Best Reference

https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/tutorial.html
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/typescript/
https://github.com/Microsoft/TypeScript/blob/master/doc/spec.md
http://www.techstrikers.com/TypeScript/index.php
https://www.codeproject.com/Articles/802722/TypeScript-The-Basics
https://learnxinyminutes.com/docs/typescript/

For Books
http://www.allitebooks.com/?s=Typescript

TypeScript Concepts:
Introduction
History
Language design -- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TypeScript#Language_design
ECMAScript 2015 support -- ''
Features
Architecture
Environment Setup -Tutorials Point
Compile and Execute -Tutorials Point
Compiler Flags -Tutorials Point

TypeScript IDEs

Identifiers -Tutorials Point

Keywords -Tutorials Point
Comments -Tutorials Point
Decision Making
Loops
Numbers
Strings
Arrays
Tuples
Union
Objects
Ambients
1) Statements
Decision Making (Conditional Statements)
If
If...Else
If...Else If… Else
Switch Case
Loop Statements
While Loop
do...While Loop
For Loop
For...in
TS Iterators and Generators
Control Statements
break
continue
return

2) Operators
Arithmetic operators
Logical operators
Relational operators
Bitwise operators
Assignment operators
Ternary/conditional operator
String operator
Type Operator
instanceof

3) Data Types
any
Predefined DT
boolean
number
string
void
null
undefined .. etc
User Defined DT
Enumerations (enums)
classes
interfaces
arrays
tuple...etc
Basic Types
Variable Declarations
Arrays

OOPS Concepts
Classes
Methods
variables
Interfaces

Abstract Classes
Encapsulation
Inheritance
Polymorphism
Overriding
Encapsulation

Packages
Access Modifiers
Access Specifies
Class modifiers
Constructor access modifiers
Class property accessors
Static functions
Static properties

Understanding TypeScript Errors

Functions
Anonymous functions
Optional parameters
Default parameters
The arguments variable
Function callbacks
Function signatures
Function callbacks and scope
Function overloads
 Union types
Type guards
Type aliases

Generics
Enums
Global variables

Third Party Libraries

Type Inference
Type Compatibility
Advanced Types
Symbols
Iterators and Generators
Modules
Namespaces
Namespaces and Modules
Module Resolution
Declaration Merging
Decorators
Mixins
JSX
Triple-Slash Directives

TypeScript Design Patterns 

http://file.allitebooks.com/20161005/TypeScript%20Design%20Patterns.pdf

Migrating from JavaScript

React & Webpack

Knockout
Gulp

What's New

Declaration Files
Project Configuration
Exception Handling
Inner Classes

Design Patterns
Generics
Meta Data (Annotations)
Tools (javap, javadoc, javah, jar, javaw,jdb, jad)