Mustafin Bexultan

Linear Algebra for Engineers

September 22, 2022

Homework 3

Vectors. Linear geometry. Reduced echelon form.

1. Let three vectors ⃗a(1; 3), ⃗b(2; −1), ⃗c(−4; 1) be given. Fin the number α and β such
that α⃗a + β⃗b + ⃗c = 0.
Solution:
     
1 2 −4
α+ β+ =0
3 −1 1
   
1 2 4 −3ρ1 +ρ2 1 2 4
−→
3 −1 −1 0 −7 −13
(
α + 2β = 4
⇒ shows that the solution set is a singleton set.
− 7β = 13
 
2/7
{ }
13/7

2. Find an equation of the line passing through the point A(−3; 4) and is parallel to
the following line x − 2y + 5 = 0.
Solution:
x − 2y + 5 = 0
( (
a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0 a1 b1 c1 x − 2y + 5 = 0
⇒ a2 = b2 ̸= c2 ⇒
a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0 x − 2y + k = 0

-3-2·4 + k = 0
k = 11 (
x − 2y + 5 = 0
x − 2y + 11 = 0

3. Choose h and k such that the system has (a) no solution, (b) a unique solution, and
c) many solutions. Give separate answers for each part.
(
x1 + hx2 = 2
3.1.
4x1 + 8x2 = k
(
x1 − 3x2 = 1
3.2.
2x1 + hx2 = k

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Solution:
3.1.
(a) There is no solution if h = 2 and k ̸= 8.
(b) It has a unique solution when h ̸= 2.
(c) It has many solutions when k = 2 and h = 8.
3.2.
(a) There is no solution if h = −6 and k ̸= 2.
(b) It has a unique solution when h ̸= −6.
(c) It has many solutions when k = 2 and h = −6.

4. Find the general solutions of the system whose augmented matrices are given below:
 
  1 0 −9 0 4
  3 −2 4 0
0 1 −2 3 0 1 3 0 −1
a) b)9 −6 12 0 c)  
1 −3 4 −6 0 0 0 1 −7
6 −4 8 0
0 0 0 0 1

Solution:
a) This reduction
   
0 1 −2 3 ρ1 ↔ρ2 1 −3 4 −6
−→
1 −3 4 −6 0 1 −2 3
and ends with x and y leading while z are free. Solving for y gives y = 3 + 2z and substitution
shows that x − 9 − 6z + 4z = −6 so x = 3 + 2z, making this the solution set.
   
3 2
{ 3 + 2 z | z ∈ R}
  
0 1

b) This reduction
     
3 −2 4 0 3 −2 4 3 −2 4
−3ρ1 +ρ2
9 −6 12 0 −→ 9 −6 12 −→ 0 0 0 
−2ρ1 +ρ3
6 −4 8 0 6 −4 8 0 0 0
and ends with x leading while y and z are free. Solving for x gives x = (2/3)y − (4/3)z.
   
2/3 −4/3
{ 1  y +  0  z | y, z ∈ R}
0 1
 
1 0 −9 0 4
0 1 3 0 −1
c) 
0 0 0 1 −7


0 0 0 0 1

The solution set is empty { }.

2
5. Row reduce each of the following matrices to echelon form:
   
1 2 −3 0 −4 1 −6
a) A = 2 4 −2 2
  b) B =  1 2 −5
3 6 −4 3 6 3 −4

Solution:
     
1 2 −3 0 1 2 −3 0 1 2 −3 0
−2ρ1 +ρ2 −5ρ2 +4ρ3
a) A = 2 4 −2 2
  −→ 0 0 4 2  −→  0 0 4 2
−3ρ1 +ρ3
3 6 −4 3 0 0 5 3 0 0 0 2
       
−4 1 −6 1 2 −5 1 2 −5 1 2 −5
ρ1 ↔ρ2 4ρ1 +ρ2 ρ2 +ρ3
b) B =  1 2 −5 −→ −4 1 −6 −→ 0 9 −26 −→ 0 9 −26
−6ρ1 +ρ3
6 3 −4 6 3 −4 0 −9 26 0 0 0

6. Determine which matrices are in reduced echelon form and which others are only
in echelon form.
   
    1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 2 0 2 2
a) 0 1 0 0 b) 0 1 1 0 c) 
0
 d)  
0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 4

Solution:
Reduced echelon form: a and b. Echelon form: d. Not echelon form: c.

7. Solve the system of linear equations via Gauss-Jordan method:

 
  x 1 + 2x2 + 3x 3 + 4x 4 = 11 x1 − 2x2 + 3x3 − 4x4 = 4
2x − y = −1

 

  
2x + 3x + 4x + x = 12
1 2 3 4
 x2 − x3 + x4 = −3
a) x + 3y − z = 5 b) c)

3x1 + 4x2 + x3 + 2x4 = 13

x1 + 3x2
 − 3x4 = 1
y + 2z = 5
  

4x + x + 2x + 3x = 14 
 − x + 3x + x = −3
1 2 3 4 2 3 4

Solution:
a) This reduction
     
2 −1 0 −1 2 −1 0 −1 2 −1 0 −1
1 3 −1 5  −(1/2)ρ −→
1 +ρ2
0 7/2 −1 11/2 −(2/7)ρ
−→
2 +ρ3
0 7/2 −1 11/2 (7/16)ρ3
−→
0 1 2 5 0 1 2 5 0 0 16/7 24/7
     
2 −1 0 −1 2 −1 0 −1 2 −1 0 −1
0 7/2 −1 11/2 ρ−→ 3 +ρ2
0 7/2 0 7  (2/7)ρ2
−→ 0 1
ρ2 +ρ1
0 2  −→
0 0 1 3/2 0 0 1 3/2 0 0 1 3/2

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   
2 0 0 1 1 0 0 1/2
1/2ρ1
0 1 0 2  −→ 0 1 0 2  shows that the solution set is a singleton set.
0 0 1 3/2 0 0 1 3/2
 
1/2
{ 2 }
3/2

b) This reduction
   
1 2 3 4 11 1 2 3 4 11
2 3 4 1 12 −2ρ1 +ρ2 −4ρ1 +ρ4 0 −1 −2 −7 −10 −2ρ2 +ρ3

3 4 1 2 13
 −→ −→ 
0 −2 −8 −10 −20 −7ρ
 −→
−3ρ1 +ρ3 2 +ρ4

4 1 2 3 14 0 −7 −10 −13 −30

     
1 2 3 4 11 1 2 3 4 11 1 2 3 4 11
0 −1 −2 −7 −10 0 −1 −2 −7 −10 0 −1 −2 −7 −10 ρ4 +ρ3
  ρ3 +ρ4
−→   −(1/4)ρ
−→
3
  −→
0 0 −4 4 0  0 0 −4 4 0  (1/40)ρ4 0 0 1 −1 0 
0 0 4 36 40 0 0 0 40 40 0 0 0 1 1
     
1 2 3 4 11 1 2 3 4 11 1 2 3 4 11
0 −1 −2 −7 −10 0 −1 0 0 −1 −ρ2 0 1 0 0 1
  2ρ3 +ρ2
−→   −→   −2ρ
−→
2 +ρ1 −4ρ4 +ρ1
−→
0 0 1 0 1  7ρ4 +ρ2 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1  −3ρ 3 +ρ1

0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1
 
1 0 0 0 2
0 1 0 0 1
 
0 0 1 0 1
0 0 0 1 1
shows that the solution set is a singleton set.
 
2
1
1}
{ 

c) This reduction
     
1 −2 3 −4 4 1 −2 3 −4 4 1 −2 3 −4 4
0 1 −1 1 −3 −ρ1 +ρ3 0 1 −1 1 −3 −5ρ2 +ρ3 0 1 −1 1 −3 −ρ3 +ρ4
  −→   −→   −→
1 3 0 −3 1  0 5 −3 1 −3 ρ2 +ρ4 0 0 2 −4 12 
0 −1 3 1 −3 0 −1 3 1 −3 0 0 2 2 −6
     
1 −2 3 −4 4 1 −2 3 −4 4 1 −2 3 −4 4
0 1 −1 1 −3  0 1 −1 1 −3 −ρ4 +ρ2 0 1 −1 0 0
  (1/2)ρ
−→
3
  −→   ρ3 +ρ2
−→
0 0 2 −4 12  (1/6)ρ4 0 0 1 −2 6  2ρ4 +ρ3 0 0 1 0 0 4ρ4 +ρ1
0 0 0 6 −18 0 0 0 1 −3 0 0 0 1 −3

4
   
1 −2 3 0 −8 1 0 0 0 −8
0 1 0 0 0  2ρ2 +ρ1 0 1 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 0 
 −→ 
0

−3ρ3 +ρ1 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 1 −3 0 0 0 1 −3
shows that the solution set is a singleton set.
 
−8
0
{
 0 }


−3

8. Decide if the matrices are row equivalent.

     
    1 0 2 1 0 2 2 1 −1  
1 2 0 1 1 0 2
a) , b) 3 −1 1 , 0 2 10
    c) 1 1 0 ,
 
4 8 1 2 0 2 10
5 −1 5 2 0 4 4 3 −1
       
1 1 1 0 3 −1 1 1 1 0 1 2
d) , e) ,
−1 2 2 2 2 5 0 0 3 1 −1 1

Solution:
a) The first
   
1 2 −4ρ1 +ρ2 1 2
−→
4 8 0 0
The second
     
0 1 ρ1 ↔ρ2 1 2 −2ρ2 +ρ1 1 0
−→ −→
1 2 0 1 0 1
These are not row equivalent.

b) The first
       
1 0 2 1 0 2 1 0 2 1 0 2
−3ρ1 +ρ2 −ρ2 +ρ3 −ρ2
3 −1 1 −→ 0 −1 −5 −→ 0 −1 −5 −→ 0 1 5
−5ρ1 +ρ3
5 −1 5 0 −1 −5 0 0 0 0 0 0
The second.
   
1 0 2 1 0 2
−2ρ1 +ρ3
0 2 10 −→ 0 1 5 
(1/2)ρ2
2 0 4 0 0 0
These two are row equivalent.

c) These two are not row equivalent, because they have different sizes.

d) The first
     
1 1 1 ρ1 +ρ2 1 1 1 −ρ2 +ρ1 1 0 0
−→ −→
−1 2 2 0 1 1 0 1 1

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The second.
       
0 3 −1 ρ1 ↔ρ2 2 2 5 (1/2)ρ1 1 1 5/2 −ρ2 +ρ1 1 0 17/6
−→ −→ −→
2 2 5 0 3 −1 (1/3)ρ2 0 1 −1/3 0 1 −1/3
These are not row equivalent.
e) The first
   
1 1 1 (1/3)ρ2 1 1 0
−→
0 0 3 −ρ2 +ρ1 0 0 1
The second.
   
0 1 2 ρ1 ↔ρ2 1 0 3
−→
1 −1 1 ρ2 +ρ1 0 1 2
These are not row equivalent.