A PROJECT REPORT ON

“COMPARISON OF CBR VALUES FOR DIFFERENT GRADES OF GSB

MATERIAL MATERIAL AS PER MORTH GUIDELINES 2013”

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for

The award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (CIVIL)

Under

DIBRUGARH UNIVERSITY

JORHAT ENGINEERING COLLEGE

JORHAT-785007, ASSAM
SESSION 2018

SUBMITTED BY

SIDDHARTH BORAH (C-78/17(D))

SHRESTH MODI (C-16/16)
JOSHITA DAS (C-55/16)
RUPLIN KROPI (C-62/16)
MHARHONI Y YANTHAN (C-76/16)

Under the guidance of

Mr. RITUPARNA GOSWAMI

Assistant Professor
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
JORHAT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, JORHAT-785007
 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
JORHAT ENGINEERING COLLEGE
JORHAT-785007

CERTIFICATE OF EXAMINATION

This is to certify that the project report entitled “COMPARISON OF CBR VALUES FOR
DIFFERENT GRADES OF GSB MATERIAL AS PER MORTH GUIDELINES 2013” is
hereby accorded our approval as a study carried out and presented in a manner required for
acceptance in partial fulfillment for the award of BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (CIVIL)
degree. The approval of this report does not necessarily endorse or accept every statement
made, opinion expressed or conclusions drawn. It only signifies the acceptance of the project
report for the purpose for which it is submitted.

Dr. P. K. KHAUND DATE:

External Examiner Professor and H.O.D,
Civil Engineering Department
Jorhat Engineering College
 CERTIFICATE FROM THE SUPERVISOR

This is to certify that the project entitled “COMPARISON OF CBR VALUES

FOR DIFFERENT GRADES OF GSB MATERIAL AS PER MORTH GUIDELINES 2013”
Submitted by:
NAME

SIDDHARTH BORAH (C-78/17(D))

SHRESTH MODI (C-16/16)

JOSHITA DAS (C-55/16)

RUPLIN KROPI (C-62/16)

MHARHONI Y YANTHAN (C-76/16)

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree in BACHELOR of
ENGINEERING (CIVIL) under DIBRUGARH UNIVERSITY has been carried out under
my guidance. The contents of this report have not been submitted in part or in full to any
other university for the award of any degree or diploma.

DATE: MR. RITUPARNA GOSWAMI

Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
Jorhat Engineering College
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to thank our respected teachers; Dr. Prasanna Kumar Khaund, Professor
and HOD and Mr. Rituparna Goswami, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil
Engineering, Jorhat Engineering College for giving us this great opportunity and encouraged
us to develop and expertise our knowledge, technical skills etc.

We feel extremely overjoyed presenting the report on the completion of the project for 6th
semester.

The valuable time and support extended to us by the Faculty and staff of the CIVIL
department of our college and other technical and non-technical staff helped us to learn a lot
of new things and we are extremely grateful to them.
 CANDIDATE DECLARATION

Date: 22/05/19 We hereby certify this project “COMPARISON OF CBR VALUES FOR
DIFERENT GRADES OF GSB MATERIAL AS PER MORTH GUIDELINES 2013” is
accorded for the award of “BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING” in Civil Engineering,
submitted to the Department of Civil Engineering, Jorhat Engineering College, in
authentic record of our work carried out under the guidance of MR.RITUPARNA
GOSWAMI, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Jorhat Engineering
College, Jorhat.

The matter embodied in this project has not been submitted by us for the award of
any other degree.

This is to certify that the above statement made is correct to the best of our
knowledge.

Place: Jorhat

NAME ROLL NO. SIGNATURE

SIDDHARTH BORAH C-78/16(D)

SHRESTH MODI C-16/16

JOSHITA DAS C-55/16

RUPLIN KROPI C-62/16

MHARHONI Y YANTHAN C-76/16

CONTENTS
 ABSTRACT

Road infrastructure is an essential requirement of economic growth as it facilitates movement

of man and material, helps trade and commerce, links industries and agriculture to markets
and opens up backward regions. Design of flexible pavement by CBR method has always
been one of the most important topics for Civil Engineers. The Granular Sub Base (GSB)
layers are used in the flexible pavements as part of the foundation layer in road pavement to
provide a stress-transmitting medium to spread the surface wheel load to a large area. In this
project, three grades (I, II, III as per table 400-1) are prepared according to the specifications
of MORTH guidelines. After grading of these, we conducted Standard Proctor Test to
determine optimum moisture content and maximum dry density for all the three graded
samples. Using the values we found from the Standard Proctor Test, we then conducted CBR
test to determine the CBR values of the graded samples.

After conducting the CBR test, we then use these values to compare the different
grades of GSB material. We prepared a graph (CBR value vs Grade Type) from which we
found that the cbr values decreases gradually from Grade I to Grade III.
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 DEFINITION OF PAVEMENT
Pavement is the actual travel surface especially made durable and serviceable to withstand
the traffic load commuting upon it. Pavement grants friction for the vehicles thus providing
comfort to the driver and transfers the traffic load from the upper surface to the natural soil.

In earlier times before the vehicular traffic became most regular, cobblestone paths were
much familiar for animal carts and on foot traffic load.

Pavements are primarily to be used by vehicles and pedestrians. Storm water drainage and
environmental conditions are a major concern in the designing of a pavement. The first of the
constructed roads date back to 4000 BC and consisted of stone paved streets or timber roads.
The roads of the earlier times depended solely on stone, gravel and sand for construction and
water was used as a binding agent to level and give a finished look to the surface. All hard
road pavements usually fall into two broad categories namely

1. Flexible Pavement
2. Rigid Pavement

Flexible Pavements

Flexible pavement can be defined as the one consisting of a mixture of asphaltic or bituminous
material and aggregates placed on a bed of compacted granular material of appropriate quality in
layers over the subgrade. Water bound macadam roads and stabilized soil roads with or without
asphaltic toppings are examples of flexible pavements.

The design of flexible pavement is based on the principle that for a load of any magnitude, the
intensity of a load diminishes as the load is transmitted downwards from the surface by virtue of
spreading over an increasingly larger area, by carrying it deep enough into the ground through
successive layers of granular material.

Thus for flexible pavement, there can be grading in the quality of materials used, the materials with
high degree of strength is used at or near the surface. Thus the strength of subgrade primarily
influences the thickness of the flexible pavement.

Rigid Pavements

A rigid pavement is constructed from cement concrete or reinforced concrete slabs. Grouted concrete
roads are in the category of semi-rigid pavements.
The design of rigid pavement is based on providing a structural cement concrete slab of sufficient
strength to resists the loads from traffic. The rigid pavement has rigidity and high modulus of
elasticity to distribute the load over a relatively wide area of soil.

Minor variations in subgrade strength have little influence on the structural capacity of a rigid
pavement. In the design of a rigid pavement, the flexural strength of concrete is the major
factor and not the strength of subgrade. Due to this property of pavement, when the subgrade
deflects beneath the rigid pavement, the concrete slab is able to bridge over the localized
failures and areas of inadequate support from subgrade because of slab action.

1.2 REQUIREMENTS OF A PAVEMENT

An ideal pavement should meet the following requirements:

• Sufficient thickness to distribute the wheel load stresses to a safe value on the sub-grade
soil,

• Structurally strong to withstand all types of stresses imposed upon it,

• Adequate coefficient of friction to prevent skidding of vehicles,

• Smooth surface to provide comfort to road users even at high speed,

• Produce least noise from moving vehicles,

• Dust proof surface so that traffic safety is not impaired by reducing visibility,

• Impervious surface, so that sub-grade soil is well protected, and

• Long design life with low maintenance cost.

1.3 LAYERS OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT

Base course

The base course is the layer of material immediately beneath the surface of binder
course and it provides additional load distribution and contributes to the sub-surface drainage.
It may be composed of crushed stone, crushed slag, and other untreated or stabilized
materials.

Sub-Base course

The sub-base course is the layer of material beneath the base course and the primary
functions are to provide structural support, improve drainage, and reduce the intrusion of
fines from the sub-grade in the pavement structure. If the base course is open graded, then the
sub-base course with more fines can serve as filler between sub-grade and the base course. A
sub-base course is not always needed or used. For example, a pavement constructed over a
high quality, stiff sub-grade may not need the additional features offered by a sub-base
course. In such situations, sub-base course may not be provided.
Sub-grade

The top soil or sub-grade is a layer of natural soil prepared to receive the stresses
from the layers above. It is essential that at no time soil sub-grade is overstressed. It should
be compacted to the desirable density, near the optimum moisture content.

Bituminous surfacing:

The bituminous surfacing shall consist of either a wearing course or a binder course with a
wearing course depending upon the traffic to be carried.
 CHAPTER TWO

THEORY AND METHODOLOGY ADOPTED

2.1 GRANULAR SUB BASE COURSE
The preparation of granular sub-base shall consist of laying and compacting well graded
material on prepared sub-grade in accordance with the requirements of these specifications.
The material shall be laid in one or more layers as sub-base or lower sub-base and upper sub-
base (termed as sub-base here in after) as necessary as according to lines, grades and cross-
sections shown on the drawings or as directed by the Engineer.

MATERIALS:-
The materials to be used shall be natural sand, crushed stone, crushed slag or combination
thereof depending upon the grading required. Use of materials like brick metal, kankar and
crushed concrete shall be permitted in the lower sub-base. The material shall be free from
organic or other deleterious constituents and shall conform to the gradings given in table 2.3
and physical requirements given in table 2.4. Gradings III and IV shall preferably be used in
lower sub-base. Gradings V and VI shall be used as a sub-base-cum-drainage layer. The
grading to be adopted for a project shall be as specified in the contract. Where the sub-base is
laid into two layers as upper sub-base and lower sub-base, the thickness of each layer shall
not be less than 150mm.
If the water absorption of the aggregates determined as per IS: 2386 (part 3) is greater than 2
percent, the aggregates shall be tested for wet aggregate impact value (AIV) (IS: 5640). Soft
aggregates like kankar, brick ballast and laterite shall also be tested for wet AIV (IS: 5640).

Table 1: Grading for Granular Sub Base Materials (As per Morth Guidelines 2013)

Table 2: Physical Requirements for Materials for GranularSub-Base (As per Morth
Guidelines 2013)
2.2 TESTS CONDUCTED ON GSB MATERIALS DURING THE STUDY:
 Grading of GSB
 Standard Proctor Test
 CBR test

2.2.1 Grading of GSB

Table: Sieve size to be used for the grading of GSB

IS SIEVE (mm)

75

53

26.5

9.5

4.75

2.36

0.85

0.425

0.075
2.2.2 Standard Proctor Test:
OBJECTIVE:

To determine the optimum moisture content and maximum dry density of a soil by
proctor test.

THEORY:

In general, soil densification includes compaction and consolidation. Compaction is

one kind of densification that is realized by rearrangement of soil particles without outflow of
water. It is realized by application of mechanic energy. It does not involve fluid flow, but
with moisture changing altering. Consolidation is another kind of densification with fluid
flow away. Consolidation is primarily for clay soils. Water is squeezed out from its pores
under load.

There are 4 control factors affecting the extent of compaction:

1. Compaction effort;

2. Soil type and gradation;

3. Moisture content; and

4. Dry unit weight (dry density).

In geotechnical engineering, soil compaction is the process in which a stress applied

to a soil causes densification as air is displaced from the pores between the soil grains. It is an
instantaneous process and always takes place in partially saturated soil (three phase
system).the degree of compaction of a soil is measured in terms of its dry density. The degree
of compaction mainly depends upon its moisture content during compaction, compaction
energy and the type of soil. For a given compaction energy, every soil attains the maximum
dry density at a particular water content which is known as optimum moisture content. The
standard proctor compaction test is a laboratory method of experimentally determining the
optimal moisture content at which a given soil type will become most dense and achieve its
maximum dry density.

APPLICATION:

Soils are compacted for the following reasons:

 To decrease permeability.
 To enhance resistance to erosion.

 To increase strength and stability.

 Decrease compressibility under load and minimize settlement.

Achieving Maximum Compaction in the Field:

Proctor Compaction Test determines the optimum water content and maximum dry
density of for a soil. A required range for moisture is often specified by the engineered, 3%
below and 2% above optimum. For example, if optimum water content is 16%, the acceptable
range would be from 13% to 18%. Percent compaction is also specified: Meaning “required
percentage of max dry density”, and its accepted range normally varies from 90 to 95% of
MDD under ordinary circumstances.

Thus, Percent field compaction = ρdry field /ρdry max

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Proctor mould having a capacity of 1000 cc, with an internal diameter of 10.2 cm and a
height of 11.6 cm. The mould shall have a detachable collar assembly and a detachable
base plate.
2. Rammer: A mechanical operated metal rammer having a 5 cm diameter face and a weight
of 2.6 kg. The rammer shall be equipped with a suitable arrangement to control the height
of drop to a free fall of 31 cm.
3. Sample extruder
4. Mixing tools such as mixing pan, spoon, towel, and spatula.
5. A balance of 15 kg capacity
6. Sensitive balance
7. Straight edge
8. Graduated cylinder
9. Moisture tins
10. Thermostatically controlled oven

PROCEDURE:
1. Measure the inside dimensions of the mould and find the volume and weight of the mould.
2. Take a representative oven-dried sample, approximately 3 kg in the given pan passing
through 4.75 mm I.S. sieve. Thoroughly mix the sample with sufficient water to dampen it
 with approximate water content of about 7 % for sand and 10% for clay of weight of the
soil sample.
3. Fix the collar and base plate. Place the soil in the Proctor mould and compact it in 3 layers
giving 25 blows per layer with the 2.6 kg rammer falling through a height of 310 mm. The
blows shall be distributed uniformly over the surface of each layer.
4. Remove the collar; trim the compacted soil even with the top of mould using a straight
edge and weigh.
5. Find out the bulk density (γ) and keep a small representative sample in the oven for water
content determination.
6. Find out the moisture content and dry density.
7. Add water in sufficient amounts to increase the moisture content of the soil sample by one
or two percentage of water and repeat the above procedure for each increment of water
added. Continue this series of determination until there is either a decrease or no change in
the wet unit weight of the compacted soil.
8. Plot a curve of dry density as ordinate and water content as abscissa and fine out the
optimum moisture content and maximum dry density.

2.2.3 CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO (CBR) TEST

Aim: To determine the CBR value of a given soil sample.
Theory:
The California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test is a penetration test which was developed by
the California State Highway Department, USA for the evaluation of soil-subgrade strength
and base course materials strength base course materials strength for flexible pavements.
The CBR is a measure of resistance of a material to penetration of a standard plunger
under controlled density and moisture conditions at standard rate. CBR value as defined by
IS: 2720 (Part XVI)-1979 is the ratio of the force per unit area required to penetrate a soil
mass with a circular plunger of 50 mm diameter at the rate of 1.25 mm/minute, to that
required corresponding penetration of a standard material. The CBR test may be controlled in
remoulded or undisturbed specimen in the laboratory. The test procedure should be strictly
adhered if high degree of reproducibility is desired. Many methods exists today which utilise
mainly CBR test values for designing pavements structure. The test is empirical and results
cannot be related accurately with any fundamental property of the material. But the test is
simple and has been extensively investigated for field correlations of flexible pavement
thickness requirement.
Equipment/Apparatus: The apparatus as per IS:2720 (part XVI)-1979 comprises of the
following:
1. Loading machine: Any compression machine with a capacity of at least 5000 kg
which can operate at constant rate of 1.25mm per minute can be used for this purpose.
A plunger of diameter 50mm, proving ring, deflection dial etc.
2. Cylindrical moulds: moulds of 150mm diameter and 175mmn height provided with a
collar of about 50mm length and a detachable perforated base are used for this
 purpose. A spacer disk of 148mm and 47.7mm thickness is used to obtain a specimen
of exactly 127.3mm height.
3. Spacer disc: A metal disc of 148 mm diameter and 47.7 mm height.
4. Compaction rammer: The material is compacted as specified for the work, either by
dynamic compaction or static compaction. The details for dynamic compaction
suggested by the ISI are given below:
Type of Number of Weight of Free fall, cm Number of
compaction layers hammer, kg blows
Light 3 2.6 31 56
compaction

Heavy 5 4.89 45 56
compaction

5. Adjustable stem, perforated plate, tripod and dial gauge: The standard procedure
requires that the soil sample before testing should be soaked in water to measure
swelling. For these purpose these accessories are required.
6. Surcharge weights: In order to simulate the effect of over lying pavement weight, one
annular metal weights each of 2.5 kg and 147mm diameter are placed on top of the
specimen, both at the time of soaking and testing the samples, as surcharge.
7. Penetration plunger: A metallic plunger having a diameter of 50 mm and at least 100
mm long.
8. IS sieve of sizes 20mm and 4.75mm, oven, balance, coarse filter etc. equipments are
required.
Line diagram:

Fig 1.1: Line diagram of CBR test apparatus

Pictorial Image:

Fig. CBR test machine

Procedure:
1. Preparation of test specimen: As per the ISI, the CBR test may be performed on
undisturbed soil specimen obtained by fitting a cutting edge to the mould or on
remoulded specimens. The material used in the remoulded specimen shall pass a 20-
mm IS sieve. About 20 to 45kg of material is sieved and dried through 20mm sieve. If
there is noteworthy proportion of material retained on 20mm sieve, allowance for
larger materials is made by replacing it by an equal weight of material passing 20mm
sieve and 4.75mm sieve. The optimum moisture content and maximum dry density of
soil are determined by adopting either IS light compaction (Proctor Compaction) or IS
heavy compaction (Modified Proctor Compaction) as per the requirement. In case the
most of the sample pass through 4.75mm sieve, then the dry pulverised sample is
sieved through 4.75mm sieve and the portion passing this sieve is only used for this
test. Remoulded soil specimen may be compacted either by static compaction or by
dynamic compaction.
Statically Compacted Specimen: The batch of soil is mixed with water to give the
required moisture content. The correct weight of moist soil to obtain the desired density is
placed in the mould and compaction is attained by pressing the spacer disc using a
compaction or jack.
The preparation of a soil specimen by dynamic compaction or ramming is more
commonly adopted and is explained below:
Dynamically Compacted Specimen: A representative sample of the soil weighing
approximately 5.5kg for granular soil and 4.5 to 5kg weight for fine grained soils is taken and
mixed thoroughly with water up to the optimum moisture content or field moisture content if
specified so. The spacer disc is placed at the bottom of the mould over the base plate and a
coarse filter paper is placed over the spacer discs. The moist soil is to be compacted over this
in the mould by compacting either the IS light compaction or the heavy IS compaction.
a) For IS light compaction, the soil to be compacted is divided into three equal parts, the
soil is compacted into three equal layers, each of compacted thickness about 44mm by
applying 56 evenly distributed blows of the 2.6kg rammer.
b) For IS heavy compaction, the soil is divided into five equal parts. The soil is
compacted in five equal layers, each of compacted thickness about 26.5mm by
applying 56 evenly distributed blows of the 4.89kg rammer. After compacting the last
layer, the collar is removed and the excess soil above the top of the mould is evenly
trimmed off by means of the straight edge. It is important to see if the excess soil is to
be trimmed off while preparing each specimen is of thickness about 5mm; If not the
weight of soil taken for compacting each specimen is suitably adjusted for repeat tests
so that the thickness of the excess layer to be trimmed off is about 5mm. Any hole
that develops on the surface due to removal of coarse particles during trimming may
be patched up with smaller size materials. Three such compacted specimens are
prepared for the CBR tests. About 100gm of soil samples are collected from each
mould for moisture content determination from trimmed off portions.

2. The clamps are removed and the mould with the compacted soil is lifted leaving
below the perforated base plate and spacer disc which is removed. The mould with the
compacted soil is weighed. A filter paper is placed on the perforated base plate, the
mould with compacted soil is inverted and placed in position over the base plate (such
that the top of the soil sample is now placed over the base plate) and the clamps of the
base plate are tightened. Another filter paper is placed on the top surface of the soil
sample and the perforated plate with adjustable stem over it. Surcharge weight of 2.5
or 5kg weight are placed over the perforated plate and the whole mould with the
weights is placed in a water for soaking such that water can enter specimen from both
top and bottom. The swell measuring device consisting of the tripod and the dial
gauge are placed on the top edge of the mould and the spindle of the dial gauge is
placed touching the top of the adjustable stem of the perforated plate (see fig.2). The
initial dial gauge reading is recorded and the test is kept undisturbed in the water tank
to allow soaking of the soil specimen for four full days or 96 hours. The final dial
gauge reading is noted to measure the expansion or swelling of the specimen due to
soaking.
3. The swell measuring assembly is removed, the mould is taken out of the water tank
and the sample is allowed to drain in a vertical position for 15 minutes. The surcharge
weights, the perforated plate with stem and the filter paper are removed. The mould
with the soil sample is removed from the base plate and is weighed again to determine
the weight of the water absorbed.
4. The mould with the specimen is clamped over the base plate and the same surcharge
weights are placed on the specimen such that the penetration test could be conducted.
The mould with the base [plate is placed under the penetration plunger of the loading
machine. The penetration plunger is seated at the centre of the specimen and is
brought in contact with the top surface of the soil sample by applying a seated load of
4kg.
5. The dial gauge of the proving ring (for load reading) and the penetration dial gauge
reading are set to zero.
6. The load is applied through the penetration plunger at a uniform rate of 1.25mm per-
minute by setting the gear at constant rate of 1.25mm/min.
 7. The load reading are recorded at penetration readings of 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5,
3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0 and 12.5mm. In case the load readings start decreasing
before 12.5mm penetration, the maximum load value and the corresponding
penetration value are recorded. After the final reading, the load is released and the
mould is removed from the loading machine.
8. The proving ring calibration factor is noted so that the load dial values can be
converted into load in kg also find the least count of penetration dial gauge reading to
convert into mm.(The present our laboratory machine, the proving ring calibration
factor =0.99kg/div., the deflection dial gauge L.C=0.01mm/div.)
9. About 50gm of soil is collected from the top three cm depth of the soil sample for the
full determination of moisture content (w). Also weigh the mould with full soil and
empty and determine dry density (γd ).
Formula used in determination of γd =γm / (1+w/100) g/cc
Where, = wet density
=W-Wm/ Vm ,g/cc
W= Weight of mould with moist compacted soil in gm.
Wm= Weight of empty mould in gm.
Vm= Volume of the mould in cc.
N.B. - In case of unsoaked test, (i) and (ii) are performed.
Precautions:
i) The holes of the base plate of the mould should not be blocked.
ii) The surcharge weight should be aligned with the plunger so that the plunger
penetrates freely into the soil.
Formulae to calculate the expansion ratio and CBR value :
The CBR value is calculated from this formula,
CBR% = [Load carried by soil sample at 2.5 or 5mm penetration / Load carried by standard
crushed stone at 2.5 or 5mm penetration] x 100

Results:
The expansion ratio of soil due to soaking and other details of the test may be reported as
given in the observation sheet. The CBR values at 2.5 and 5mm penetrations are calculated
for each specimen from the corresponding graphs as shown in Fig.1.2. Generally the CBR
value at 2.5mm penetration is higher and this value is adopted. However if the CBR value is
obtained at 5mm penetration, the test is to be repeated to verify the results. If the value at
5mm is again higher than it is adopted as the CBR value of the soil sample. The average CBR
value of three specimens is reported to the first decimal place.
 Fig.1.2: Typical load penetration curve
According to the Indian Road Congress, if the maximum variation in laboratory in CBR
values between the three specimens exceed the value given below for the different ranges, the
CBR test should be repeated on additional three specimens and the average value of six
specimens is adopted.

Maximum permissible variation in CBR Range of CBR values, %

values, %
3.0 Up to 10
5.0 10 to 30
10.0 30 to 60
Not significant Above 60
 CHAPTER THREE

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS

3 TEST ON GRANULAR SUBBASE (GSB) MATERIALS

3.1 GRADING OF GSB SAMPLE

3.1.1 GRADE I

Table 3.1.1 Grade I of GSB Sample as per MORTH Table 400-1

GRADE I
Sieve Size Wt. retained Percentage Cumulative Percentage Specification
(in mm) (g) Weight percentage Finer Limits
retained Weight
retained
75 0 0 0 100 100
53 1200 15 15 85 80-100
26.5 1600 20 35 65 55-90
9.5 1200 15 50 50 35-65
4.75 800 10 60 40 25-55
2.36 240 3 63 37 20-40
0.85 - - - - -
0.425 1840 23 89 11 10-15
0.075 960 12 99 1 <5
Total=8000

3.1.2 GRADE II

Table 3.1.2 Grade II of GSB Sample as per MORTH Table 400-1

GRADE II
Sieve Size Wt. retained Percentage Cumulative Percentage Specification
(in mm) (g) Weight percentage Finer Limits
retained Weight
retained
75 - - - - -
53 0 0 0 100 100
26.5 2400 30 30 70 70-100
9.5 1200 15 45 55 50-80
4.75 1200 15 60 40 40-65
2.36 140 2 62 38 30-50
0.85 - - - - -
0.425 880 24 86 14 10-15
0.075 880 11 97 3 <5
Total=8000
3.1.3 GRADE III

Table 3.1.3 Grade III of GSB Sample as per MORTH Table 400-1

GRADE III
Sieve Size Wt. retained Percentage Cumulative Percentage Specification
(in mm) (g) Weight percentage Finer Limits
retained Weight
retained
75 - - - - -
53 0 0 0 100 100
26.5 2080 26 26 74 55-75
9.5 1600 20 46 54 -
4.75 2720 34 80 20 10-30
2.36 400 5 85 15 -
0.85 400 5 90 10 -
0.425 400 5 95 5 -
0.075 240 3 98 2 <5
Total=8000
 3.2 STANDARD PROCTOR TEST
Diameter of the mould(r)=10cm
Height of the mould, L= 12.5cm
Volume, V= (π/4) X D2 X H= 981.75cm2
Empty weight of mould= 1820g
Empty weight of mould+Base plate= 3820g
Weight of the hammer= 2.6kg
Number of layers= 3
Number of blows per layer= 25 blows
Weight of sample= 3kg
w1 = weight of empty container
w2 = wight of container + dry soil
w3 = seight of container + dry soil
w4 = (w2 -w3) / (w3 -w1 )

3.2.1 GRADE I
Table: Results of Standard Proctor Test

weight
water weight bulk dry
sl of mould
added water content determination of soil density density
no with soil
(%) (gm) (gm/cc) (gm/cc)
(gm)
w1 w2 w3 w%
1 4 5420 14 48.7 47.2 4.52 1760 1.79 1.71
2 6 5460 7.5 27.2 26.0 6.48 1810 1.84 1.73
3 8 5500 7.9 26.7 25.2 8.67 1880 1.91 1.76
4 9 5480 8.2 39.9 36.8 10.83 1860 1.89 1.71
 GRADE 1
1.77

1.76

1.75
DRY DENSITY,ɣd

1.74

1.73 GRADE 1

1.72

1.71

1.7
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
WATER CONTENT, W%

Fig: Water content vs Dry density relationship curve

OBSERVATION:
From the graph above:
Maximum Dry density, γd = 1.762 gm/cc
Optimum Moisture Content, OMC= 8.5%
3.2.2 GRADE II
Table: Results of Standard Proctor Test

weight
water of weight
bulk density dry density
sl no added mould water content determination of soil
(gm/cc) (gm/cc)
(%) with soil (gm)
(gm)
w1 w2 w3 w%
1 4 3560 8.5 37.8 37.0 2.80 1740 1.77 1.72
2 6 3690 9.9 37.3 35.9 4.18 1840 1.87 1.79
3 8 3790 8.8 38.1 35.8 7.72 1940 1.97 1.83
4 9 3740 13.5 48.0 44.7 10.22 1920 1.95 1.77
5 10 3720 11.3 37.7 35.1 10.92 1900 1.93 1.74
 GRADE 2
1.86

1.84

1.82
DRY DENSITY , ꙋd

1.8

1.78
GRADE 2
1.76

1.74

1.72

1.7
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
WATER CONTENT , w%

Fig: Water content vs Dry density relationship curve

OBSERVATION:
From the graph above:
Maximum Dry density, γd = 1.85 gm/cc
Optimum Moisture Content, OMC= 8.4%
 3.2.3 GRADE III
Table: Results of Standard Proctor Test

wt of
water mould weight of bulk
dry density
sl no added with water content determination soil density
(gm/cc)
(%) soil (gm) (gm/cc)
(gm)
w1 w2 w3 w%
1 4 5580 7.5 28.8 27.8 4.92 1760 1.79 1.70
2 6 5600 10 36.4 35 5.60 1780 1.81 1.71
3 8 5700 8.0 27.0 25.4 9.19 1880 1.91 1.75
4 9 5680 8.2 32.3 29.9 11.05 1860 1.89 1.71
5 10 5660 9.1 40.0 36.8 11.55 1840 1.87 1.68
 GRADE 3
1.76

1.75

1.74

1.73
DRY DENSITY , ꙋd

1.72

1.71
GRADE 3
1.7

1.69

1.68

1.67
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
WATER CONTENT , w%

Fig: Water content vs Dry density relationship curve

OBSERVATION:
From the graph above:
Maximum Dry density, γd = 1.75 gm/cc
Optimum Moisture Content, OMC= 9.2%
3.3 CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO TEST

3.3.1 GRADE I
Table 3.3.1 Results of CBR test for Grade I
Penetration Observed Proving Ring dial Proving Ring Load on plunger
(in mm) Proving gauge reading (in Constant (in kg)
Ring Reading divisons)
0 0 0 0.4 0
0.5 22.2 111 0.4 44.4
1 61.4 307 0.4 122.8
1.5 103.2 516 0.4 206.4
2 138.4 692 0.4 276.8
2.5 179.8 899 0.4 359.6
3 210.2 1051 0.4 420.4
4 267.6 1338 0.4 535.2
5 301.2 1506 0.4 602.4
7.5 390.4 1952 0.4 780.8
10 430.6 2153 0.4 861.2
 GRADE I
1000

900

800

700

600
Load in kg

500

400

300

200

100

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
CORRECTED 0
Penetration in mm

FIG: CBR Graph for GSB grade I

CALCULATION AND RESULT:

From the graph-
CBR value at 2.5mm penetration= (395/1370) x 100% = 28.83%
CBR value at 5mm penetration= (625/2055) x 100% = 30.41%

Since our CBR for 5mm penetration exceeds that of 2.5mm penetration, so the test is
repeated to verify the results.

Therefore CBR value of the sample= 30.41%

3.3.2 GRADE II
Table 3.3.2 Results of CBR test for Grade II

Penetration Observed Proving Ring dial Proving Ring Load on plunger

(in mm) Proving gauge reading (in Constant (in kg)
Ring Reading divs)
0 0 0 0.4 0
0.5 26.6 133 0.4 53.2
1 73.2 366 0.4 146.4
1.5 113.4 567 0.4 226.8
2 152.2 761 0.4 304.4
2.5 180 900 0.4 360
3 198.6 993 0.4 397.2
4 230.4 1152 0.4 460.8
5 259.6 1298 0.4 519.2
7.5 326.8 1634 0.4 653.6
10 381.6 1908 0.4 763.2
 GRADE II
900

800

700

600
Load in kg

500

400

300

200

100

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Corrected 0 Penetration in mm

FIG: CBR Graph for GSB grade II

CALCULATION AND RESULT:

From the graph-
CBR value at 2.5mm penetration= (375/1370) x 100% = 27.37%
CBR value at 5mm penetration= (530/2055) x 100% = 25.79%

Since our CBR for 2.5mm penetration exceeds that of 5mm penetration

Therefore CBR value of the sample= 27.37%

3.3.3 GRADE III
Table 3.3.3 Results of CBR test for Grade III

Penetration Observed Proving Ring dial Proving Ring Load on plunger

(in mm) Proving gauge reading (in Constant (in kg)
Ring Reading divs)
0 0 0 0.4 0
0.5 22.2 111 0.4 44.4
1 55.8 279 0.4 111.6
1.5 91.4 457 0.4 182.8
2 123.4 617 0.4 246.8
2.5 161.2 806 0.4 322.4
3 182.2 911 0.4 364.4
4 216.4 1082 0.4 432.8
5 237.8 1189 0.4 475.6
7.5 320.6 1603 0.4 641.2
10 373.4 1867 0.4 746.8
 GRADE III
800

700

600

500
Load in kg

400

300

200

100

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Corrected 0
Penetration in mm

FIG: CBR Graph for GSB grade III

CALCULATION AND RESULT:

From the graph-
CBR value at 2.5mm penetration= (345/1370) x 100% = 25.18%
CBR value at 5mm penetration= (490/2055) x 100% = 23.84%

Since our CBR for 2.5mm penetration exceeds that of 5mm penetration

Therefore CBR value of the sample= 25.18%

CHAPTER 4: INTERPRETATION
4 INTERPRETATION

From the CBR values that we got for the three different grades, we found that between
2.5mm and 5mm penetration:
For grade 1, CBR value is greater in 5mm penetration so the test is repeated and we found the
value to be greater again in 5mm penetration i.e. 30.41%
For grade 2, CBR value is greater in 2.5mm penetration i.e. 27.37%
For grade 3, CBR value is greater in 2.5mm penetration i.e. 25.18%

From the graph in fig 4.1 we see that the CBR values for the different grades gradually
decreases from grade 1 to grade 3.

GSB TYPE CBR(%)

2.5mm penetration 5mm penetration

Grade 1 28.83 30.41
Grade 2 27.37 25.79
Grade 3 25.18 23.84

COMPARISON OF CBR VALUES

34

32

30
CBR (%)

28
2.5 mm penetration
26
5 mm penetration
24

22

20
1 2 3
GRADE

Fig
4.1: Graphical representation of comparison of CBR values
 Conclusion

After completion of this project, we compared the CBR values of the 3 different grades of
GSB ( Grade I, II, III as per table 400-1 ) that we prepared as per the latest MORTH
guidelines. GSB material is normally available from dry river beds as coarse pebbles left
once sand is taken away from water. In some places where river mining is not allowed, such
material is not naturally available nearby, crushed stones as per required gradation is used
which is relatively costly. As GSB is required in bulk quantity in road construction, it should
be economical. Hence sometimes sandy soil is also mixed to increase the yield without
compromising the CBR values. Therefore the comparison of CBR values is done to check if
the prepared grade is suitable for the proposed GSB construction in roadway design.