ù ¾B
¼ x
» p
ý !
Ù Tw
a
ë
¥ x§.
Kylie: , 3
6. ...
¨E
á p2
Ù À
+ À
ñ Ox§?
@ : 1j́P ó
N +
À
ñ Ox§.
Kylie: ¨E
á<V"Xn ¾B
¼ x
»
ý px
Ù §?
@ : WF
í
¢ mx§, 30 tN
ë +
ñ
À¤ À <
ó Wx§.
Kylie: , 6
3.
@ :
,
< ø8
< V"X©
ß½÷
î
©«
½¦ R®
ë
" . n
¾B
¼ x
»<
ý X 10
V" 'N
2, 3
j́
P ØÄB
I x§. qx ¦µ< Vp
Ù ¨E
á©
÷ ØÄ®
I
" .
Kylie: 3, ª
6
x §.
@ : ¨
E
áv¡
Þ R
ë t«s ¦®Ü ÄB
î §x. ¡ R
ë ª
;Vx §?
Kylie: 3, ª
6
B x §.
@ : Û
Á, à
í Á9
í Á<
N Vp¡
Ù R
ë ¥½í
ü ½
ÜC
¹ .
68
c G. Shin 2007
t §, !
« x Twt §?
« x
Translation
@ : What are we doing this weekend? Shall we go to the Min-sok-chon?
Kylie: Min-sok-chon? You mean the Folk Village?
@ : Yes.
Kylie: Oh, that’d be nice. ... But, how shall we go – by train or bus?
@ : We go by plane.
Kylie: Pardon?
@ : Just kidding. We go by subway to Suwon, and then by bus to the Folk Village. Lots of buses go there
from in front of Suwon Station.
Kylie: I see. About how long do you think it’ll take to get to Suwon?
@
: About an hour and half.
Kylie: And to the Folk Village from Suwon?
@
: Well, about 30 minutes perhaps?
Kylie: I see.
@
: Let’s set off from Seoul Station at 8.00. Then we’ll have two to three hours at the Village, and in the
afternoon let’s have a look at Suwon.
Kylie: Mm, that’ll be really nice.
@
: Suwon is also famous for Galbi. Do you like Galbi?
Kylie: I sure do.
@ : Then, let’s have some kalbi for lunch.
Language Notes
•
: we
• The ¼ nB
¾ x
» (the Folk Village) is a large tourist park some thirty kilometres south of Seoul in
ý
which many aspects of traditional Korean village life are on display.
• The Folk Village ¥ R
ë < Vx §?: Do you mean ‘Folk Village’? You use the construction · · ·
R
ë
¥ < Vx §? when you need additional explanation of what has been said. More precisely, you
provide the · · · as an additional explanation and ask the hearer to confirm it.
• 6
3, ª
x§: ª
x § can be relative rather than absolute. It often means that, given the
alternatives, something is preferable and acceptable, rather than actually good in its own right.
•
õ7
½ L: By the way, ...
• #
T: Ê5
: how
• : train
• t « x §, !Twt « x §?: literally, Do we go by train, or do we go by bus? This is an
‘A-or-B’ question in Korean, where two questions are juxtaposed.
•
û:Ţ airplane
• =
5
S
F < Vx§: I’m just kidding. Literally, It’s a joke.
• -
: up to
•
4 ÷: subway
• · · · ë̈
[< V: in front of · · ·
• n
¾B
¼ x
» p
ý !
Ù Tw: bus going to the n ¾B
¼ x
»
ý
• 2
À
À ñ
+ Ox §?: How long does it take?
• -N
: about, approximately Note that it is attached, not prefixed, to the number expression
concerned.
• · · ·v
/p
Þ x
Ù §?: What about ...?; How about ...?
• ¢
WF
í mx §: We-ell
• VST - (x ) < Wx §: is going to VST ... This is a future tense marker (see Unit 14).
• «
½¦ R
ë -: depart, set off
•
q : And ...
• 2, 3 P (
j́ ¨, ;V P): two to three hours
j́
•
Ø Ä
I -: watch an event, view scenery, take a look
• -s
¦: an emphatic particle meaning also
•
Û Á: Well, then ...
í
c G. Shin 2007 69
V 12 Î
= »
2 Means of Transportation
: boat, ship
õ
½ bicycle
Ţ
û aircraft Tw
! bus
/2
À
train B
q !
Tw
express bus for inter-province travels
õ4
½
÷
urban electric train [@
O
< !
} /
Tw ¨r
õ!
¼ Tw
4
÷
the subway limousine bus to and from the Airport
õ
½
tram, street car ¦|
x «
motorbike
>
µ car -(x
)t
« by (means of), with
Buses in Seoul
6V!
F Tw
‘Blue Bus’ (urban bus travelling between Seoul CBD and outer Districts)
«
z?º!
Õ Tw
‘Green Bus’ (urban bus travelling between a subway station and the nearby District)
r6V!
F Tw
‘Yellow Bus’ (urban bus travelling within a District)
R
ë
±3V!
F Tw
‘Red Bus’ (urban bus travelling between Seoul CBD and a Satellite City)
>
µ self-move-vehicle
õ
½ self-rotate-cart
steam-vehicle À
2
line-vehicle
4
÷
ground-under-steel Ţ
û fly-travel-machine
õ
½
electricity-vehicle õ4
½
÷
electricity-steel
Of course, this happens in English too, and the counterpart in English for
>
µ is automobile,
where auto- means by itself and mobile means moving.
The Instrumental Particle: -(x )t«
In Korean we can use - (x)t« to indicate the instrument by which we accomplish something. The
is inserted before all consonants except – note the case of
x ¾
õÀt
ó « and
4 ÷t
« in the examples
below. The instrument may actually be an implement, or a means of transport as in the examples below.
EXAMPLES
ẃQ
<TC9
¹ ½v
N
Þ ú6
# Ox
F t
«Ü½#
í §.
Tx I eat Korean food with chopsticks.
¾
õÀ«
ó t-
hx§. I’m writing with a pencil.
q
}
@
<V!Tw« §.
t x We go to school by bus.
÷4t
«¡ T
ë .
Let’s go by subway.
70
c G. Shin 2007
t §, !
« x Twt §?
« x
3 Travelling
d
B'
\ H
: tourism (
¥½)
ü - get on, get into, catch a vehicle
d
B'
\ HG
: ½
J tourist (
¥½)
ü q ¦-
-/x ride
UŢ
# û trip, voyage 1
6 - get out of, off a vehicle
UŢ
# û travel agency À#
ñ
+ T"
X - go on foot, walk
¢̧
po
Ù
î ticket counter
½¦
« R
ë - depart, set off
Ţ
û¢̧ plane ticket
- commute (Lit. go to ... regularly)
¢̧ train ticket SK ½
!
õ Tw
Bus No ...
-;
V
F (counter for tickets) DESTINATION p
!
Ù Tw
a bus going to ...
j́
P¢̧ timetable
G
q Á
Õ s
travel pass (Lit. transport card)
distance ...
'N from (a time)
fare, charge ...(<
V)"
X'
N from (a place)
l
U
> the seaside ...
to (a time/place)
¢
W the countryside ...(x
)t
«B"
X via
c G. Shin 2007 71
V 12 Î
= »
q
And ... (between sentences)
¾
õ Or ...
ń
P But ...
õ7
½ L By the way ...
8
"
X So ...
bus; -¥
½ = object marker;
ü x§? = do you take?
To answer, substitute a Sino-Korean number for /
Æ.
9L
S
F ô9
S§
F Â9
ó S½
F !
õ Tw
¥½
ü §.
x I take the number 333 bus.
S, F
F
9 9, 9
S S
F õ!
½ Tw¥
½
ü x§. I take the number 3, 3, 3 bus.
q
}
@
<
Vª÷, <
* [,
O õ!
½ Tw
¥½
ü q
 §.
x I go (Lit come) to university by bus number 709.
ß<
½
î V"
X
2À
× §?
éx How far is it from the station?
4«
Àt
ó «
'Né
×x§. It’s 4 kilometres.
U
#
2
À
× §?
éx How far is it (from the place we’ve been talking about) to
here?
10 ó
«t
À «
'Né
×x§. It’s 10 kilometres.
72
c G. Shin 2007
t §, !
« x Twt §?
« x
PK
j́
P+À
ñ §.
Ox It takes PK hours.
Time/Distance - N
When we are referring to time in the context of casual or social arrangements, N
often follows the
time (or distance) concerned. N
corresponds to the English practice of adding about in similar contexts
– Come about 7.00; See you about 3.00; It’s about 5 kilometres from here, etc.
x
¦ µ3N
x
¦;Vx§. Come again around 3 pm.
X©
" V
<"
Xṕ
P
p6
Ù j́
PN+
À
ñ §. It takes about 6 hours from Seoul to Busan.
Ox
U"
# X
N'ß½
î
5 «
Àt
ó «'
NN×
éx §.
It’s about 5 kilometres from here to the station.
8 Some Locations
]<
ë
¦ V outside P<
q́ V inside
[<
ë̈ V in front of í<
ñ V behind
É<
2
V next to Wv
F
7
Þ õ<
¾ V opposite
EXAMPLES
ß
Bv
Þ ½ ë̈
î [< V ó̈
Ì# Tx§. The coffee shop is in front of the station.
9
¹
C ½à
N Áv
í O
Þ <
[ E
á2 É<
V ó̈
Ì# §.
Tx The restaurant’s next to the park.
½7
î
ß WÞ
F v
õ<
¾ V ó̈
Ì# §.
Tx It’s opposite the station.
È
*;V§
F ÀÞ
óvß½ q́
î P< V ó̈
Ì# Tx§. The toilet’s inside the station.
However, ¦
s is added to any other particles, eg, -<
V, -<
V"X and -(x
)t
«:
T<
ẃQ
< §. ó̈
V x Àt <
ø Vs
¦ x§. I’m going to Korea. I’m going to Japan too.
Â<
ó
© V"X$\Ü
½©
Ü
÷ ½#
í Tx§. C
9
¹ ½à
N Á<
í V"
Xs¦$
\ܽ©
Ü
÷ ½#
í Tx §.
I eat dinner at home. I eat dinner in restaurants too.
R
ë
¡ t
«®î
ÜB
Ä §. w
x ¨t
«s¦
®ÜÄB
î §.
x It’s famous for Galbi. It’s also famous for Soju.
c G. Shin 2007 73
V 13 »
= Î
13 D
I N THIS U NIT ...
• Family members
• Periods of Time
• Using the Possessive Case Particle -Â
Ô
• Using the Comitative Case Particle -Â
/-»
Î
• What’s your telephone number/name?
• “How long has it been since ...?”
• Making longer sentences using -q (and) and - P (but)
ń
FAMILY
The Korean family unit is an extended family unit whose complex inter-relationships contrast
strongly with the Western nuclear family system. In this Unit we start to gain a feel for this complexity
as we acquire a basic vocabulary for describing family members. We also learn to make ‘longer’
sentences, using a couple of conjunctive endings.
1 Yun-Mi’s family
v
ì
63 D
< §.
Vx
u¦4Á»
N ή N
" 5q,
¦
xÂ
õ
½ , 4
S>
F M
µ û
ó̈
Ì#Tx§.
¦
xÂÔ Ù¾
?v@
Þ q, õ
½ Â
Ô
?¾v
Ù 9
Þ V
F ,
q4S>
F M
µ ûÂ
Ô
¨È
?¾v
Ù à
Þ Ä
í <Wx§.
ÂÔÞ Ä@
¶ v
}
Þ
O
F
8ÜÄ=
î q
ß Á
í ÂÔÞ Ä@
¶ v
}
Þ
Ä
%ÜÄC
î
µ <
W§x.
q ®N
"
Ä
¶
Þ@v
}
Þ ¨È< §.
Wx
"
® !Tp
Þ Ì#
î Tx§.
¤
Ù
OÜ
F
8 Ä=
î Ä
%ÜÄC
î
µ
¤ p ¾
¼ 3ç
¾½
ì2Ì#
Tx§.
v
ì 639 ½
N pu
Ù ¦¨ ó̈
À<Y
O
6S
F <Vx§.
¡Z
ë § R
ë x§.
,
q,
rõ<
¼ Vp2
Ù ×
ń
P,
5
qq:V
G ó̈
Ì# Tx§. 5
ÂÔ
?¾v
Ù 3
Þ V
F ,
qq: V
G Â
Ô
O@
F
8
8
O9
F V
F 8
Ov
F
ì 8
Oà
F Ä
í
?¾v
Ù
Þ C
µ <Wx§.
Language Notes
• -6
3: ’s (when used with a personal name) • D: family •
u¦4 Á: parents • -»
N Î/-Â
=
q: NOUN and NOUN •
N
"
® : grandmother • VST-(TENSE)-q : SENTENCE, and ... • x ¦: elder brother •
õ
½ : elder sister • 4
S>
F
µ M:
û
younger brother • -Â
Ô: ’s (Possessive Case Marker) •
? ¾: name •
Ù : daddy (endearment form) • ßÁ
í : mummy
(endearment form) • Þ
Ä@
¶ : (respected person’s) name • ®
}
" ! T : grandfather • ¤
-: (for a respected person to)
die, pass away • VST-(x
) TIME PERIOD ½ ì2-: It’s been TIME WORD since ... • 9
Ì ½
N : family members • - ńP:
SENTENCE, but ... • 3V
F ; puppy • C
µ : Lit. the little one that says “
C (miaow)”
µ
74
c G. Shin 2003
D
TN
# mother, mum û=
A
å V brothers
Á
ß
í mum, mummy 9
sisters
!
T
father, dad N
"
® grandmother
dad, daddy
"
® !
T grandfather
u
¦4
Á
N parents ¦
y u
¦4Á
N grandparents
A
û
å (a male’s) elder brother -
 maternal ...
x
¦ (a female’s) elder brother Â
®
" !
T (maternal) grandfather
(a male’s) elder sister Â
®N
" (maternal) grandmother
õ
½
(a female’s) elder sister S
F
4 ¾
õ husband
M
>
µ û
younger sibling 6
1 wife
U>
# M
µ û
younger sister ¤
÷ son
4
S>
F M
µ û
younger brother R
ë
° daughter
3 Other People
D
family õá
¼
s Z
ô relative
½
N
9 family members
Ù
y !
T !
T
 û (married)
Ôå
A
Ã9
½
N a family of five #
Ù
y TN
Ù
y !
TÂ
Ô6
1
¦
u ¨ all together Ov
F
;
Þ !
T !
T
ÂÔ4
S>
F
µûM (married)
¦
u ¨;
V6
S
F a total of 3 people Ov
F
; #
Þ TN
Ov
F
;
Þ !
TÂ
Ô1
6
/<
baby Sx
F
9 »
ý !
T
ÂÔå
û=
A V (unmarried)
/<
child Â
9Sx
F »
ý TN
# ÂÔx
¦, 4
Sµ
F M
>
û
Tr
# »
ã adult Â
Bu
¦ Â
9Sx
F »Â
ý Ô
61
U
# woman, female u
¦ TN
# ÂÔ
õ
½ , #
U>
µûM
S
F
4 man, male u
¦
u
¦Â
Ô4Sõ
F ¾
q
< õ
¼ lover, sweetheart u
q ¦ !
T
ÂÔ
, #
U>
µûM
S
F
4 s
õ
¼ boyfriend u
q ¦
u
q ¦Â
Ô4Sõ
F ¾
U
# s
õ
¼ girlfriend x
»
ý cousins
4V
G simply, as it is ¦
y , y
¦
°
R
ë nephew, niece
Language Note: To say so and so is just a friend of mine, rather than your boy/girlfriend, you can use
the expression
4V as in “
G 4Vs
G õ
¼ < Wx§ (He/She is just a friend)”.
c G. Shin 2003 75
V 13 »
= Î
@# -
T be born -
D die
- grow up ì-
½ be done, become
@
q
~ home town ?
¾
Ù name
q́
µ
> P for, period of time Ä@
¶
Þ
} (a respected person’s) name
À
2
> P ...?
q́
µ for how long ..? ¨w
address
SKç
¾µ>q́
P for SK years õÈ
½
õ~
*
½ ³ telephone number
-
move house O|
G
: »
- be engaged to
¦-
x move in (ie to one’s current address) ò
+
À|»
- marry, get married
- move away (ie to a new address) |
»
- divorce, get divorced
¤ -
pass away (for a respected person to die) |
= »
- ‘re-marry’
To answer:
SK t
>
ë q́
µ P for SK minutes SK
¨ó̈
Àµ>q́
P for SK weeks
PK
j́Pµ>q́
P for PK hours PK £
Rµ
ë >q́
P for PK months
SK ó̈
À> q́
µ P for SK days SK ç
¾µ>q́
P for SK years
EXAMPLES
4t>
ë P (
q́
µ ) for 4 minutes 1
¨ó̈
Àµ P (ó̈
>q́
À) for 1 week
10 t
>
ë P (§
q́
µ Â)
ó for 10 minutes 6
¨ó̈
Àµ P (Ç
>q́
) for 6 weeks
2j́P> P (
q́
µ ¨) for 2 hour 1£
R>
ë P (ẃ
q́
µ ) for 1 month
3j́P> P (;
q́
µ V) for 3 hours 8£
R>
ë P (#
q́
µ U- Ò)
ý for 8 months
5 ó̈
À> P (x
q́
µ ¦) for 5 days 4ç
¾> P (
q́
µ ) for 4 years
7 ó̈
À> P (ª
q́
µ ÷)
* for 7 days 9ç
¾> P (
q́
µ ) for 9 years
LANGUAGE NOTES
• More traditional expressions for days are
(a period of one day), ½ (two days),
ü כ
½
(three days),
כ ½ (four days), l
U;
> (five days), etc. (These are instead of ó̈ À,
À ó̈ ó̈
À, 9 À,
S ó̈
F
À, x
ó̈ ¦ ó̈À, etc.)
• In talking about weeks, PK numbers can also be used, but seemingly only up to, say, nine. Thus,
don’t be surprised if you hear Koreans mentioning ẃ ¨ó̈
À, ¨ ¨ó̈
À, ;V ¨ó̈À, 6
3 À, etc.
¨ó̈
• Note also that the forms Þ
½£
¶ R for ;
ë V£ R (three months) and Ù
ë ½£
R for 6
ë 3£ R (four months) also
ë
exist.
76
c G. Shin 2003
D
or
NOTES: ½ ì;Vx § is a more polite form for ×
éx§. You
Ä@
¶
Þ
} #
T:Ê5
½
ì; §?
Vx use ½
ì;Vx § when the person you speak about is a
respected one.
To answer you simply give your name and -<
Wx§/-
<Vx§ or -ó̈
 .
c G. Shin 2003 77
V 13 »
= Î
To answer:
VST - (x
)/
TIME PERIOD ½
ì2Ì#
§.
Tx
EXAMPLES
~
³ ¨<Vx¦p¾
¼ 2À
½ì2 Ì#
§?
Tx How long have you been in Australia?
7O
F «
½¦
Rẃ
ë 30 t
p
ë #
º Tx§. It’s been thirty minutes since the last train departed.
<
ø©
í
÷ ½
Üv
Þ ẃ
j́
PN ½
ì2Ì#
§.
Tx It’s been an hour since I had breakfast.
<
ẃ T#
Q TO<
[ ü
½¥
;
Oẃ
F ã
R
ë º#
p §. It’s been five months since I started Korean.
Tx
EXAMPLES
T#
ẃQ
< Tp
Ù =ó̈
Ìq ¨ p
°B
. Korean is interesting and very easy.
¦
x ÂÔ?¾v
Ù @
Þ q,
õ
½ Â ÔÙ¾
?v
Þ My elder brother’s name is Tae-U, and my elder sister’s
name Sang-Mi.
V
F
9 <
Wx§.
@ p
Ù <TV
Q <"
X< [
O q
ÿ ,
¨p
Ù Tae-U studied in the US, and Ji-Su in the UK.
Ä<
î
ß T<
Q V"X<[
O #
ÿ Tx§.
¨
E
áp
Ù
4÷t
« q, ¨E
áV<"X Shall we go to Su-won by the subway, and then from
Su-won to the Min-sok-chon shall we go by bus?
¾B
¼
n x
»
ý p
!
Ù Twt«¡ R
ë §?
x
However, when we want to combine two seemingly contradictory sentences we can say:
· · · VST1 - (TENSE) - P, · · · VST2 - · · ·
ń
EXAMPLES
@
pî
Ù ß#
Ä Tü
½
¥<[
O
ÿ ń
P,
¨p
Ù Tae-U studied English, but Ji-Su studied French.
#
§ T¥½<
ü [
O
#
ÿ §.
Tx
9
ẃ ½v
N
Þ ú6
# O»
F ÎB 6
Ox
F t
«Ü½
í ń
P, We eat Korean-style food with spoons and chopsticks, but
we do Western-style food with forks and knives.
V9
G
: ½v
N }
Þ ¦¡Â
}t
«Ü ½#
í §.
Tx
<
ẃ T#
Q TpT
Ù #Þ
Â
ń
P=
ó̈ Tx
Ì# §. Korean’s difficult but interesting.
Á
N
3 pD
Ù ù
}
ù ń
Pn >
U ó̈
Ì# §.
Tx Gimchi’s a little hot but tasty.
78
c G. Shin 2003
D
c G. Shin 2003 79
V 14 »
= Î
14 ½
<
õ [
O ó
ê< §?
Wx
I N THIS U NIT ...
• Education
• I’m going to ...
• I want to ...
• Before/After ...
• The Particle -ń
P (only)
W HAT ’ S YOUR MAJOR ?
In this unit we learn to talk about our educational experiences, looking back to the past, but also
looking to further study and graduation. This often involves talking about our likes and dislikes, and so
we learn how to express these as well.
1 A story about @
...
@
<Wx§.
@ p6ë
Ù §D
R J
®
E
á<V¤#
÷ T¡^#
ë Tx§. 7 §
RD
ë J
®
E
á©
÷ qz «>
@
¹ q
}
<
V
Â@
ó̈
} #
ÿ §. 13 §
Tx RD
ë Jz«>@
¹ q
}
¥½
ü
ª 2
 #
ÿ §.
Tx qD@
q
}
<V
⇑ ⇓
Â@
ó̈
} #
ÿ §. 16 §
Tx RD
ë JD@
q
}
¥½
ü
2
ª Â
qq¹>@
q
}
<V ó̈
Â@
} #
ÿ §.
Tx
19 §
RD
ë Jq>@
¹ q
}
¥½ª
ü
2Â
q
@
7 q
}
<V ó̈
Â@
} #
ÿ §. 22 §
Tx RD
ë J
@
7 q
}
¥½ª
ü
2®
<
" Wx§.
80
c G. Shin 2003
½
õ<[
O ó
ê< §?
Wx
®
E
á kindergarten PK §
R
ë ... years old
«>
z @
¹ q
}
primary school ... D
J the time when ...
@
D q
}
junior high school (Years 7 – 9) 10 §
RD
ë J at the age of ten
>
q @
¹ q
}
senior high school (Years 10 – 12) ...©
/¥
÷ ½
ü -
attend (school, etc)
q
D >
@
¹ q
}
secondary school ...<
V ó̈
Â@
} - enter school, matriculate
@
7
} E
á graduate school ...<
V¤#
÷ T- go into
Â@
ó̈
} school entry ...©
/¥
÷ ½ª
ü
2Â
- graduate
2
ª Â
graduation ...©
/¥
÷ ½
ü ¦-
x come out of
2
ª Â9
½
N graduation ceremony
- complete, finish
-
go out of, leave a place @
D M
} û
a middle school student
x
¦- come out of, appear, arrive >
q @
¹ M
} û
a high school student
#
÷
¤ ¦-
Tx come in @
7 M
} û
a university (undergraduate) student
#
÷
¤ T- go in, enter @
7
} E
áMû
a postgraduate student
Â@
ó̈ 9
} ½
N an ‘entrance’ ceremony
2
ª ÂM
û
a graduate
2
ª Â;
V
F testamur, a diploma of graduation Â@
ó̈ M
} û
a new student
«>
z @
¹ M
} û
a primary school student
c G. Shin 2003 81
V 14 »
= Î
SK @
ç
}
¾ Year 1, 2, etc (Lit. class year) Äà
¶
Þ ½
í marks, results
(SK) @
} semester/term (1, 2, etc) à
}
@ Á
í credit points
¥
@
} R
ë end of semester (... »
Î@©
µ ) ¹
÷ >-
undertake ...
P
j́
D å
Z
ø mid-term/semester examination à
}
@ Á
í P
q́
x¦- fail (a subject)
å
Z
ø©©
÷ Rv
ë ¦- do well in an exam
Ç
q ©F
÷ 8-
Q receive an education
å
Z
ø©s
÷ Àv
ø ¦- not do well in an exam ®@
û
} M
overseas student
V@
F
8
} school holidays B
,
B©
Â
ó boarding, boarding house
½
õ<[
O a major B
university hall, dorm
½
õ<[
O a minor t
|
part-time work
Î@
»
µ subject of study ¨u
...?
Ù Which ...?
z>
« @
¹ q
}
5}@ç
¾ (x
¦) year 1 of primary q>
@
¹ q
}
1}@ç
¾ (ó̈
À) year 2 of senior high
«>
z @
¹ q
}
6}@ç
¾ (Ç
) year 6 of primary >
q @
¹ q
}
3}@ç
¾ (9
S)
F year 3 of senior high
@
D q
}
1@ç
} ¾ (ó̈
À) year 2 of junior high @
7 q
}
1}@ç
¾ (ó̈
À) year 1 of university
@
D q
}
2@ç
} ¾ (
) year 2 of junior high @
7 q
}
4}@ç
¾ (
) year 4 of university
5 General
ø
;½
N - enter the workforce, get a job
õ<
½ V before that
©
ø
q 0
÷ À-
earn money -
µ<V after ...
}
@ E
á private academy, coaching college PK
j́
Pµ<
V after PK hours
Äß
I
Ø Ä©
î
÷ - operate, run an organisation SK ó̈
˵ <
V after SK days
õ$
½
\ first of all
µ<
V after that
-
õ<
½ V before ... B
© this year
PK
j́
Põ<
½ V before PK hours Oç
F
;
¾ last year
SK ó̈
À õ<
½ V before SK days [x
ë̈ t
« in the future
82
c G. Shin 2003
½
õ<[
O ó
ê< §?
Wx
Â@
ó̈
} Z
ø
å entrance exam (school) @
7 q
}
F
S
9@ç
} ¾D
J at Year 3 of university
¥
}
@ R
ë Z
ø
å end of semester exam Xç
S
<
¾ this year
2
ª Â
å
Z
ø graduation exam 1ç
6
¾ next year
ø
;½
N å
Z
ø entrance exam (company) Å#
N
: T!
T- forget
1@
} Semester 1 ¦t
u - not know
Language Notes (Some Irregular Verbs): When we make a statement, or ask a question, if the verb stem ends
in t ends in a vowel, we (1) drop s, (2) add to the preceding syllable,
and the syllable immediately before t
and (3) add -
x§ (or -Nx§). To say “I don’t know”, we say “¦
x §” in Korean. The verb stem is ‘u
¦t -’, and
this is how we arrive ‘¦
§’. Some other forms of u
x ¦t - include “¦
¤^#
ë Tx§ (I didn’t know)”.
-@
} ... Studies Î@
»
} Science
ẃ
< T@
Q
} Korean Studies õs
¼
q »
ë Î@
} humanities
#
T@
} Language Studies È
-»
Î@
} social sciences
@
ë
s
} Literature
õ»
¾ Î@
} natural sciences
õ#
½
T@
} Linguistics [@
O
<
} Engineering
Ä#
ß
î Tß
Äs
î @
ë
} English Language & Literature ¨@
} Mathematics
½
ß
î @
} History Ô@
Â
} Medicine
Ä
à
í @
} political Science -7
@
} Faculty of ...
Ä=
I
Ø V@
} Economics »
ë
s Î7
@
} Arts Faculty
Äß
I
Ø Ä@
î
} Business Studies Äß
I
Ø Ä7
î @
} Business Faculty
0
Â@
} Law
Ç
q 7@
} Faculty of Education
Ç
q @
} Education -»
Î teaching department
4
÷@
} Philosophy <
ẃ T@
Q »
} Î the Korean department
c G. Shin 2003 83
V 14 »
= Î
8 I want to ...
When we want to express a strong desire we can say:
VST - q
ó§#
É §.
Tx
EXAMPLES
q©
ø ¥
÷ a
ë 0 Àq
§ É#
ó §.
Tx I want to earn a lot of money.
1ç
6 ¾<
V ẃ
< T<
Q V v¦q§É#
ó §.
Tx I want to visit Korea next year.
<
ẃ TC
Q 9
¹ ½©
N Ü
÷ ½#
í Tv¦q§É#
ó §.
Tx I want to try Korean dishes.
¥
¾ß Ä
î Â
ò +
À |
» q
§ ÉB
ó
.
I want to marry you, Seon-Yeoung.
9 AFTER ...
When we want to describe a sequence of events we can link them as follows.
VST - (x
)
C<
¹ V ...
EXAMPLES
P̧÷
ô© ó̈
Ðv
Þ C<
¹ V¦
©
÷ Þ Ì#
î §.
Tx After reading a book I drank water.
<
ẃ T¥
Q R©
ë D
÷ :
v
ë C<
¹ V ẃ
<T<
Q Vë¡ <
R Wx§. After I learn some Korean I will go to Korea.
s
<V"Xq >
@
¹ q
}
¥½
ü sõ
¼ ¹C<
V After I finished my high school in Sydney I moved to
Melbourne.
÷!
Ç
1 Tr»x
ã t«
¡^#
ë Tx§.
2
ª
Âẃ
C
V
¹ <ø ;½®
N <
" Wx§. After I graduate I’ll get a job.
10 Before ...
Another way of linking a sequence of events is as follows.
VST - ½
<
õ V ...
EXAMPLES
¦©
÷
õ<
½ V P̧
ô© ó̈
÷ Ð2 Ì#
§.
Tx Before drinking water I read a book.
<
ẃ T<
Q V
õ<
½ V ẃ
< T¥
Q R©
ë D
÷ :
© <
Wx§. I’ll learn some Korean before I go to Korea.
÷!
Ç
1 Tr»x
ã t
«
õ<
½ V Before moving to Melbourne, I attended a high school in
Sydney.
s
<V"
Xq>
@
¹ q
}
¥½
ü Ü Ì#
§.
Tx
½
N
9
½
<
õ VKô
¨ ẃ #
ŕ TDJx§? How about having a glass of beer before we eat?
84
c G. Shin 2003
½
õ<[
O ó
ê< §?
Wx
c G. Shin 2003 85
V 15 »
= Î
15
®
"
ª
ë̈
R §?
x
I N THIS U NIT ...
• Sports, Hobbies, Games and Pastimes
• Do you know how to ...?
• The Auxiliary Verb: VST - T/· · ·B
/# v¦-
• Have you (ever) ...?
• Would you like to ...
• Using Description Verbs: Modifying Nouns
C AN YOU PLAY BASEBALL ?
Talking about the sports, activities, hobbies and pastimes we enjoy is another very basic way of
communicating information about ourselves. In this Unit we learn to talk about these things.
Q: E
º
× ®
"
ª
ë̈
Rx§? Q: E
¾«
× ½
ª ë̈
R §?
x
A: 6
3, ë̈
R §.
x A: y
¦<X ë̈
S R §.
x
Q:
>R
· ©
ë ¨;
Vx§? Q: r
8©
R
ë ; §?
Vx Q: ¢
]
ë ª
; x?
V§
A: ¢
WF
í §, ©
mx Rs
ë Àñ
ø §.
êx A:
¦, s
x ÀB
ø §.
x A: 6
3,
¨ª
B
§x.
Q:
s£
®
"
ª
ë̈
R §?
x Q:
s¦ B
,
#
¤ §?
Tx
A:
¦, ¦
x
§.
x A:
;½s
N ÀB
ø ,
#
¤ Tx§.
86
c G. Shin 2003
®
"
ª
ë̈
R §?
x
: volleyball
ø hobby
=
basketball
£ game
baseball >
· Baduk (Korean ‘Go’ game)
º
×
E football/soccer V
F
; Janggi (Korean Chess)
O
F
> ping pong ¢̧
¨©Â
ó stamp collecting
¨ß
Ä
î swimming "
µ
> X reading
¬ boxing ]
ë
¢ fishing
s¦
surf riding ṕ
¹
> P mountain climbing
B horse-riding Ä
I
Ø horse racing
3 Some Verbs
O
F
> (¥
½)
ü - play (Lit. strike, hit) ping pong õ() ó̈
¼
q Ì- popular
¾(©
×
E )
÷ - dance (a dance) r
õ(©
¼ ) N
÷ E-
½ take photos
8
r (¥
½)
ü -/
t- sing (a song) º
×
E (¥
½)
ü
- play soccer
>
(©
· )
÷ ¨- play (Lit. place, put) Baduk ]
ë
¢ (¥
½)
ü
- go fishing
F
; ½)
V(¥
ü ¨- play Janggi
ë
v õ
½ - drive
R
@ w
tennis W}
¢ golf
9½E
N º
× American football ¦©
v
6Ä
N bowling
³
~ ¨9
½E
N º
× Australian football
õ
½ bicycling
½
í
Û rugby s
£
card game/cards
¡ µ
Ã
cricket
r
piano
w skiing
guitar
c G. Shin 2003 87
V 15 »
= Î
...(©
/¥
÷ ½) ë
ü ©
R - be good at/do something well ...(©
/¥
÷ ½) ë
ü R
©sÀ
ø - be not really good at ...
...(©
/¥
÷ ½) y
ü ¦<X
S - do something slightly ...(©
/¥
÷ ½) ø
ü s
À - be no good at all at ...
88
c G. Shin 2003
®
"
ª
ë̈
R §?
x
5 More Expressions
[
O
< ball »
| "
X by oneself
µ
Ã
racquet Vó̈
= À first, the most ...
@
¬s¦ Tae-Kwon-Do ø¤
@ -
÷ hard, difficult
¾
¥
¨ competitor ¾s
¼
p
ë newspaper
¾
¥
¨ĺ
P/>Á
N team T
ë
© magazine
®
"
contest, match õ
¾
letter
7
È- sports tournament -
¤ write
ë
v
>;
µ V
F sports field :
¹
C O
F music
Ä
Ø
I contest/race -
¹
> listen to
Language Notes: • The vowel s in ¤ - (use) drops out when attaching the -#
Tx§ ending, and thus
õ
¾ ¥
½-
ü §;
hx
• Also the in >
- (listen to) changes to when attaching -#
¹ Tx§, and thus C :
¹ O©
F ¤
÷ #
÷ Tx§.
r
8 ¥½¤
ü 2
÷ Ì#
Tx§? Did you listen to that CD?
r
8 ¥½¤
ü #
÷ T,
#
¤ §?
Tx Did you have a listen to that CD?
s
¦ B ,
#
¤ Tx§? Did you have a try for surfing?
s
¦ #
ÿ Tx§? Did you surf?
7 The Expression
s¦
There are a few ways of changing a verb into a noun, and the suffix -, as in in
s , is one of
¦
them. It has a similar effect of attaching -ing in English.
-
ride s
¦(¥
½)
ü - surf (Lit. ride waves)
riding s
¦
surfing (Lit. wave-riding)
c G. Shin 2003 89
V 15 »
= Î
»
| "
X
p
v
Ù >
ë
µ a solo sport ¨ß
Ä;
î V
F swimming pool
¨
6
S
F
pv
Ù >
ë
µ a sport for two players ¨ß
ÄA
î
µ swim wear
U
# N
6S
F
pv
Ù >
ë
µ a team sport
6
© Á?
N ½
N 7È
- Olympic Games
¾
¥ ¨ĺ
P baseball team
¬
®"
boxing match
R
@ w
¾
¥ ¨ a tennis player º
×
E
®"
soccer match
ÁÜ
ß
I Äv
î ¦
¾
¥ ¨ ‘Competitor’ Hong Myung-Bo ó̈
9 À everyday
Ø
Ä
I baseball tournament/match
¨ frequently, often
Ä;
I
Ø V
F a sports arena J
X
S occasionally, sometime
R
@ (Ø
w Ä);
I V
F tennis court Àt
0
q́ · · ·
«P not especially
Cultural Note: Hong Myung-Bo was an internationally famous Korean soccer star of the 1990s and early 2000s.
EXAMPLES
ẃQ
< T<V øt ó̈
À ó̈
Ì# §?
Tx Have you ever been to Korea?
<
ẃ TC
Q 9
¹ ½©
N ½
÷ í#
Ü Tt ó̈
ø À ó̈
Ì §?
x Have you ever tried Korea food?
9
½×
N E
º ¥½
ü ØÄB
I t ó̈
ø À ó̈
Ì# §?
Tx Have you ever seen American football?
Á
N
3 ¥½ P¤
ü T
ń÷ #t à
ø ½
í ó̈
Ì#Tx §? Have you ever tried to make kimchi?
90
c G. Shin 2003
®
"
ª
ë̈
R §?
x
EXAMPLE
>
n ó̈
U Ì- >
n ó̈
U Ìp
Ù >
U ó̈
n ÌpC
Ù 9
¹ ½ tasty food
N
U2
>
n ×-
U2
>
n ×p
Ù U2
>
n ×p
C
Ù 9
¹ ½ unappetising food
N
=⇒
+p
Ù
= ó̈
Ì-
= ó̈
Ìp
Ù
= ó̈
Ìp
Ù interesting stories
= 2×-
= 2 ×p
Ù
= 2×p
Ù boring stories
3. With all other description verb stems (with minor exceptions) we add after
vowels, v
after consonants.
Þ
EXAMPLE
s
»
Æ -
" s
ƪ
¬ "
Þ
v s
»
Æ "
v
Þ åZ
ø an ‘OK’ exam
ª =⇒
- + v
Þ
v
ª
Þ
v
ª C
Þ 9
¹ ½ good food
N
a-
ë
¥ av
ë
¥
Þ av
ë
¥
Þ 6S many people
F
~
À
Þ - ~
Àẃ
Þ ~
Àẃ
Þ Q< warm soup
T
®Ü
Ä
î - + =⇒ ®Ü
Äẃ
î ®Ü
Äẃ
î @q
}
a famous school
- {
´ {
¨
´
an expensive liquor
c G. Shin 2003 91
V 16 »
= Î
16
©
Â
ó <
Vx§.
I N THIS U NIT ...
• Describing where we live
• Housework
• Adjectival clauses
1 This is my room.
#p
U 6
Ù 1< ø§
À
ó <
Vx§. 6
1
ø§
< ÀV
ó <p
<
Ù ø7
qvÀ;
ø V, P̧
F ô9 V,
F
P̧
ô; V
F ó̈
Ì# §. Â
Tx Ôs
¦¦
r»
ý
Ì#
ó̈ x.
T§ <ø<
Váûw
Z ¥
½B
ü "X ¨
J}
C Z
¹ Bx§.
, #
Up
È
Ù *;
V§
F À
ó <
Vx§.
#p
U
Ù 2 Ç
<
Vx§. 9
Ä¡
N , x
7 ¦t,
Þ
½>
N
9 O
F ó̈
Ì# §. H
Tx Ä;
J Vq
F p
$
Ù \
Ì#
ó̈ Tx§.
, :
F̀x
; §.
Vx ẃ
ŕ
§
À8
ó x§?
ø§
< À
ó bedroom 2
Ç
kitchen
§
À
ó family room ½5
N
9 V
F dining room
3
¹
C §
À
ó sitting room õ\
â
d
B entry (of a house)
(@
)C
µ §
¶ À
ó bathroom q
garage
V>
; O§
F À
ó laundry room Ä
í
à E
á garden
V
F
8 room 2E
Á©
Ù Â (SK)
ó two-storey house
¤
ø
v
8V
F room with under-floor heating Â;
ó
© V house/flat rent
R{
ë
¦ כ
balcony (©
Â;
ó ½) 6
V¥
ü 1- pay the rent
|
apartment, flat v
©Â
ó the house next door
5
V
F (back)yard v
©Â
ó 6
S
F next door neighbour
J}
C Z
¹ - clean ¦C
y
¶ - quiet
H.
Â-
dirty T-
כ
ë nearby
ª
Â-
.
noisy À-
/
far away
We can, of course, just as easily ask how near they are to each other.
©v
Â
ó ß
Þ ½<
î V"
X ö
x§? Is the house near the station?
>
Z<T
Q v
Ţ
Þ û<V"
X
ö §?
x Is the post office near the bank?
c G. Shin 2003 93
V 16 »
= Î
<7
ø
bed ½>
N
9 O
F dining table
À;
ø
v V
F wardrobe k
w õs
B (standing) lamp
;
ś V
F cupboard P̧
ô9 V
F desk
Ä¡
N
9 7
kitchen sink P̧
ô; V
F bookcase
H
Ä
J;Vq
F refrigerator Â
3
plates, dishes
õ
½
- electronic ½;
N
9 Váô
Z dishwasher
õ
½
®
õ
Ú microwave oven, electric stove V>
; O
F washing machine
w
®õ
Ú gas stove
iron (appliance)
¦t
x
Þ oven ûw
Z
á vacuum cleaner
V
;>O(©
F )
÷ - wash clothes, do the washing ûw
Z
á (¥
½)
ü - clean, dust
6
Á©
N À(©
ó )
÷
- do the ironing Ä
í
à E
á ½)
(¥
ü - do the gardening
ý
1
ÀØÅ
H (¥
½)
ü
- wash dishes, do the washing up @
C
µ (©
¶ )
÷ - have a bath
94
c G. Shin 2003
©
Â
ó <
Vx§.
You’ll also find useful to know the following expressions. (For how to refer to periods of time, see
Page 76.)
R
ë
¢
everyday כ
½<
V ẃ
½
õ once every third day
ó̈
9 À everyday À
ó̈ ¨ó̈
À< V ẃ
½
õ once a week
£
9 R
ë every month £
ẃ R<
ë V ẃ
½
õ once a month
ç
9
¾ every year Àç
ó̈ ¾<
V ẃ
½
õ once a year
½<
ü V ẃ
½
õ once every second day Àç
ó̈ ¾<
V
¨½
õ twice a year
9 Telephone INSA
Using the telephone can often seem like the most daunting of tasks in a new language. However, the
following phrases might at least help you to get to first base.
The standard phrase in answering the telephone, equivalent to ‘Hello.’ is:
Uv
# ¦;
Vx§. Hello.
If you’re calling a private number, then you’ll want to ask for the person you’re calling:
Uv
# ¦;
V§x, 3
Á
N õ
â ¾M
¥ û4
Á5
N ;
Vx§? Hello, is Mr Kim Gi-Hyun there?
Or, if you feel fairly sure that you’re already speaking to Mr Kim you can confirm this by saying:
Uv
# ¦;
V§x, 3
Á
N ¾M
¥ û4
Á
N ;
Vx§? Hello, is that Mr Kim?
If you’re coming through a switchboard you can ask to be connected to an extension number by
saying:
Uv
# ¦;
Vx§, 1, 2, 3, 4
õ
½ § (SK).
x Hello, (connect me to extension) 1234, please.
Or you can ask for the individual concerned:
Uv
# ¦;
V§x, 3
Á
N â
õ¾M
¥ û4
ÁD
N
ý
Ш;
Vx§. Hello, please connect me with Mr Kim Gi-Hyun.
We’ll deal with other possible situations later on in this course, but it’s worth mentioning that Korean
telephone etiquette may seem rather abrupt compared with, say, Western phone etiquette. When the
conversation finishes, for example, you may observe people simply hanging up without any ‘Goodbye’!
You may from time to time hear people saying ° f#
í Tx §, which literally means I disconnect the line.
10 Korean Addresses
Following is the address of Yonsei University, written in Korean. Note that in contrast to Western
practice it works from the broadest unit to the most particular. That is, where we would use the order
house number – street – suburb – city – state – country, Korean would use the reverse order. In order,
the units in a Korean address are generally -s
¦ (province), - (city), - (district), ->
(ward), followed
µ
by a house or apartment number. Street numbers are rarely referred to. Thus Yonsei University is
located in Seoul ("
X©
Gº
Ù 0
À – the official administrative title for Seoul), Seodaemun (‘West Gate’)
District, Sinchon (‘New Village’) Ward, Number 134.
hÕ
" éÙ
o æ]
g Õ[
* "
h7
é
óÓ¤
c çÐ
Å Ó]
í 134ò
w ô
Ó;
7
u
É
c G. Shin 2003 95
V 16 »
= Î
Now we see how Korean uses action verbs in the same way.
Completed Actions
When modifying a noun with a completed, or perfected, action:
AVST - (x
) NOUN ...
EXAMPLE
- j́
P j́ !
P Tw the bus that has gone
+ =⇒
x-
¦
ø
v u
ø
v 4
ó Á
N the guest who came
8-
F
Q 8v
Q
F
Þ 6 8
1 Qv
F
Þ õ
¾ the letter I received
=⇒
+v
Þ
Ð-
ó̈ Ðv
ó̈
Þ 1 ó̈
6 Ðv P̧
Þ ô the book that I read
Sentence building
v clothes
À
ø
P À The clothes that Mia bought ...
ṕ v
ø
LôÈ
*àÁ<
í V"
XP À The clothes Mia bought in the department store ...
ṕ v
ø
L
ôÈ
à<
*í
Á V"
X ṕ
Pv Àv
ø
Þ
¨ú ó̈
# Ì# §.
Tx
The clothes that Mia bought in the department store are very stylish.
Current Actions
When modifying a noun with a current action:
AVST - p
NOUN ...
Ù
We’ve already seen phrases like n ¾B
¼ x
» p
ý !
Ù Tw (see Page 68), where the verb ending -p
Ù
corresponds to ‘which is (go)ing’ in the translation ‘a bus which is going to the Folk Village’. While
English uses a variety of relative pronouns: who, whom, that, which, when, etc, Korean simply applies
the relevant verb-endings, depending on whether we are referring to completed, current or potential
actions.
EXAMPLE
- p
Ù "©
X p
Ù the train that goes to Seoul
¦t
u - ¦t
u p
Ù 1 u
6 ¦tp
Ù 6S
F someone that I don’t know
=⇒
+p
Ù
½-
í
Ü ½p
í
Ü
Ù
@ s
ÀÜ
ø ½p
í C
Ù 9
¹ ½
N the food that Tae-U can’t eat
Ð-
ó̈ Ðp
ó̈
Ù õ
½
ó̈
Ðp P̧
Ù ô the book that my elder sister reads
96
c G. Shin 2003
©
Â
ó <
Vx§.
Sentence building
P̧ book
ô
U>
# M
µ û
ó̈
Ðp P̧
Ù ô The book that my younger sister’s reading ...
U>
# M
µ û
8V<
F V"X ó̈
Ðp P̧
Ù ô The book that my younger sister’s reading in her room ...
U>
# M
µ û
8
V<
F V"
X ó̈
Ðp P̧
Ù ôv
Þ
¨= ó̈
Ì#Tx§.
The book that my younger sister’s reading in her room is really interesting.
Potential Actions
When modifying a noun with a potential action:
AVST - (x
) NOUN ...
EXAMPLE
-
"
®
"
® ó̈
À something to do
+ =⇒
-
¤
ò
³ 1ó̈
6 ˤ
åZ
ø the exam that I’m going to take tomorrow
8-
Q
F 8©
Q
F
÷ ¹
C
¨<V8Q©
F q
÷
ø the money that I’m going to receive next week
=⇒
+©
÷
½-
í
Ü ½©
í
Ü
÷ ¦µ
x <
Vܽ©
í C
÷ 9
¹ ½
N the food that I’m going to eat in the afternoon
Sentence building
C9
¹ ½
N food ...
½÷
í
Ü
©C9
¹ ½
N The food we’re going to eat ...
1ó̈
6 À$\ܽD
Jܽ÷
í
©C9
¹ ½
N The food we’re going to eat tomorrow evening ...
1ó̈
6 À$\Ü
½D
JÜ
½©
í C
÷ 9
¹ ½v
N
Þ §q
< §.
Wx The food we’re going to eat tomorrow evening is Bulgogi.
Language Notes
• An action verb whose stem ends in requires a special attention: the drops before -(x ),
-p
or -(x
Ù ) ending is attached. Consider the table below.
• In the table below, notice also how the verb stem >
- changes when -(x
¹ ) or -(x ) ending is
attached. We suggest you treat the verb >- as irregular, as indicated by the regular ‘conjugation’
¹
pattern of resembling verbs such as 8Q- and ¤
F -.
c G. Shin 2003 97
V 17 »
= Î
17 Á
í
ß ü
¥£
½ cv
ë
Þ Ã¡
Z
ë §.
x
I N THIS U NIT ...
• Describing people and things
• Colours and clothing
é
× ¡
Z
ë §.
x
¨¡
Z
ë §.
x
¦s
} ¦¡
Z
ë §.
x ]
ë
¢ ¥
½
ü p
٠á
Z
ë x.
§
r
¥½
ü p
٠á
Z
ë x.
§
¥½
ü p
٠á
Z
ë §.
x
98
c G. Shin 2005
Á
í
ß ¥
½ë
ü c
£v
Þ Ã¡
Z
ë §.
x
pants, slacks PØ
q́ Ä
I glasses
û
Z
á
jeans ¡
T
ë wallet, purse
skirt +
µ
@ À
ñ necklace
\q
$
jacket Ó+
ï À
ñ earrings
w |
skirt
ó ring
 "
Oz business shirt 5
watch
"Oz
T-shirt v
B À
ø underwear
¨ (leather) shoes V¥
G
: R
ë socks
½
H
necktie VA
G
:
µ suit
u
¦ hat, cap A
ẃ
µ Korean clothes
LANGUAGE NOTES
•$kz P ê
refers only to the Korean traditional upper outer garment • ,
- is a Sino-Korean
expression, meaning blue • ô ; = neck •
6 e
BT derives from the verb e
B-, to hang, and thus means
literally a hanger • ö
; = inside • -õ
¶ ; = set of clothes
i
w ë'
N sweater V¡
F
; T
ë gloves
µ
Ã
jacket ¾¦
¼
p R
ë shoes
¦!
x T/{
כ| coat, overcoat >
ë
v È
µ * sneakers
s
8Rw
dress dv
ë
³
Þ
shorts
E
áw
one-piece dress 1Â
6 Ô underwear
w
two-piece dress
A
q
µ school uniform
w }
scarf ¨ß
ÄA
î
µ swimming suit
LANGUAGE NOTES
• When referring to a coat, you say either
¡!e or ØÈ (not
¡!e
ØÈ ) in Korean • þ
כª
m < U
seems straightforward; also frequently used for shorts is º
ÿ •z
U õ
in z Ñz
; is obviously from
i È
c G. Shin 2005 99
V 17 »
= Î
-
¤ hat, glasses
ú-
#
¾-
¼
p footwear
-
necktie, scarf, necklace, earrings
5 Colours
/M
M
ô ôכ
R
ë colour, tint ¤
\-
ë blue
¥\-
ë black «?
z ºô
Õ M
green
Á-
H
Ø black, blackish SM
F
8 ô
brown
ì̈
\- white È
-Mô
grey
-
È white, whitish I
ë
t ÁM
ß ô
pink
±
R¡
ë \-
ë red Ä¡
N
? ô
M
pink
¤
r \-
ë yellow ¦®
x õ
Ú M
ô
orange
100
c G. Shin 2005
Á
í
ß ¥
½ë
ü c
£v
Þ Ã¡
Z
ë §.
x
LANGUAGE NOTES
• T
#r and ¨u both mean Which ..., and are very close in meaning. We met #
Ù Tr in the context
of #
Tr 6 S
F <Vx§? (Which country does he come from?), and basically it asks the
listener to designate one of a number of alternatives – equivalent to the English Which one?. On
the other hand, ¨u , eg u
Ù ¦p
Ù ¨Ù uM
ô
< Vx §?, seeks a descriptive answer – equivalent to
What type of ...?.
• Verb stems ending in (
© ) are irregular. If you want to say something is black, white, red,
÷
etc, you ‘conjugate’ the verb as follows. (1) Drop the stem-final , (2) change the vowel a to
b, and (3) add x §. Thus, “The trousers are black” will be 9 x § in Korean. Note also
that when used as a modifier, (1) the stem-final drop, and (2) ( v) will be added. Thus,
Þ
‘black trousers’ will be
ńP .
• How do we use those colour terms ending in the expression M ô (colour)? As modifier, they will
simply be placed in front of the noun they modify. Elsewhere, they’ll be used with the verb -
(is, are). Thus, ‘a green hat’ and “The hat is green” in Korean will be z«?ºM
Õ ôu
¦ and u¦ p
Ù
«?
z ºM
Õ ô
< Vx§, respectively.
Ñ-
3
be young (animate, post adolescent) -
¡ big
T
# - be young (animate, pre-adolescent) -
¡
tall
2
ò
£ Ì-
be old (animate) O-
F
; small
ë
¢
bë̈
^- be old (inanimate)
O-
;
F short (in height)
cë̈
ë
£ ^- resemble/take after (in appearance) W
< - pretty
RM
ë
© ûØ
Ì-
I be handsome ?
¾£
Ù T-
ë beautiful
©
Rs
ë ÀM
ø ûØ
Ì-
I be ugly d-
ë
³ short (in length)
¦8
x ½
ì2Ì-
old-fashioned, timeworn (inanimate) À-
ó
¡ long
LANGUAGE NOTES
• Note that some of the verbs above, chiefly related to processes involving growth and the ageing
process, uniformly take the perfect tense marker ë̈
^/2 Ì-/· · ·
-. This is to indicate that we are
ÿ
describing the outcome of a process, rather than a state in itself.
EXAMPLES
6Sv
F £
Þ 2
ò Ì#
§.
Tx He’s old.
pb
Ù ëë̈
¢ ^# §.
Tx The car’s old.
©
Rû
ë M
ØÌ#
I §!
Tx What a handsome (lit. well-shaped) child!
\p
$ Â
Ù ®
" !
T¥½£
ü dë̈
ë ^# §.
Tx I’ve taken after my (maternal) grandfather.
c G. Shin 2005 101
V 17 »
= Î
Â#
ó̈ ¦-
Tv try on clothes
E
áBv
¦- (looking) refreshing
Âq
ó̈
- go around wearing R{
ë
¢ õB
¼ v
¦- (looking) slim
È
*;V©
F
÷ - put on make-up Ñ#
3
Tv
¦- (looking) young
q
õ
¼ design ¾
õq́
PBv
¦- (looking) comfortable
¨¼
Ô a pattern, figure
-
elegant
102
c G. Shin 2005
Á
í
ß ¥
½ë
ü c
£v
Þ Ã¡
Z
ë §.
x
11 IT SEEMS AS IF ...
With Actions
When we are conjecturing about a state of affairs we can say
)
(x
NOTE: For completed actions, use AVST - (x
)
Zx§; for uncompleted actions, AVST - p
... AVST -
Ù
p -
á
Z
ë §.
x á
ë Ù Ã
Z
ë
¡ §; for potential actions, AVST (x
x ) Ã
(x
)
Z
ë
¡ §.
x
EXAMPLES
v
ø á
Z
ë §.
x It seems to have rained.
x
¦p
٠á
Z
ë §.
x It seems to be raining.
©
á
Z
ë x§. It seems as though it’s going to rain.
With Descriptions
When our conjecture involves description verbs, we can say
NOTE: to refer to past or on-going experience, use
(x
)
-(x
) Zx §; when conjecturing what
... DVST -
á
Z
ë §.
x á
ë
(x
) something/someone might be like, use -(x) Ã
Z
ë
¡ x§.
EXAMPLES
3
Á
N p
D
Ù 9
v
ë á
Z
ë §.
x This kimchi seems a little bit hot.
3
Á
N p
D
Ù 9
©
á
Z
ë §.
x This kimchi may be a little bit hot.
D
y
٠á
Z
ë x
§ The trousers seem a little bit big.
D
F
ò á
Z
ë §.
x The trousers may be a little bit big.
ó̈
Ì-
ó̈Ù
Ìp á
Z
ë x
§
ó̈÷
̩ á
Z
ë §.
x
becomes either or
×-
2
2
×p
٠á
Z
ë x
§ 2
ש
÷ á
Z
ë §.
x
EXAMPLES
q:
V
G qõ
¼ á
Z
ë §.
x It looks like a cat.
:
q V
G ó̈
Àá
Z
ë §.
x It’ll be a cat, I guess.
5 k¾
¼ á
Z
ë x§. It doesn’t look like a dog.
5 ¢À
ó á
Z
ë x§. It doesn’t look as though it’ll be a dog.
6Sv
F q
Þ
ø 2×p
٠á
Z
ë §.
x He/She seems to have no money.
¦£
x v
ò
Þ P
j́ D ó̈
Ì©
÷ á
Z
ë §.
x It looks as though I’ll have time today.
c G. Shin 2005 103
V 18 »
= Î
18 T
# "
X§R <
ë Wx§?
I N THIS U NIT ...
• Goods for Sale, Shops, Businesses, etc
• Talking about the Act of Giving/Receiveing
• Future time words
• Introductory Statements
• I’ve come to ...
• If ...; If you want to ...
W HERE WILL YOU GET IT ?
Going shopping is of course a basic human activity, and one that requires interaction and possibly
negotiation with shop staff and others. Various facets of our previous study are brought to bear on this
topic, eg using Korean numbers (Units 5 & 6), asking questions such as ‘How much is it?’ (Unit 8),
finding out where places are located (Unit 9), getting around on public transport (Unit 12), basic Insa
(Unit 1), and describing things (Unit 14). In this Unit we also learn how to describe the acts of giving
and receiving.
1 Conversation
Annie is talking to a shop keeper.
104
c G. Shin 2003
T
# "
X§R <
ë Wx§?
¦ s
¾ goods :
O
G toothpaste
i
ë
¡ price F
ú¨
s
toothbrush
Ü
ÁH
¾
× souvenirs |
r notebook
¦
s ceramics
D paper
furniture õå
¼
q A
û doll
8
V
F bag, case s
¦ map
%
]
° flower ½H
N
9 ¾
× food items
%
]Ý
° Ä
î vase Vḱ
F
; P3S
F toys
È
*;VH
F ¾
× cosmetics 6
Á
N picture
soap ṕ
P umbrella
O
G
: medicine ¢̧
stamps
c G. Shin 2003 105
V 18 »
= Î
9
V
F shopping centre %
]©
° Â
ó flower shop
;
V
F E
á beauty shop V©
F
C Â
ó bread shop
À5
ø
v clothing store 8
ë
s V
F à
Á
í stationery shop
r
õ\
¼ d
B photo studio VA
G
: à
µ Á
í tailor
P̧
ô8 V
F book shop V;
G
: Và
F Á
í dressmaker
O8
G
: V
F pharmacy ½H
N
9 ¾à
× Á
í grocery store
¨8
V
F shoe shop ÄÇ
í
à àÁ
í butcher
PC8
V
F ‘PC Cafe’
àÁ
í furniture shop
Language Notes
For some shops there may be a
SPOKEN FORM WRITTEN FORM TRANSLATION
difference between the way we
;
Vá
F E
C
§
¶ À
ó beautician
refer to them in conversation
V©
F
C Â
ó V»
= ÎàÁ
í cake, confectionery shop
and the way they are referred
%
]©
° Â
ó *
È E
á florist
to in the written language - on
P̧
ô8 V
F X6
" Á/"
N Xà½/s
í q
ë book shop
actual shop signs, for
O8
G
: V/:
F OQ
G T
< O<
G
: T
Q chemist/pharmacy
example. The following
¨8V
F VÈ
G
: *àÁ
í shoe shop
written forms are presented
8
ë
s V
F í
Áà 8
ë
s V
F /s
ë stationery shop
for your information.
4 Some Verbs
w?Ä©
N
÷ - go shopping O©
G
: Ü
÷ ½-
í take medicine
-
}
< look for
ø
q -
¤
÷ cost money
- wait À
ó
© -
ª
good quality
$
Y- take (items with oneself)
ú ó̈
# Ì- stylish, good looking
$
Yx¦- bring (items with oneself) Àx
ó
-
§
necessary
R-
ë
sell õ
¾
-
handy
5 cheaply ...D
½
N per unit, each
U
# N
several kinds ¥
¾¦
present(s)
U
# N
½
õ several times Vó̈
= À the most/best
... <
V
"X according to ... À
ó̈ - work
106
c G. Shin 2003
T
# "
X§R <
ë Wx§?
...C
b ... ÷
©/¥
½s
ü Þ
Ì#
î §.
Tx
EXAMPLES
@
ẃ
@ R¥
¾¦
©
÷ ¨2Ì#
§.
Tx I gave a present to Tae-U.
TN
# C b¥
¾¦
©s
÷ ÞÌ#
î §.
Tx I gave a present to Mother.
õ
¼
s <
V5 P̧
ô©
÷ ¨2Ì#
Tx§. I gave a book to my friend.
õ
½
ẃ
@ Rÿm
® ¨2Ì#
Tx§? What did you give to your (elder) sister?
7 Future Time-Words
In a week, if today is Tuesday: In a year, if this month is October:
Tuesday x£
¦
ò September
½
õ£R
ë
Wednesday 1ó̈
6 À October 1£
6 R/
ë C£
¹ R
ë
Friday
½
õ<Xx
S §ó̈
À November Xç
S
< ¾ 11
m
®
Saturday
õ|
½ «x §ó̈
À December Xç
S
< ¾ 12
m
®
Sunday
½
õ ó̈
Àx §ó̈
À January 1ç
6 ¾ 1
m
®
Monday C
¹ ¨ m
®x§ó̈
À February 1ç
6 ¾ 2
m
®
Tuesday C
¹ ¨* Èx§ó̈
À
c G. Shin 2003 107
V 18 »
= Î
8 INTRODUCTORY STATEMENTS
When we walk into a shop, or when someone answers our phone call, we usually feel the need to
make a preliminary remark explaining our purpose, such as I saw a nice bag in the window ... or, in the
case of the phone, This is so-and-so speaking ... We do this in Korean by using · · ·7
L, which may be
described as a ‘scene-setter’ This is a form that announces, as it were, what follows is related to the
preliminary remark: I saw a nice bag in the window (– how much is it?) or, This is so-and-so speaking,
(– is Tae-U there?)
EXAMPLES
¨<
W7
Þ L, §
R
ë x§? This one’s very pretty – shall we buy it?
¦£
x v
ò
Þ
p¾7
¼ L, 6
1ó̈
Àx¦;
Vx§. He (respected person) is busy today – please come tomorrow.
u
¦
Æs
»"
ë̈
^p7
Ù L, Ü
q́
P§ ^#
ë §?
Tx That hat was good – why didn’t you buy it?
T=
# Vp
Ù
ºÙ
q p7
L, x
¦£v
ò
Þ ~ÀB
Þ x.
§ Yesterday was cold – and now today it’s nice and warm.
EXAMPLES
x
¦p7
Ù L,
ṕ
P© $
÷ Y ;
Vx§. It’s raining – take your umbrella.
Tw
! q́
Px ¦p
7
Ù L, R
ô
¥
½
ü q
¡T
ë .
The bus isn’t coming – let’s take a taxi.
B=
V¥ P
½ q́
ü p
ÿ 7
Ù L, #
T:Ê5
®
" x§? I haven’t done my homework – what shall I do?
6
S©
F ń
÷ P¢^p
ë 7
Ù L, ... 6
3,
¨9
Vẃ
F 6 S
F 2 Ì#
Tx §.
I’ve met him – yes, he was a strange person.
We can make a · · ·7L clauses into a complete, Polite Informal sentence by adding x §. This gives a
mild exclamatory effect, and, because it is a preliminary remark only, it gives the listener the
expectation that something more is to be said – perhaps another remark, an invitation, or simply an
implied invitation for the listener to respond.
EXAMPLES
<
ª
}
v7
Þ Lx§. That’s really good.
R
ë
¢ <
ª
}
v7
Þ §.
Lx The weather’s really nice.
.
Pp
o 7
Ù §.
Lx It’s been raining.
x
¦p7
Ù §.
Lx It’s raining.
108
c G. Shin 2003
T
# "
X§R <
ë Wx§?
10 IF ...
When we want to link two clauses with ’If ...’ we can say:
· · · VST - (x õ, · · ·
)
¾
EXAMPLES
x
õ, <
¦
¾ [
O E
á<V q́
P¡R <
ë §.
Wx If it rains we won’t go to the park.
R
ë
¢ ª
x
õ, ṕ
¾ P< V¡R <
ë Wx§. If the weather’s good, we’ll go to the mountains.
q
w ¡
i
ë õ, ×
¾ éq¥½§
ü R <
ë Wx§. If the beef is too expensive, we’ll buy pork.
Pu
Rj́
ë
± ¦
2×x
õ, r
¾ ḿ
u¦¥
½
ü ; §.
Vx If they don’t have a red hat, buy a yellow one.
NOTES: -(x
)
O = expression of intention;
õ = if ...
¾
EXAMPLES
¦ s
¾©
÷ 5
O¾
õ4S7
F s
ë ;
V<
F V ;
Vx§.
If you want to shop cheaply, go to Namdaemun Market.
q¥
½
ü O¾
õàÄÇ
í àÁ<
í V ;Vx§. If you want to buy meat, go to a butcher.
<
ẃ T#
Q T¥
½©
ü R
ë O¾
õ ẃ
< Ts
Q õ
¼ Â
¾
õB©
¥
÷ a
ë
; Vx §.
If you want to do Korean well, practise with your Korean friend a lot.
Ţ
½
û¢̧¥
ü
Oõ#
¾ UŢ
û <
V ;
Vx§. If you want to buy an airplane ticket, go to a travel agent.
c G. Shin 2003 109
V 19 »
= Î
19 t
ë #
TD §?
Jx
I N THIS U NIT ...
• Describing feelings, emotions and reactions
• Why ...?
H OW DO YOU FEEL ?
We’ve learnt a number of basic descriptive verbs that enabled us to describe how we felt about food,
learning Korean, sports, neighbourhood, and so on. Now we become more personal, and in this unit we
start to learn how to describe our personal feelings and reactions – being happy, sad and so on. We also
look at ways of describing other people – are they clever? thick? nice? not so nice? We also start to
learn how to show the causal relationship between sentences, asking and answering Why ...? questions.
1 Some Examples
t
ë ª
x§. t
ë
§.
x
Nö
x§. ½à
H
Ø Ä©
í
÷ §.
Bx
¾
¼
p ë
¢#
^ §.
Tx
q́
§ PB §.
x ª
Nö §.
x t
 «ö
x§.
¨"
Xö
§x.
¤
£ ^#
ë §.
Tx T£
ë
£ TB
ë §.
x * ë
È ¢#
^ §.
Tx
110
c G. Shin 2006
t
ë #
TD §?
Jx
-
joyous, happy T£
ë
£ T
ë - feel frustrated
}
ò̈ - very sad T¡
ë
¡ T
ë - feel frustrated
Â1
ý
1 Â
ý - sad Â
ñ
+ -
feel afraid
t
ë mood, emotional state -
*
È feel angry
t
ë -
ª
be in a good mood, feel good
q́
§ P
- feel uneasy, nervous
t
ë q́
Pª -
be in a bad mood, ½à
H
Ø Ä
í worries
t
ë
- be dissatisfied, down in the dumps ½à
H
Ø Ä©
í
÷
- feel worried
.
Â-
feel envy
£ - feel surprised
ª
Â-
.
feel shy, bashful, shameful ¾
¼
p -
feel elated, on top of the world
Â
?¿-
Õ feel lonely ¤
Â-
ó miss someone/something
c G. Shin 2006 111
V 19 »
= Î
3 SHOWING SYMPATHY/EMPATHY
Here’s a simple but effective way of showing sympathy for someone. The expression corresponds to
“You must be ...” in English
NOTES: VST = verb stem, (x )
= honorific; when
the verb stem ends in a consonant use x
, ÃÌ=
... VST - (x
)
-Ã
Ì#
%Tx§. %
presumptive suffix, #
Tx§ = polite, informal verb
ending.
EXAMPLES
ò̈
} Ã
Ì#
% Tx§. You must be sad (about that).
t
ë ª
x
à Ì#
% §.
Tx You must be happy (Lit. feeling good).
Ã
Ì#
% T§x. You must be happy (about that).
o
U
î
ÃÌT
% §.
#x You must be tired.
§ õ
¾
ÃÌT
% §.
#x That must be inconvenient (for you).
t
 «
ÃÌT
% §.
#x You must feel lonely.
N
head x
5 -
t be lazy, indolent
N -
ª
be clever x
5 ?
¾L
Ù û
a lazy-bones
N
- be stupid ©
µ
A T
ë - be complicated
C
¹ mind, spirit
µ
@
t- be thirsty
C
¹ ª
v
Þ 6
S
F a good-hearted person q
: }- be hungry
Þ C
x
¹ t
« in a happy frame of mind
rich person
C
<
¹ -
V¤
÷ be pleasing, be to one’s liking
<
Wx§ ‘He/She’s rich.’
õ3
¼
s À
- be kind, polite
ì-
½ get rich
2
À9
Á
N -
do something wholeheartedly ḱ
P
- be poor
2
À9
Á
N earnestly
ë
v -
ª
be lucky, have good luck
õ
½ - be hard-working ø
@ ×-
2
be listless
112
c G. Shin 2006
t
ë #
TD §?
Jx
6 Why?
To express this, we can say
Ü
...?
NOTES: Ü ...? = why ...?, Ü
8
x§? = why is that
Ü
8x§?
so?, Ü
x§? = why?
x
Ü §?
7 Since/Because ...
When we want to explain the causal relationship between two sets of information we can say
VST1 -
/#
T
... -"
X, VST2 ...
· · ·B
EXAMPLES
"XÝÄ
î E
á<V¡ ^#
ë §.
Tx I was sick so I went to the hospital.
OB
G
:
ó̈
Ì#T"X 61t« x§. I’m going downtown – I’ve got an appointment.
/
¨" X q́
P§ ^#
ë §.
Tx I didn’t buy it – it was too expensive.
¨w
¥½¦
ü
"Xs À¡
ø ^#
ë Tx§. I couldn’t go because I didn’t know the address.
(2) We often shorten the second clause (i.e. the VST2 clause) by substituting it with the phrase ...
8 x§, or simply attaching x§ to · · ·"
X. So
/
¨
"
X q́
P§ ^#
ë §.
Tx =
/¨
"
X | #
ù §.
Tx
=
/¨
"
Xx§.
¨w
¥
½¦
ü
"
XsÀ¡
ø ^#
ë §.
Tx =
¨w¥
½¦
ü
"
X |#
ù §.
Tx
=
¨w¥
½¦
ü
" §.
Xx
(3) It’s a good idea to bear in mind the full range of meaning for this grammatical structure. Look at
these sentences.
;
V<
F V "
X}¦s
¦¥½§
ü ^#
ë §.
Tx I went to the market and bought some grapes.
F̀
: "X
;
Vx§. Won’t you have a seat and wait?
( )
VST - /#T
Sentences like these show that itself doesn’t indicate ‘because’ etc – it simply
· · ·B
indicates that the following action took place in the circumstance indicated by VST1. Thus / ¨
" X q́
P§ ^#
ë Tx§. actually means “It was too expensive, and that being the case, I didn’t buy it.”
c G. Shin 2006 113
V 19 »
= Î
À-
2
open q
£ ¦-
x forget to bring, leave behind
Q-
F
5 close q
£ - forget to take, leave behind
X-
" stand, come to a halt *
÷v́
ª blackboard
-
happen, break out
: stomach
-
go out }
q - hungry; lit, empty
x¦- come out
µ
@ throat
-
£ put, place something somewhere t
- thirsty; lit, dry
EXAMPLES
102 A
R¥½2
ü À2
Ì#
Tx§. I opened the book to Page 102.
©
ë
s 5
÷ Qx
F ;Vx§. Close the door, please.
ß ½<
î V"X1 Ì#
ý §.
Tx The train came to a halt at the station.
ó̈
Ù
y ˢ^#
ë Tx§. Something (bad) has happened!
¥
¾ßÄ
î p
Ù P©
ṕ÷
£ q
¡^#
ë §.
Tx Seon-Yeong has left her umbrella (here).
q
: x§. I’m hungry
µ
@ ëR¥
x§. I’m thirsty.
EXAMPLES
ó̈
Àp
Ù S<
X õ
¾ ¥
½¤
ü q ó̈
Ì# §.
Tx Kylie’s writing a letter now.
:
q V
G sñ
ë í<V"
X;S©
F
÷ q ó̈
Ì#Tx§. The cat is sleeping behind the door.
ẃ ¥½§
ü xD2
À9
Á
N :
q ó̈
Ì# x.
T§ I’m learning hard Chinese characters these days.
@ pT
٠#=V$\ܽ<
VB
=
V¥½
ü q ó̈
Ì2 Ì#
§. Tae-U was doing his homework yesterday evening.
Tx
114
c G. Shin 2006
t
ë #
TD §?
Jx
@
Â
Ô<
V:F̀q
ó̈
Ì# §.
Tx Tae-U is (in the process of) sitting down in the chair.
@ Â
Ô<
V:F̀
ó̈
Ì# §.
Tx Tae-U is sitting down in the chair.
11 MORE ABOUT -Ã
Ì-
%
Ì- is usually described as signifying presumption on the part of the speaker. Because presumption
Ã
%
usually (though not always, as we’ve seen above) emerges in discussions of future activities it often
appears as similar to the future tense in English. The following notes are not intended for immediate
practical application, but rather are intended for you to refer back to as you observe -Ã
Ì arise in various
%
contexts in future Units.
The meaning of -Ã Ì can often be rather elusive to English speakers, and that is why we prefer to
%
introduce it in this Unit in the context of the specific function of expressing sympathy –
o U
î Ã Ì#
% Tx § and so on, rather than in more general contexts.
When referring to actions involving oneself – that is, in the first person, -Ã
Ì indicates a determination
%
or conviction that what is planned will occur. It is not emotionally neutral like the verb ending -(x
)
< Wx§, which we use when making matter-of-fact statements about future actions, but rather suggests
an emotional commitment - hence a determination, or commitment to carry out the planned activity.
For this reason its flavour can’t always be captured in single sentences out of context but, for example,
5
<V
x
¦ÃÌ#
% §.
Tx I’ll come again at five.
implies that one is committed enough to the objective of a visit to come back later at a more convenient
time, perhaps.
Similarly
V
= ÃÌ#
% §.
Tx I’ll do it.
conveys an overtone not of “Mr Kim’s set on going tomorrow.”, but of “I guess Mr Kim’s going
tomorrow.”
c G. Shin 2006 115
V 20 »
= Î
20 <
ẃ T<
Q V"
Xë§ #
R TD §?
Jx
W HAT ’ S IT LIKE LIVING IN KOREA ?
In this Unit we learn to say what the weather’s like, what it’s like to study Korean, on so on. We also
look at how to form an adverb out of a verb, how to use pronouns, and what to say if we want the
person we’re speaking to to agree with what we’re saying.
¢
R
ë weather
µ climate
µ
A
spring U?
# ¾
Ù summer
©
÷ autumn ©
winter
rain ¦-
x
It rains.
æ
p snow
~ - cloudy
3
5 À
season V
F
; 4
÷
rainy season
6
S
F wind 6
S
F -
§
windy
2 General
ßÈ
Ä
î * movie, cinema Ä
I
Ø scenery
@
µ body <
µ
@ -
Vª
good for the body
N
head N -
ª
bright, clever
"
ó̈
® À things to do
¨ very
/¨ too (much)
r
¦ »
ý of course
Àt
0
« (+ neg) not especially
q
... And then ...
.
Ê
ń
P ... But ... Ö#
ó
§ -
T
dislike
õ3
¼
s À
- kind
õ
½ - diligent
Z-
ë
¡ same t
- different
t- fast, quick
¥
R
ë speaking
¹
> listening
Ð
ó̈ reading
¤ writing
Q
F
8 ¤
dictation RC
ë
¦
¹ pronunciation
116
c G. Shin 2005
<
ẃ T<
Q V"
Xë§ #
R TD §?
Jx
- going R-
ë
§ R
ë
§ living
¦-
v ¦
v looking [
O
< -
[
O
<
studying
½-
í
Ü ½
í
Ü eating
-
drinking
EXAMPLES
ẃQ
< T¥Rv
ë
Þ :
õ íöx§. It’s easy to learn Korean.
Hv
¢
ë R<
ë Vp ó̈
Ù À
@ø¤
#
÷ §.
Tx It’s hard to work on hot days.
Tw
! t« p Ù
§
õB
¾ §.
x It’s inconvenient to go by bus.
<
ẃ T¥
Q Rv
ë |
Þ »
"X< [
O
# T
Ov
ë á
Z
ë x §. It seems studying Korean by myself is hard.
EXAMPLES
¨¥
R<
ë V¼
s
õ
qr
88
V<
F V ¥
½ª
ü
B
x§.
I like going to Noraebang (karaoke) with my friends on weekends.
@
pô
Ù P̧ ó̈
Ð¥ ½ª
ü
B
x§. Tae-U likes reading books.
<
ø<
V ó̈
ÀE½ ó̈
N T
À# ¥½§
ü Ö#
ó TB
x§. I dislike waking up early in the morning.
Â
<T#
Q Tt«R ¥
ë pª
Ù
ń
P¤p§
Ù Ö#
ó TB x §.
I like speaking in a foreign language but I don’t like writing in it.
4 Adverbs
There are various ways to describe HOW an action was/is performed. Note that Korean use of
adverbs of manner extends not only to the way in which an action is performed but to its outcome as
well.
c G. Shin 2005 117
V 20 »
= Î
• We can add -5
to DVST ending in ó̈
Ì-:
=
ó̈
Ì- be interesting =
ó̈
Ì5 interestingly
>
Uó̈
n Ì- delicious >
Uó̈
n Ì5 deliciously
to DVST ending in or s:
• We can add -5
- bad
5 badly
°-
p
easy p
°5 easily
W
< - pretty W
< 5 prettily
¡
ó T-
ë glad ¡
ó T5
ë gladly
ù-
ù
} (chili) hot ù5
ù
} with a lot of chili (’hotly’)
s3
õ
¼ À
- kind s3
õ
¼ À
kindly
õ
½ - diligent
½õ
diligently
t
- fast, quick ±
R
ë quickly
À-
/
(is) far À
/
far away
• There are also rules that cover other DVST, but examples of their use are so few that it’s usually
better to simply commit the adverb form to memory.
=-
late =5
late
a-
ë
¥ many a
ë
¥ a lot/copiously
Z-
ë
¡ be same Z
ë
¡ together
Some examples:
>
n ó̈
U Ì5 s;Vx§! Enjoy your food!/Bon appetit.
U?
# ¾8
Ù V@
F ©
} =
÷ ó̈
Ì5zÌ#
ó Tx§. I had a good time in the summer holidays.
M
}
@ û¤
÷ q
¨¥½
ü 5¥ R
ë #
ÿ Tx§. The students spoke poorly of the professor.
p
Ù ;
VV
F <"Xv À©
ø
÷ 5§ ^#
ë T§x. We bought our clothes cheaply in the market.
TN
# pN
Ù 3
Á ¥½}
ü ù5
ù ń
P¤ 2
÷ Ì#
Tx§. Mother made the Gimchi hot to the taste.
¥
¾ßÄ
î p A
Ù ẃµ
©
÷ õ=
½ V<W5 ó̈
Â# §. Seon-Yeong always wears Hanbok beautifully.
Tx
5
= Â "Xq́
P®
" .
I’m sorry I came late.
j́
P2 ×#
§. ±
Tx R
ë ¡ T
ë . We haven’t got much time. Quick let’s go.
a
ë
¥ s ;
Vx§. Bon appetit! (Lit. ’Take a lot’.)
5 Personal pronouns
As you have noticed already, we usually don’t put personal pronouns in a Korean sentence if the
context is clear, ie, if you, the speaker, think that the hearer knows who you are talking about. If you are
going to use personal pronouns, then you’ll need to take note of the fact that, broadly speaking, Korean
makes three kinds of distinctions in deciding which pronoun is appropriate.
118
c G. Shin 2005
<
ẃ T<
Q V"
Xë§ #
R TD §?
Jx
Personal Pronouns
SINGULAR
HUMBLE NEUTRAL EXALTED
I \/=
$ V /6
1 (I)
II //6
3 (you) title/kinship term, eg,
¾M
¥ û4
Á
N
III /
/$\
6 S (he/she),
F /
/$ \t
ë
/
/$
\Ã(or ) (it)
PLURAL
HUMBLE NEUTRAL EXALTED
I \È
$ (¤
)
÷
(¤) (we)
÷ title/kinship term plus ¤
÷
II /È
(¤
) (you, pl)
÷ U
# Nt
ë
III /
/$\
6 S¤
F (they),
÷ /
/$\t ¤
ë
÷
/
/$
\Ã÷
¤ (they, non-human)
We can’t refer to others in self-deprecating mode of course; they must be referred to in terms of
neutrality or honour.
Distinction B: whether the speaker is striking a neutral tone
In referring to ourselves and others neutrally, that is, showing neither respect nor disrespect, we use
the following pronouns.
First person
We use
, and 6
1 before the subject particle or when used as the possessive pronoun, ie, my.
p
¾
Ù
¥ßÄ
î <
Vx §. I’m Seon-Yeong.
1
6 ?¾v
Ù
Þ ¥¾ßÄ
î < §.
Vx My name is I Seon-Yeong.
1
6 #
ÿ Tx§. I did it.
¥
ńq
½ P
ü § É#
ó T#
ÿ §.
Tx He wanted to see me.
/È
¤
v
÷ T
Þ ë
¦Ü½2
í Ì
? Have you eaten?
c G. Shin 2005 119
V 20 »
= Î
Third person
We use 6 S,
F 6 S and $
F \6S for humans, and
F Ã,
à and $
\Ã for inanimate objects.
Ã,
à and $
\ Ã are often shortened in everyday speech to
and $
, \ – we met
already in Unit 6. Note also that when
, and $ \ are used together with the subject particle
-
, they become further shortened: 5,
5 and $\5.
6Sv
F
Þ <
Wx§? Who is he/she?
Ãv
ê
Þ ó<W§x? What is it?
ó
ê<Wx§? What’s this?
5
Hª
§.
x This is better.
Distinction C: whether the speaker is showing honour to the person being referred to
Second person singular
Korean lacks a pronoun for you, respected person. We use a status referent, appropriate to the person
we are talking about, such as ¾M
¥ û4
Á, -
N etc. In most cases, this is the same expression that we would
use when addressing the person (to catch his/her attention). Regarding the usage of -, we normally
use the person’s full name with - (eg,
¥
¾ß Ä
î ), but we can use the person’s given name with -
if
we feel that the person is close and familiar (eg,
¥
¾ßÄ
î ). It would be taken as rude to just say
.
3
Á
N ¥
¾Mû4
Áv
N
Þ õ=
½ Vx
¦ÞÌ#
î §?
Tx When did you (Mr Kim) come?
¥
¾îß
Ä p½
Ù =
õ Vx
¦ÞÌ#
î §?
Tx When did you (Miss I Seon-Yeong) come?
¥
¾ßÄ
î p½
Ù =
õ Vx¦Þ
Ì#
î Tx§? When did you (Seon-Yeong) come?
U
# Nt
v
ë
Þ S
<ó
X ê<
[
O
; §?
Vx What do you (many respected people) study now?
Third person:
t,
ë t, $
ë \t
ë
t
v
ë
Þ
W §?
<x Who’s that (respected person)?
VST-
x§?%
EXAMPLES
ẃQ
< T¥R
ë #TÞ
Â
§?%
x Korean is difficult, don’t you think?%
<
ẃ T
Q ª
§?%
x Korea’s nice, don’t you think?%
ß
ÄÈ
î *¤
,
x§?% You’ve seen the movie, haven’t you?%
<
ẃ TC
Q 9
¹ ½
N }
ù
ù §?%
x Korean food’s hot, don’t you think?%
But when VST- x§ is pronounced with falling intonation it doesn’t invite agreement, but expresses
confidence that the person being addressed sees things the same way. People usually don’t disagree
120
c G. Shin 2005
<
ẃ T<
Q V"
Xë§ #
R TD §?
Jx
= 2
×
§?&
x Boring, isn’t it?&
§D
x
x§?& You’re busy these days, aren’t you?&
½
N
9
ÿ §?&
x You’ve eaten, haven’t you?&
¤
2
÷ Ì
§?&
x You heard the story, didn’t you?&
À#
ñ
+ T"
Xë¡
^ §?&
x You went on foot, didn’t you?&
Again, this reflects the practice in English, where a falling intonation on tag questions presumes
agreement.
7 Making exclamations
In listening to people speaking Korean you may often hear them adding extra emphasis to what
they’re saying by using the verb ending -6
3(x§). Look at the following examples.
@
.P6
o 3x§! Well, well – so Tae-U’s come!
@ x¦6
3x§! Well, well – here comes Tae-U!
@ x¦ÃÌ6
% §!
3x Well, well - Tae-U will be coming!
¦£
x ë
ò ¢
R p
-
Ù Â6
ý §!
3x It’s really hot today!
The extent to which you use these verb endings will depend on the extent to which you feel
comfortable in using them. For our purpose, we’re introducing them here to help your listening skills,
rather than suggesting that you use them actively yourself.
c G. Shin 2005 121
V 20 »
= Î
122
c G. Shin 2005