Report

Numerical analysis of parabolic disc solar collector
Chapter 3
Formulation of Problem
3.1 Geometry of the Dish Collector
Theparabolicsolarcollectorofthisdeviceisaparabolicofrevolutionwhichistheshapeobtainedromre
volvingaparabolaarounditsaxisofsymmetry.Theparabolicsolarcollectorweareinterestedin,hasafir
stimportantparameterwhichisthefocallength.Thefocallength𝑓definesthedistanceatwhichthefocal
pointwillbelocatedwrtthevertex𝑉oftheparabola.Thisvertexshowsthedeepestpointof
theparabolic.Inspatialgeometry,theparaboloidofrevolutionisparameterizedasfollows,
𝑥2+𝑦2=4𝑓𝑧
Figure. 3.1 illustration andaGraphofaParabolic ofRevolution
The depth ℎ refers to the distance from the center of its aperture tothe vertex 𝑉. On the other
hand, the diameter 𝐷 is the diameter of the paraboloid’s aperturewhich is the circular surface of
its upper base. These parameters are critical to defining theshape of the solar collector and thus
to determining the position of its focal point 𝐹. If we takethetwo-
dimensionalplane𝑦𝑧,theequationoftheparabolawillsimplybe
𝑦2=4𝑓𝑧………………..………………………………………………….1
As𝐷is directed along the 𝑦 axis and the plane of interest is the 𝑦𝑧 plane, the 𝑦 parameter is
simply theradiusoftheaperture𝑅.Therefore,asℎisdirectedalongthe𝑧axis,theequationbecomesas
follows,𝑅2=4𝑓ℎwhichisequivalentto𝐷²=4𝑓ℎ.Then,𝑓canbeexpressedasafunctionof
parametersℎand 𝐷as shownin equation
f = D2/16h………………………………………………………….……...2
1
When designing a parabolic solar collector, the rim angle 𝜓 is the most important parametersas
it gathers all the dimensions of the collector and thus defines its focal length. The rim
anglerefers to the angle made by the line, drawn from the edge of the rim to the focal point 𝐹,
andthe𝑧axis.𝜓is defined byequation
…………………………………………………………
3
Figur3.2 Variationof thefocallengthwith respecttotherim angle
The rim angle is the metric that defines how curved or flat is the parabolic dish
collector.Consequently, a collector with a relatively great rim angle is relatively curved and
one with arelativelysmall oneis relativelyflat. Since, the upper base of the paraboloid is a
circular surface, the area or the aperture’s defined bytheareaofacircle.
…………………………………………………………………………..………
2
3.1.1 SizingoftheCollector/Receiver
The most common utilized types of receivers are cavity receivers and they are placed at
thefocalpoint;thustheconcentrationofsunrayswilloccuratitsbasis.Theopticalperformanceofthesyste
m strongly relatedtothesizeofthereceiver.. For Dish Stirling systems, the concentration ratio can
reach high values since the application of such systems require a large collector’s area. The
geometricconcentration ratio 𝐶𝑔is given by the equation .
Cg=Adish/Arec…………………………..………………………………………5
It isimportant to introduce the optical concentration ratio which isthe

exactmeasurementoftheconcentrationratioanditcorrespondstotheratiooftheradiantfluxdensity at the
receiver 𝐼𝑟(intensity at the receiver) to the direct normal irradiance 𝐷𝑁𝐼. The opticalconcentration
ratio is given by the following formula. The dimensions are given in Watts permeter
square(𝑊.𝑚−2) while 𝐶is dimensionless.
C=Ir/DNI…………………………..…………………………………………6
3
3.1.2 ReflectorMaterialSelection
Theselectionofthematerialtobeusedtoreflecttheincomingsolar .Itproduce a major effect on

theamountofsolarradiationtransmittedtothereceiver.Thesurfaceof the collector must be highly
reflective in order to minimize the energy absorbed by
thereflectormaterialandreflectmostoftheincidentsolarradiationtothefocalplane.Theusuallyused
mirror materialshave agreat reflectivity . the range of reflectivity of reflective
materialsrangefrom0.85to0.98.Besidesmirrormaterials,thesurfacemay be in the form of a polished
metal such as aluminum or stainless steel. The most used materialissilvercoatedglass.Some of
thereflectormaterials.
Table3.1TableofPotential ReflectorMaterials
Forthisapplication,thepreferredreflectormaterialistheglasssilvercoatedmaterialGlass/Silver 2mm
with a reflectivity of 𝜌 = 0.94 (94%) as shown in the table. The anti-soilingcoatingforthe reflector
4
is titanium dioxidefor itsattractingproperties.
5
3.1.3 ReceiverModel
In Thereceiverof parabolic solar Dishcollectorsystema stirling engine placed it convert heat

energy to produce mechanical work. It absorb a large amount of heat energy reflected by the
collector.
The selection ofthe receiver comprehends different criteria which are most importantly good
absorption ratesof energy but also high heat transfer properties. In the design of solar dish
systems, two
maintypesofreceivers’geometryareconsideredandtheyareexternalreceiversandcavityreceivers.Th
eadvantageofcavitiesisthatitreducesthermallossesandthusmaximizetheheattransferredto the
working fluid.Also, convective heat losses are minimum in case
ofcavityreceivercomparedtoanexternalreceiverwhichwouldbeexposedtotheouterenvironment.
the aperture of the receiver islocatedonthefocalplaneoftheparabolic collector
whiletheabsorberislocatedbehindit.as seen in the figure below, the absorber size may be larger
than the aperture’s size of thereceiver; thus, the incoming radiation spreads inside the cavity
before meeting the
absorberwhichpreventsthematerialsusedtobethermallyoverstressed.Thethermallossesexperienc
edby the receiver will be discussed in the next section where a thermal model is proposed.
Figure 3.3 Illustration of a Cavity Receiver (left) and a Modeled Geometry oftheCavity(right)
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3.2 AlphaStirlingEngine
The Stirling engine could be a kind of heat engines that takes advantage from the flexibility of
gases to expand once heated and contract once they ar cooled. within the engine, the gas is
fenced in in fastened volume cylinders; so, its pressure can increase once it's heated and cooled
all the way down to decrease its temperature. The pistons of the cylinders ar removed once the
pressure of the gas is high and that they ar touched in once the pressure is low. The movement
of the cylinders causes a crank-shaft to rotate and manufacture mechanical work. the foremost
used engine for solar power applications is that the Alpha Stirling Engine. It consists of a two-
cylinder engine with a hot and a chilly cylinder. The regulation is clearly the same as the other
Stirling engine. The operating fluid, that is during this case element for its high performance in
line with literature is heated and expand within the cylinder that forces the new piston to
maneuver downward and cause the fluid to maneuver to the cold cylinder wherever it continues
to expand extracting then a lot of energy from it. The momentum of the rotating shaft forces the
new piston to the highest and extracting the fluid from the cold cylinder wherever its pressure
drops as a result of the cooling .The regenerator isn't utilized in all Stirling engines however
serves to enhance the potency of the engine. it's settled at the amount of the airway between
the 2 cylinders. Its main purpose is to extract the warmth from the new cylinder once the
operating gas is flowing towards the cold one; so, the warmth is being employed once more
within the heating method. The cycle is shown within the figure below.
Figure3.5.WorkingCycleofanAlphaStirlingEngine
Figure13.PVand TSDiagramofa StirlingEngine
For the appliance of the current Dish Stirling system, we'll use associate Alpha Stirling Engine
7
with H as a operating gas. The capability of our Stirling engine is meant to be 10-kW. it's vital to
say that the capability of our engine is subject to vary looking on the results of our simulation and
also the most power output beneath completely different weather. The thermal potency of Alpha
Stirling engine used for alternative energy applications vary from sixty five to seventy fifth.
Therefore, we have a tendency to assume a nominal in operation potency of ɳ𝑠𝑡 = zero.70 for our
simulation that corresponds to the average of the given vary.
3.3 EfficiencyoftheCollector/Receiversystem
OpticalEfficiencyoftheConcentrator
Theopticalefficiencyoftheconcentratorisdenotedasɳ𝑂,itevaluateshowmuchradiationthecollectorisabl
etoreflecttowardsthereceiver.The system is subject to shading loss which occurs due to the
receiver and the Stirling Enginewhich block the sun from radiating on a little area over the
concentrator. It is computed as
thepercentageofthereceiver’sapertureoverthedish’saperture.Theefficiencyduetoshadingloss
Ɣ=The efficiency due to shading loss is therefore calculated as
Ɣ = (1-Aa/Ar)……………………………………………………………..7
Reflectivity loss is another loss experienced by the concentrator, it refers to the radiation
lostduetotheemissivityoftheconcentrator.Itdependsonthereflectivityofthereflectormaterial.Theeffici
encyin this caseis simplythereflectivityof our material which is𝜌=0.94.
. The loss is evaluated to be between 2-4% . In this study, we are not considering
atransparentinterfaceatthereceiver’sopeningsothereceivercanbeconsideredasablackbodywith null
transmittance. Theefficiency of the system with regard to the transmission/absorption loss is Ɛ = 1
– (2 – 4%),wewilltakethe averageloss value 3%and setƐ=0.97(97%).
The spillage loss shall be considered as well and it corresponds to the reflected radiation thatmiss
the receiver’s entrance. It is estimated to be 1-3% [4], therefore we take the
efficiencyconsideringthis loss to be2%and wesetƏ=0.98(98%). Finally, the optical efficiency ɳ𝑂is
the product of all the previously stated efficiencies and it isgiven by
ɳ𝑂=Ɣ𝜌ƏƐ ………………………………………………………………8
8
3.4 Thermal Modeling of the Receiver
Fig3.7 thermal losses
A major part of the total system thermal losses occurs in the receiver. So therefore,calculation
These losses are an important aspect. These losses include
 Conduction through the receiver walls.
 Radiation through the opening of the aperture to the environment.
 Convection from the cavity.
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3.2.1 The Conduction Losses:
The conduction losses from the receiver-cavity iscalculated by
Qcond= (Tcav –Tamb)/ln[(dcav/2+δin )/(2 π KinsLcav)……………...……....…..9
Tcav =temperature of cavity
Stefan boltzmann constant = σ
3.2.2 The Convection Losses

The natural convective heat transfer coefficient, which refers to transfer through the receiver
cavity, depends on the aperture and receiver diameters, and the cavity location on a specific day.
To estimate this coefficient, the Nusselt number can be calculated as below
NU =0.88Gr1/3 (Tcav/Ta)0.18 .cos(ɵ)2.4.(dap/dcav) -0.982(dap/dcav)+1.12 ……10
……….………….………………..…….11
Βair=1/Tcav………………………………………………………………12
The forced convective heat transfer coefﬁcient of the receiver cavity can be expressed as a
function of the wind speed, as follows
hforced = 0.1967 . v 1.849, h𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙= 𝑁𝑢. 𝜆/𝑑 …………….………………13
10
The total convective heat transfer coefﬁcient and total convection losses through the
receivercavity are calculated using the following equations.
H total= hnatural+ hforced……………………...………..…..………………...14
Qconvection= Htotal. Acav(Tcav -Tamb )……………………………….….…….……..………15

3.2.3 The Radiation Losses
A major portion of the heat loss experienced by the receiver is due to radiation losses. Radiation
heat transfers can be distinguished as two mechanisms, emission and reflection. The radiation
loss is computed according to the relation below
𝑄𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛= Ɛ𝑒𝑓𝑓. 𝐴𝑐𝑎𝑣. 𝜎. (𝑇𝑐𝑎𝑣4- 𝑇𝑎4)………………………………………16

Ɛ𝑒𝑓𝑓is the effective absorptance of the cavity receiver and can be calculated by the following
………………..…………..……………………….……......17
3.2.4 Total heat loss of system

QL=Qcond+Qconv+Qrad.…………………………...……..…………………18
3.3 efficiency of the system

The efficiency of the reciverdicribed its ability to transfer heat from the cavity to absorber of
strilling engine is
Qr−QL
Ƞthermal= Qr
……..……………………….…………………………19
Ƞo= Ɣ𝜌ƏƐ………………………………………….……………………………………..………..20
Ɣ=The efficiency due to shading loss is therefore calculated as Ɣ = (1-Aa/Ar)
Ƞgen=50%
Ƞengine=70%
The total efficiency of the system is the multiple of all the efficiencies.
ȠTotal=Ƞo*Ƞthermal*Ƞgen*Ƞengine...………………………………………….21
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3.4 Power output of the system
The overall efficiency of the system is the multiple of all the efficiencies multiplied bythe
efficiency of the power generator. So that the total efficiency will give us the amount ofPower
generated in function of the direct normal solar radiation. It would simply be the product ofthe
total efficiency, the total area of the collector 𝐴a and the 𝐷𝑁𝐼.
P= ȠTotal* 𝐴a* 𝐷𝑁𝐼…...………………………………………………....22
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CHAPTER 4
Methodology (sample-calculation)
Solar energy data is taken from NASA website (https://power.larc.nasa.gov/data-access-
viewer/)Sample data for jan-2020 similarly all month data has been taken
DY T2M_MAX T2M_MIN WS10M Ir DNI
1 19.42 10.93 292.42 2.63 8.44 8440
2 20.48 11.98 293.48 3.28 8.86 8860
3 21.35 11.35 294.35 2.78 8.61 8610
4 20.86 10.52 293.86 2.37 7.8 7800
5 20.65 6.98 293.65 2.89 7.31 7310
6 22.17 6.4 295.17 2.45 7.14 7140
7 24.01 7.24 297.01 2.44 7.76 7760
8 20.88 11.73 293.88 3.76 8.64 8640
9 19.7 6.55 292.7 3.52 7.1 7100
10 17.81 3.5 290.81 2.54 6.15 6150
11 19.58 2.13 292.58 2.08 6.34 6340
12 22.62 4.79 295.62 1.55 6.73 6730
13 26.18 7.72 299.18 2.57 7.24 7240
14 25.2 9.98 298.2 2.4 7.88 7880
15 26.19 10.8 299.19 2.75 8.04 8040
16 25.37 13.17 298.37 4.46 8.65 8650
17 21.66 12.17 294.66 1.8 8.32 8320
18 23.35 9.18 296.35 2.23 7.86 7860
19 21.1 8.3 294.1 3.13 7.75 7750
20 21.25 5.34 294.25 2.04 6.96 6960
21 25.53 8.46 298.53 2.28 7.93 7930
13
22 24.24 12.14 297.24 2.3 8.81 8810
23 23.5 9.74 296.5 2.93 7.31 7310
24 22.85 6.51 295.85 2.23 6.5 6500
25 24.7 9.06 297.7 2.44 7.02 7020
26 24.22 8.21 297.22 2.67 7.13 7130
27 27.83 9.53 300.83 3.01 8.32 8320
28 27.61 14.33 300.61 4.65 8.37 8370
29 23.58 10.56 296.58 3.2 7.96 7960
30 22.06 7.39 295.06 3.19 6.79 6790
31 22.94 7.6 295.94 2.01 6.63 6630
Table 4.1 solar energy data
4.1 ESTIMATION OF OPTICAL EFFICIENCY
ɳ𝑂=Ɣ𝜌ƏƐ=0.891
Ɣ=1-Ar/Aa=0.997
𝜌=0.94
Ə=0.97
Ɛ=0.98
4.2 ESTIMATION OF HEAT ENERGY RECEIVE IN RECEIVER
Qr=ɳ𝑂*DNI*Aa
Qr=0.891*1089.171*19.63=19049.95159watt
14
4.3 ESTIMATION OF THERMAL LOSSES

Dimentional parameters
Concentrator Parameters
Diameter (m) 5
Depth (m) 0.2
Reflectivity (-) 0.94
Focal Length (m) 7.81
Rim Angle (rad) 0.32
Aperture's Area (m²) 19.63
Table 4.2 dimentional parameters
4.3.1 Conduction heat loss
Qcond= (Tcav–Tamb)/ln[(dcav/2+δin )/(2 π KinsLcav)
Tcav=1670.29K
Tamb=295.8674
Ɛr=0.86
At=0.05 m2
σ = 5.67*10-8w/m2k4
Qcond = 102.61 watt
4.3.2 The Convection Loss

Qconvection= Htotal. Acav(Tcav -Tamb)
H total= hnatural+ hforced
hforced = 0.1967 . v 1.849,
h𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙= 𝑁𝑢. 𝜆/𝑑𝑐
15
Nusselt number (NU) =0.88Gr1/3 (Tcav/Ta)0.18 .cos(ɵ)2.4.(dap/dcav )-0.982(dap/dcav)+1.12
Gr= grasoff number
ɵ=0.89 rad
Dap= dia of arpeture 0.25m
Dcav =0.15
βair = 1/Tcav ,
Tcav= 1670.29 K
Tamb= 295.8674
βair= 0.000358
Lcav=length of cavity 0.1
ρair=1.125kg/m3
µ= viscosity of air =1.8110^(-5) kg/m-s
Gr= 41454542
Nusselt number
(NU) =0.88Gr1/3 (Tcav/Ta)0.18 .cos(ɵ)2.4.(dap/dcav) -0.982(dap/dcav)+1.12
NU= 10.11976746
16
hforced = 0.1967 . v 1.849,
V=wind velocity =3.67m/s
hforced=2.5638
h𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙= 𝑁𝑢. 𝜆/𝑑𝑐
𝜆=thermal conductivity of air=0.024
h𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙=0.971498
H total= hnatural+ hforced,
Htotal=3.535297
Qconvection.=Htotal. Acav(Tcav -Tamb)
Acav=0.24
Qconvection=117.27
4.3.3 The Radiation Losses
𝑄𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛= Ɛ𝑒𝑓𝑓. 𝐴𝑐𝑎𝑣. 𝜎. (𝑇𝑐𝑎𝑣4- 𝑇𝑎4)
Ɛc=0.86
Ɛ𝑒𝑓𝑓=0.786585
𝐴𝑐𝑎𝑣=0.24, 𝐴a=19.63
Tcav= 1670.29 K
Tamb= 295.8674
17
Qrad=8355.19
4.3.4 Total heat loss of system

QL=Qcond+Qconv+Qrad
QL=8575.07
4.4 Estimation of the efficiency of the system

The efficiency of the reciverdicribed its ability to transfer heat from the cavity to absorber of
strilling engine is
Qr−QL
Ƞthermal= Qr =0.55
Ƞo= Ɣ𝜌ƏƐ=0.891
Ɣ=The efficiency due to shading loss is therefore calculated as Ɣ = (1-Aa/Ar)
Ƞgen=50%
Ƞengine=70%
The total efficiency of the system is the multiple of all the efficiencies.
ȠTotal=Ƞo*Ƞthermal*Ƞgen*Ƞengine
ȠTotal = 0.17
4.5 Estimation Power output of the system

The overall efficiency of the system is the multiple of all the efficiencies multiplied bythe
efficiency of the power generator. So that the total efficiency will give us the amount ofPower
generated in function of the direct normal solar radiation. It would simply be the product ofthe
total efficiency, the total area of the collector 𝐴a and the 𝐷𝑁𝐼.
P= ȠTotal*𝐴a* 𝐷𝑁𝐼*
𝐴a=19.63, 𝐷𝑁𝐼=1089.171w/m2
Pout=3666.21 watt
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Chapter 5
SIMULATION AND RESULTS OF THE MODEL
5.1 Location and Monthly Weather Data of the Site on a Specific

The simulation shall be conducted under ALL conditions to test the reliability of the model. The site used
for the Excel calculations is JABALPUR(M.P)with a latitude of 23°11’9.18”. The day simulated is a ALL day,
JAN – DEC of 2020. The direct normal irradiance, ambient temperatures as well as wind speeds have been
extracted from historical weather data. The data has been analyzed on an hourly basis to evaluate the
variation of the thermal efficiency of the receiver and the total electrical output of the system at different
times of the day AND MONTHS. Our model tests the Dish Stirling system performance from JAN to DEC .
The collected weather data as summarized in the table below.
Monthly average Weather of year 2020
MONTH DNI (W/m²) Ambient Temperature-Ta Wind Speed (m/s)-V

JAN 7624.193548 295.8674194 3.887419355
FEB 7530.344828 300.5593103 4.102068966
MAR 8666.774194 305.8554839 4.076129032
APR 9341.666667 312.4516667 4.707333333
MAY 10074.51613 315.2848387 5.409354839
JUN 10905.33333 307.3463333 5.710333333
JUL 10808.3871 304.6806452 4.731612903
AUG 10825.48387 302.7006452 5.336774194
SEP 10361.33333 303.3146667 3.520333333
OCT 9188.709677 302.2793548 3.291612903
NOV 7663.333333 300.2863333 3.096000111
DEC 7469.032258 299.2341935 3.047741935
Table 5.1 Solar Data Jabalpur
Calculation of Solar Position and Monthly Incident Angles for Jabalpur(Madhya Pradesh)
Data taken from :-http://www.solarelectricityhandbook.com/solar-irradiance.html
The input angles for trigonometric built-in functions on Microsoft Excel take angles in radians;
that is why, the latitude of the site and the solar incident angles must be converted to radians. The
incident angles are exactly the altitude angles 𝛼(𝑡) of the monthly fixed system since we assume
that the Dish Stirling is constantly oriented towards the sun. On the 21st December, the sun will
rise 80° east ofdue south and set 80° west of due south. On the 21st March/21st September, the
sun will rise 91° east of due south and set 91° west of due south. On the 21st June, the sun will
rise 102° east of due south and set 102° west of due south. Figures shown in degrees from vertical
19
Jabalpur Optimum Tilt of Solar collector by Month
Table 5.2 solar inclination monthly

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun
51°(0.89rad) 59°(1.02rad) 67°91.16rad) 75°(1.30rad) 83°(1.44rad) 89°(1.55rad)
Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
83°(1.44rad) 75°(1.30rad) 67°(1.16rad) 59°(1.02rad) 51°(0.89rad) 44°9(0.76rad)
5.2 Sizing of the Parabolic Dish and Receiver
The simulation conducted is done on a 5-m diameter parabolic dish Stirling system with a
concentration ratio of 400. Therefore its receiver’s diameter is approximately 25 cm.
𝐶 =𝐴𝑎/𝐴𝑟
=𝐷𝑎2/𝐷𝑟2= 400, so 𝐷𝑟 = √𝐷𝑎² 𝐶 Since the cavity is similar to a conical shape, let us estimate the
diameter of the lower base of the cavity to 𝑑𝑐𝑎𝑣 = 3 5 𝐷𝑟. The diameter of the cavity is then equal
to 15 cm.
5.3 Calculation of Geometric Metrics of the Collector
Relying on the equations stated in section, we

calculate the geometric Concentrator Parameters metrics of the receiver and
Diameter (m) 5
the parabolic concentrator. Depth (m) 0.2
Reflectivity (-) 0.94
Focal Length (m) 7.81
Rim Angle (rad) 0.32
Aperture's Area (m²) 19.63
Table 5.3. Geometrical Parameters
20
5.4 Characteristics and Sizing of the Receiver
The results showing the characteristics of the receiver upon which the simulation is conducted are as in
the following table. In fact, to minimize heat losses through radiation, the cavity walls are insulated with
an insulator of conductivity k.
Receiver Parameters
Receiver's Diameter (m) 0.25
Receiver's Radius (m) 0.13
Receiver Aperture's Area (m²) 0.05
Thermal Conductivity of Insulation k (W/m.K) 0.04
Thickness Insulation (m) 0.05
Emissivity of Cavity 0.86
Cavity Length (m) 0.1
Cavity Diameter (m) 0.15
Cavity Radius (m) 0.075
Effective Absorptance 0.24
Cavity Area (m²) 0.024
Table 5.4. Sizing and Characteristics of the Receiver
21
5.5 Computation of Efficiencies

Computation of efficiencies and power-output
5.5.1 Variation in thermal efficiency of the receiver and power output of system.
Throughout the day, month and year thermal losses vary due to many factors which are
mainly solar irradiations, wind speed, which contribute to convection losses and ambient
temperature. after study , results are summarized in the table below which shows the variation of
heat losses , thermal efiiciency, power-output throughout the yaermont wise for year 2020 for
Jabalpur (M.P.)
Mothly average of all the data calculated is considered for displaying of results . Results
are summarized in the form of tables and respective graphs are produced to elaborate the results of
performance of solar disc in Jabalpur (M.P.)
This work is focused on
1: calculation of thermal performance of solar parabolic disc
2 : evaluation of effect of receiver emissivity on solar parabolic disc.
22
1 Thermal losses of the reciver and power output of the system from jan-dec 2020 for
jabalpur taken material “stainless steel” for absorber cavity having of emissivity of 0.86
Jabalpur (M.P.)
Year 2020
emmisivity of Stainless steel 0.86
Month Qreciver DNI Tcav Ta QL Ƞthermal Ƞsystem P output
jan 19049.95 1089.171 1670.293 295.8674 8575.07 0.549903 0.171487 3666.209
feb 18815.46 1075.764 1665.217 300.5593 8465.358 0.550094 0.171547 3622.536
mar 21654.96 1238.111 1725.524 305.8555 9710.349 0.551592 0.172014 4180.615
apr 23341.26 1334.524 1758.487 312.4517 10473.76 0.55127 0.171914 4503.625
may 25172.37 1439.217 1792.227 315.2848 11317.45 0.550348 0.171626 4849.225
jun 27248.27 1557.905 1828.318 307.3463 12259.96 0.550051 0.171533 5245.908
jul 27006.04 1544.055 1824.273 304.6806 12096.02 0.552097 0.172171 5218.505
aug 27048.76 1546.498 1824.969 302.7006 12149.59 0.550812 0.171771 5214.709
sep 25889.02 1480.19 1805.065 303.3147 11556.27 0.553618 0.172646 5016.462
oct 22959.08 1312.673 1750.673 302.2794 10265.94 0.552865 0.172411 4442.599
nov 19147.75 1094.762 1672.588 300.2863 8586.762 0.551528 0.171994 3696.345
dec 18591.74 1062.972 1659.456 299.2342 8351.415 0.550706 0.171738 3584.113
Table no 5.5 thermal losses and efficiency from Jan to Dec for year 2020 for emissivity 0.86
conduction convection and radiation losses inside the receiver varies over the months and their
variations shown in graph 1and graph 2 represents the total heat loss throughout the year month
wise.
Graph 5.1 Thermal Losses of System Graph 5.2 overall Thermal Losses of System
23
The thermal efficiency of receiver depends on the total power collected by the receiver total
thermal losses due to conduction convection radiation. The thermal eff. Of receiver varies in
functions of time and monthand reaches maximum value of 55.4 %. The results shown in graph
5.3 and power-output of system throughout the year shown in graph 5.4 . From the graph it can be
observed that power-output of system got the peak values in summer season from the month of
May to Sep 2020 for Jabalpur mpfrom and the total power output throughout the years ranges
from 3.5 KW to 5.2 KW for peak hour .
Graph 5.3Thermal Losses Of System
Graph 5.4 overall Thermal Losses of System
24
jabalpur taken material “Asphalt” for absorber cavity having of emissivity of 0.88
Year 2020
Emmisivity of Asphalt 0.88
JAN 19049.9516 1089.171 1660.721 295.8674 8676.45 0.544581 0.169828 3630.725
FEB 18815.4594 1075.764 1655.674 300.5593 8565.502 0.544771 0.169887 3587.485
MAR 21654.963 1238.111 1715.636 305.8555 9825.887 0.546256 0.17035 4140.177
APR 23341.2618 1334.524 1748.409 312.4517 10598.25 0.545937 0.17025 4460.053
MAY 25172.3731 1439.217 1781.956 315.2848 11451.58 0.54502 0.169964 4802.279
JUN 27248.2684 1557.905 1817.84 307.3463 12405.19 0.544721 0.169871 5195.078
JUL 27006.0367 1544.055 1813.818 304.6806 12240.35 0.546753 0.170505 5167.989
AUG 27048.755 1546.498 1814.511 302.7006 12293.92 0.545476 0.170107 5164.194
SEP 25889.0199 1480.19 1794.721 303.3147 11694.88 0.548264 0.170976 4967.95
OCT 22959.0806 1312.673 1740.64 302.2794 10388.68 0.547519 0.170744 4399.641
NOV 19147.747 1094.762 1663.002 300.2863 8688.865 0.546196 0.170331 3660.609
DEC 18591.7372 1062.972 1649.946 299.2342 8450.428 0.545382 0.170077 3549.458
variations shown in graph 5.5 and graph 5.6 represents the total heat loss throughout the year
month wise.
Graph 5.5 Thermal Losses Of System raph 5.6 overall Thermal Losses of System
25
thermal losses due to conduction convection radiation. The thermal efficiency of receiver varies in
5.7 and power-output of system throughout the year shown in graph 5.8 From the graph it can be
observed that power-output of system got the peak values in summer season from the month of
from3.5 KW to 5.2 KW for peak hour.
Graph 5.7 Thermal eff. Of System
Graph 5.8 power-output Of System
26
jabalpur taken material “CONCRETE” for absorber cavity having of emissivity of 0.91
Year 2020
Emmisivity of Concrete, rough 0.91
jan 19049.95 1089.171 1646.861 295.8674 8833.46 0.536339 0.167257 3575.772
feb 18815.46 1075.764 1641.856 300.5593 8720.594 0.536529 0.167317 3533.203
mar 21654.96 1238.111 1701.317 305.8555 10004.79 0.537995 0.167774 4077.559
apr 23341.26 1334.524 1733.817 312.4517 10791.03 0.537678 0.167675 4392.583
may 25172.37 1439.217 1767.084 315.2848 11659.29 0.536769 0.167391 4729.58
jun 27248.27 1557.905 1802.669 307.3463 12630.1 0.536467 0.167297 5116.361
jul 27006.04 1544.055 1798.681 304.6806 12463.82 0.538478 0.167924 5089.774
aug 27048.76 1546.498 1799.367 302.7006 12517.41 0.537214 0.16753 5085.97
sep 25889.02 1480.19 1779.743 303.3147 11909.46 0.539976 0.168391 4892.846
oct 22959.08 1312.673 1726.113 302.2794 10578.71 0.539243 0.168163 4333.13
nov 19147.75 1094.762 1649.123 300.2863 8846.971 0.537939 0.167756 3605.272
dec 18591.74 1062.972 1636.176 299.2342 8603.762 0.537136 0.167506 3495.791
month wise
Graph 5.9Thermal Losses of System Graph 5.10overall Thermal Losses of System
27
functions of time and monthand reaches maximum value of 54. %. The results shown in graph
5.11 and power-output of system throughout the year shown in graph 5.12 From the graph it can
be observed that power-output of system got the peak values in summer season from the month of
from 3.5 KW to 5.1 KW for peak hour.
Graph 5.11 Thermal eff. Of System
Graph 5.12 power-output Of System
28
jabalpur taken material “QUARTZ GLASS” for absorber cavity having of emissivity of 0.93
Year 2020
Emmisivity of Quartz glass 0.93
jan 19049.95 1089.171 1637.935 295.8674 8941.568 0.530664 0.165488 3537.934
feb 18815.46 1075.764 1632.957 300.5593 8827.379 0.530854 0.165547 3495.828
mar 21654.96 1238.111 1692.096 305.8555 10127.96 0.532307 0.166 4034.452
apr 23341.26 1334.524 1724.42 312.4517 10923.74 0.531992 0.165902 4346.134
may 25172.37 1439.217 1757.506 315.2848 11802.3 0.531088 0.16562 4679.527
jun 27248.27 1557.905 1792.898 307.3463 12784.94 0.530785 0.165525 5062.164
jul 27006.04 1544.055 1788.931 304.6806 12617.66 0.532781 0.166148 5035.932
aug 27048.76 1546.498 1789.614 302.7006 12671.28 0.531525 0.165756 5032.117
sep 25889.02 1480.19 1770.096 303.3147 12057.16 0.534271 0.166612 4841.151
oct 22959.08 1312.673 1716.757 302.2794 10709.52 0.533545 0.166386 4287.347
nov 19147.75 1094.762 1640.185 300.2863 8955.819 0.532255 0.165984 3567.175
dec 18591.74 1062.972 1627.307 299.2342 8709.333 0.531458 0.165735 3458.842
month wise
Graph 5.13 Thermal Losses of System Graph 5.14 Overall Thermal Losses of System
29
functions of time and monthand reaches maximum value of 53.4%. The results shown in graph
from 3.4KW to 5.0 KW for peak hours.
Graph 5.15Thermal eff. Of System
Graph 5.16 Power-output Of System
30
5 Thermal losses of the receiver and power output of the system from jan-dec 2020 for jabalpur
taken material “hasrelloy-x” for absorber cavity having of emissivity of 0.18
Year 2020
Emmisivity of hastelloyX 0.18
Mont
h Qreciver DNI Tcav Ta QL Ƞthermal Ƞsystem P output
19049.9515 1089.17 2469.44 295.867 6263.44 0.20933 4475.2769
jan 9 1 4 4 6 0.67126 2 2
18815.4594 1075.76 2461.93 300.559 0.20943 4422.6032
feb 4 4 9 3 6179.45 0.67158 2 9
21654.9629 1238.11 2551.10 305.855 0.67411 0.21022
mar 5 1 1 5 7057.08 4 3 5109.2589
23341.2618 1334.52 2599.83 312.451 7617.18 0.67364 0.21007 5503.4269
apr 2 4 4 7 5 7 7 5
1439.21 2649.71 315.284 0.67224 5923.4884
may 25172.3731 7 7 8 8248.12 7 0.20964 5
27248.2683 1557.90 2703.07 307.346 8938.27 0.67194 0.20954 6408.4985
jun 9 5 5 3 3 7 7 4
27006.0367 1544.05 2697.09 304.680 8771.84 0.67518 0.21055 6381.9663
jul 3 5 5 6 7 6 7 2
aug 27048.76 1546.50 2698.13 302.70 8839.89 0.67 0.21 6373.10
25889.0198 2668.69 303.314 8349.02 0.67749 0.21127 6138.9984
sep 9 1480.19 8 7 4 9 8 6
22959.0806 1312.67 2588.28 302.279 0.21085 5433.2950
oct 5 3 1 4 7435.38 0.67615 7 8
nov 19147.75 1094.76 2472.84 300.29 6245.46 0.67 0.21 4515.80
18591.7371 1062.97 2453.42 299.234 6088.71 0.67233 0.20966
dec 9 2 2 2 3 9 9 4376.0586
month wise
31
Graph 5.17Thermal Losses of System Graph 5.18 overall Thermal Losses of System
functions of time and monthand reaches maximum value of 68. %. The results shown in graph
from 4.4 KW to 6.4 KW for peak hours
Graph 5.19-Thermal eff. Of System
32
Graph 5.20 Power-output Of System
6 Thermal losses of the receiver and power output of the system from jan-dec 2020 for
Jabalpur taken material “BLACK NICKEL GLAVNIZED IRON” for absorber cavity having of
emissivity of 0.12
Year 2020
Emmisivity of black NICKEL GLAVNIZED IRON 0.012
jan 19049.95 1089.171 2732.889 295.8674 6158.978 0.676748 0.211044 4511.841
feb 18815.46 1075.764 2724.584 300.5593 6075.078 0.677127 0.211162 4459.133
mar 21654.96 1238.111 2823.257 305.8555 6929.58 0.680002 0.212059 5153.884
apr 23341.26 1334.524 2877.189 312.4517 7480.728 0.679491 0.211899 5551.187
may 25172.37 1439.217 2932.394 315.2848 8104.752 0.677931 0.211413 5973.667
jun 27248.27 1557.905 2991.444 307.3463 8783.756 0.677615 0.211314 6462.579
jul 27006.04 1544.055 2984.827 304.6806 8608.214 0.681244 0.212446 6439.238
aug 27048.76 1546.498 2985.966 302.7006 8682.601 0.678976 0.211739 6428.154
sep 25889.02 1480.19 2953.4 303.3147 8185.461 0.683816 0.213248 6196.246
oct 22959.08 1312.673 2864.404 302.2794 7294.782 0.682274 0.212767 5482.505
nov 19147.75 1094.762 2736.643 300.2863 6134.474 0.679568 0.211923 4554.645
dec 18591.74 1062.97 2715.16 299.23 5984.59 0.68 0.21 4412.50
Table no 5.10 Thermal losses and efficiency from Jan to Dec for year 2020 for emissivity 0.93
month wise
Graph 5.21- Thermal Losses of System Graph 5.22-overall Thermal Losses of System
33
from 4.4 KW to 6.5KW for peak hour.
Graph 5.23-Thermal eff. Of System
Graph 5.24-Power output Of System
34
5.6 Comparison of thermal performance with variantemissivity
Emissivity is an important parameter for the evolution of performance of solar parabolic disc
collector. Radiation losses are the major loss in the system. So higher emissivity cause the
increment in radiations losses and reduce the thermal efficiency and power-output of the system.
So lower emissive material is a better solution to improve the performance of the system in
present work various emissivity materials are tested analytically the emissivity of material
considered are.-
s.n. Ɛ MATERIAL
1 0.12 black NICKEL GLAVNIZED IRON

2 0.18 hastelloy X
3 0.86 Stainless steel
4 0.88 Asphalt
5 0.91 Concrete
6 0.93 Quartz glass
Table 5.11 Absorber Materials
power
s.n. Ɛ Qr Qcond Qconv Qrad QL
Ƞthermal Ƞsystem output
1 0.12 22993.72115 107.7999 123.9037 10085.63 10317.33 0.55124 0.171904 4436.737
2 0.18 22993.72115 107.052 123.0228 10209.92 10440 0.545906 0.170241 4393.803
3 0.86 22993.72115 105.969 121.7478 10402.23 10629.95 0.537647 0.167665 4327.32
4 0.88 22993.72115 105.2716 120.9267 10534.52 10760.72 0.53196 0.165892 4281.55
5 0.91 22993.72115 170.241 197.9566 7134.624 7502.822 0.673576 0.210055 5421.815
6 0.93 22993.72115 190.8251 222.5571 6955.201 7368.583 0.679392 0.211869 5468.798
And further calculations were made to optimize the performance.The results are elaborated in
table and graphs.
Table 5.12 emissivity v/s performance parameter
35
Graph 5.25 thermal losses Graph 5.26 overall heat loss
Condutive and convective losses reduces with increase emissivity but radiative losses increases .
Overall heat loss is a additive of the all losses :Qcond+Qconv+Qrad=QL
Total heat loss from the system increase with increment in emissivity so that material with lesser
emissivity should to be consider in design.
Graph 5.27Thermal efficiency Graph5.28 –power output
Thermal efficiency and power output increases during reduction in emissive value of receiver
material.
36
Chapter 6
Conclusion
The application of CSP systems for households is still undergoing research and might
bethe future of renewable technologies since CSP systems produce very hingh performance
interms of efficiencies. Dish Stirling systems are among the various applications of
CSP.Throughout the present work , the parameters affecting the energy conversion process, such
asthe geometry of the dish, the characteristics of the receiver and the thermal losses, have
beencarefully evaluated and analyzed. Indeed, these parameters are critical when evaluating the
overallefficiency of the system.
This study show that cavity receivers are the kind applied for systemsachieving high
temperatures. This kind of receivers contribute in the limitation of the thermallosses experienced
by the system. Other losses might occur at the different other levels of thesystem, such as optical
losses and losses due to imperfections at the level of the parabolicconcentrator. Stirling engines
are the mechanical power producer for such applications andlosses occur at them too according to
the first law of thermodynamics. Further-more.The relations and equations obtainedthroughout
this work have been implemented on Microsoft Excel and values for the differentparameters have
been calculated .The calculations are made under maximum temperature condition, Results of
thermal losses have been summarizedand final output powers delivered by the system, over for the
day the values of solar energy is taken from NASA website (20) for the year 2020 for
Jabalpur(M.P.) India.
In present study an approach is made to enhance the performance of the system by
calculating the various parameter to optimize the power-output.
Emissivity is an important parameter for the evolution of performance of solar parabolic
disc collector. Radiation losses are the major loss in the system. So higher emissivity causes the
increment in radiations losses and reduces the thermal efficiency and power-output of the system.
So lower emissive material is a better solution to improve the performance of the
system.Condutive and convective losses reduces with increase emissivity but radiative losses
increases .Overall heat loss isa additive of the all losses.
37
Qcond+Qconv+Qrad=QL
“Total heat loss from the system increase with increment inemissivity so that material with
lesser emissivity(black NICKEL GLAVNIZED IRON) should to be consider in design& also
the material which can sustain under higher temperature occurred for the receiver cavity.
So considering that material having emissivity of 0.18 (hastelloy X) is better solution
because it can sustain under high temperature about 2800 K.”
38
CHAPTER-7
FUTURE SCOPE
FutureanalysesmaybeconductedinthedesignofaDishStirlingsystem.Theoptimizationofthereceiver’
s geometryandmaterialinordertoexperiencetheminimumpossiblelossescan be studied. Therefore,
astress analysis can be performedonthesystemwhich leads to an optimal choice of materials
used in the structure. In future many researchers work to develop perfectly blank material to
absorber 99.995% of light emit on it name of such material is VANTABLACK MATERIAL For many
other applications, theenergy consumption by each energy sector of the house is to be analyzed
(heating/cooling,lighting, etc.) in order to determine which sector of energy the Dish Stirling is
going to cover.
39
REFRENCES
1. Solar Thermal Dish Collector Capstone Design 22nd, 2019 Hamza Werzgan Supervised by Dr.
HassaneDarhmaoui.
2. Optical design and experimental characterization of a solar concentrating dish system for fuel
production via thermochemical redox cycles Fabian Dählera, Michael Wilda, Remo Schäppia,
Philipp Hauetera, Thomas Coopera, Philipp Gooda, Carlos Larreaa, Max Schmitza, Philipp
Furlerab,⁎, Aldo Steinfelda, 2018.
3. Experimental Study of Two Different Types of Solar DishCharacteristics and its Efficiency Based
on Tikrit, IraqWeather ConditionsYaseen .H. Mahmood1, Rafa Y. J. Al-Salih2.
4. Advanced Thermodynamic Analysis Applied to anIntegrated Solar Combined Cycle
SystemShucheng Wang 1,2,*ID , Zhongguang Fu 1,2, Gaoqiang Zhang 2 and Tianqing Zhang
June 2018.
5. A validated energy model of a solar dish-Stirling system considering the cleanliness of mirrors
Alessandro Buscemi1*, Valerio Lo Brano2, Christian Chiaruzzi3, Giuseppina Ciulla2, Christina
Kalogeri 2020 in https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261919320653.
6. Effect Of ThePcm In A Solar Receiver On ThermalPerformance Of Parabolic Dish
CollectorRamalingam SENTHIL* and MarimuthuCheralathan Department of Mechanical
Engineering, SRM University, Chennai-603203, India.
7. Field Survey Of Parabolic Trough Receiver Thermal PerformanceHenry Price, Russell Forristall,
Timothy Wendelin, Allan Lewandowski National Renewable Energy LaboratoryGolden,
ColoradoTimothy MossSandia National LaboratoriesAlbuquerque, New MexicoCarin
GummoApple Valley, California.
8. .International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
Volume: 03 Issue: 11 | Nov -2016p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2016, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 4.45 |
ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Performance Analysis of Parabolic Solar Dish Collector for
VariousReflecting MaterialsMr. S. D. Kulal 1, Prof. S. R. Patil 2.
9. Design And Fabrication Of Parabolic Solar CollectorAnd To Study The Heat Transfer
Characteristics OfZnoNanofluid May 2017..
10. Polynomial Expressions for the Thermal Efficiency ofthe Parabolic Trough Solar
CollectorEvangelosBellos* and Christos Tzivanidis.
11. Effect of Receiver Temperature on Performance Evaluation of Silver CoatedSelective Surface

Compound Parabolic Reflector with Top Glass CoverSHC 2013, International Conference on
Solar Heating and Cooling for Buildings and Industry September 23- 25, 2013, Freiburg,
Germany.
12. Solar parabolic dish Stirling engine system design, simulation, and thermal analysis A.Z. Hafeza,
Ahmed Solimana,b, K.A. El-Metwallyc, I.M. Ismaila,b 2016 Elsevie.
40
13. American Journal of Engineering Research (AJER) e-ISSN: 2320-0847 p-ISSN : 2320-0936
Volume-3, Issue-10, pp-25-33 2014 Energy Equations for Computation of Parabolic-
TroughCollector Efficiency Using Solar Position Coordinate I. S. Sintali, G. Egbo and H.
Dandakouta.
14. Cavity receiver designs for parabolic trough collector Khaled Mohamada, P. Ferrera,b2001, South
Africa.
15. Design and construction of a solar collector parabolic dish forrural zones in ColombiaDiseño y
construcción de un colector solar parabólicotipo disco para zonas ruralesen Colombia Jorge
Alexander Alarcón1, Jairo Eduardo Hortúa2, Andrea López G3 July 2013.
16. A detailed parametric analysis of a solar dish collector by Velimir P. Stefanovic, Sasa R.
Pavlovic, EvangelosBellos, Christos TzivanidisJanuary 2018.
17. Modeling and validation of a parabolic solar collector with a heat pipe absorber Kamal A.R.
Ismail, Maurício A. Zanardia and Fátima A.M. LinobAdvances in Energy Research, Vol. 4, No. 4
(2016) 299-323.
18. Thermal Analysis of the Receiver of a StandalonePilot Solar Dish–Stirling System Ehsan
GholamalizadehIDand Jae Dong Chung *Received: 11 April 2018; Accepted: 2 June 2018;
Published: 4 June 2018.
19. Effects of Absorber Emissivity on Thermal Performance ofa Solar Cavity ReceiverJiabin
Fang, Nan Tu, and JinjiaWei Published 8 May 2014
20. https://power.larc.nasa.gov/data-access-viewer/
41

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Numerical analysis of parabolic disc solar collector

Figure. 3.1 illustration andaGraphofaParabolic ofRevolution

Figur3.2 Variationof thefocallengthwith respecttotherim angle

It isimportant to introduce the optical concentration ratio which isthe

Theselectionofthematerialtobeusedtoreflecttheincomingsolar .Itproduce a major effect on

is titanium dioxidefor itsattractingproperties.

In Thereceiverof parabolic solar Dishcollectorsystema stirling engine placed it convert heat

Figure13.PVand TSDiagramofa StirlingEngine

3.4 Thermal Modeling of the Receiver

Fig3.7 thermal losses

These losses are an important aspect. These losses include

 Conduction through the receiver walls.

 Radiation through the opening of the aperture to the environment.

 Convection from the cavity.

3.2.1 The Conduction Losses:

The conduction losses from the receiver-cavity iscalculated by

Qcond= (Tcav –Tamb)/ln[(dcav/2+δin )/(2 π KinsLcav)……………...……....…..9

Tcav =temperature of cavity

Stefan boltzmann constant = σ

3.2.2 The Convection Losses

NU =0.88Gr1/3 (Tcav/Ta)0.18 .cos(ɵ)2.4.(dap/dcav) -0.982(dap/dcav)+1.12 ……10

function of the wind speed, as follows

hforced = 0.1967 . v 1.849, h𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙= 𝑁𝑢. 𝜆/𝑑 …………….………………13

H total= hnatural+ hforced……………………...………..…..………………...14

Qconvection= Htotal. Acav(Tcav -Tamb )……………………………….….…….……..………15

𝑄𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛= Ɛ𝑒𝑓𝑓. 𝐴𝑐𝑎𝑣. 𝜎. (𝑇𝑐𝑎𝑣4- 𝑇𝑎4)………………………………………16

3.2.4 Total heat loss of system

3.3 efficiency of the system

3.4 Power output of the system

P= ȠTotal* 𝐴a* 𝐷𝑁𝐼…...………………………………………………....22

DY T2M_MAX T2M_MIN WS10M Ir DNI

1 19.42 10.93 292.42 2.63 8.44 8440

2 20.48 11.98 293.48 3.28 8.86 8860

3 21.35 11.35 294.35 2.78 8.61 8610

4 20.86 10.52 293.86 2.37 7.8 7800

5 20.65 6.98 293.65 2.89 7.31 7310

6 22.17 6.4 295.17 2.45 7.14 7140

7 24.01 7.24 297.01 2.44 7.76 7760

8 20.88 11.73 293.88 3.76 8.64 8640

9 19.7 6.55 292.7 3.52 7.1 7100

10 17.81 3.5 290.81 2.54 6.15 6150

11 19.58 2.13 292.58 2.08 6.34 6340

12 22.62 4.79 295.62 1.55 6.73 6730

13 26.18 7.72 299.18 2.57 7.24 7240

14 25.2 9.98 298.2 2.4 7.88 7880

15 26.19 10.8 299.19 2.75 8.04 8040

16 25.37 13.17 298.37 4.46 8.65 8650

17 21.66 12.17 294.66 1.8 8.32 8320

18 23.35 9.18 296.35 2.23 7.86 7860

19 21.1 8.3 294.1 3.13 7.75 7750

20 21.25 5.34 294.25 2.04 6.96 6960

21 25.53 8.46 298.53 2.28 7.93 7930

22 24.24 12.14 297.24 2.3 8.81 8810

23 23.5 9.74 296.5 2.93 7.31 7310

24 22.85 6.51 295.85 2.23 6.5 6500

25 24.7 9.06 297.7 2.44 7.02 7020

26 24.22 8.21 297.22 2.67 7.13 7130

27 27.83 9.53 300.83 3.01 8.32 8320

28 27.61 14.33 300.61 4.65 8.37 8370

29 23.58 10.56 296.58 3.2 7.96 7960

30 22.06 7.39 295.06 3.19 6.79 6790

31 22.94 7.6 295.94 2.01 6.63 6630

Table 4.1 solar energy data