Integration

Introduction
 Differential of y = f(x)
Q. Differential of x4, sin(x), tan(x), ln(x).
Q. If (F(x)+C) = f(x) ⇒ f(x)dx = F(x) + C
Q. Antiderivative of a periodic function need not
be periodic function.
Eg. f(x) = cos x + 1 is periodic but (cosx + 1) dx
= sin x + x + C is aperiodic.
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(b)
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(a)

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(b) ,
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= tan–1x+C

= sin–1x+C

= sec–1x+C
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Q. find f(x) if
f ' (x2) = 1/x for x > 0, f(1) = 1
Q. find f(x) if
f ' (sin2x) = cos2x for all x, f(1) = 1
Q. find f(x) if
f ' (sin x) = cos2x for all x, f(1) = 1
 Assignment on
Elementary Integration
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Q. A function g defined for all positive real
number satisfies g’(x2) = x3 for all x > 0 and
g (1) = 1. Compute g(4).
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 Methods of integration
1. By substitution
2. Integration by parts
3. Partial fraction
4. Misc. (kuturputur)
Substitution
Or

Or

Or
Start with y = f(x)
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General Substitution
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 Trigonometric Functions
m, n N
(1) If one odd other even substitute term of even
power
(2) Both odd substitute small higher power
T-function.
(3) Both even use T-identities to manipulate
(4) If m & n are rational numbers & is
negative integer or m & n is negative even
integer then, substitute Also create
derivatives
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 Integration By Parts
Rules :–
(i) Choose 2nd Function which is easily integrable
(ii) Choose 1st & 2nd functions such that after by
parts Complexity of 2nd term reduces as
compared to original integration
(iii) Note sometimes 1 is taken as a function
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Two Classic Integrands
(a)
(b)
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Q. If the primitive of the function
w.r.t. x is equal to
then find (m + n) (where m, n ∈ N)
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 Partial Fraction
Case I :

If P1(x), P2(x) are polynomials

If degree of P1 > P2 Divide & Move to case (2)

Case II :
Degree of P1(x) < Degree of P2(x)
(a) P2 is linear in x

For Example :

Let

, B = 4,
(b) Denominator is linear factor of x
(i)
(b) Denominator is quadratic in x (Not Factorized)
(ii)
Important Concepts
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Miscellaneous
Kuturputur
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 Integration By Differentiation
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 Trigonometric Functions
Type 1 :
Type 2 :
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Type 3 :

Working Rule :

Compute A, B, C
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 nth Integration
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 Integration of Irrational
Algebraic Function

Working Rule :
2
Put L2 = t
Working Rule :
Put L1 = t2
Working Rule :
Put L = 1/t
Case 1 : For Q1 D>0

Case 2 : For Q1 D=0

Case 3 : For Q1 D<0

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