Mustafin Bexultan

Linear Algebra for Engineers

September 11, 2022

Homework 2

Linear Systems: linear geometry, reduced echelon form.

   
2x + 3y + 5z = 10
 5x − 6y + 4z = 3
 2x − 3y + 2z = −1
 4x − 2y + 2z = −2

1. 3x + 7y + 4z = 3 2. 3x − 3y + 2z = 2 3. 3x − 2y + 3z = 1 4. 2x − 2y + z = 0
   
x + 2y + 2z = 3 4x − 5y + 2z = 3 5x − 3y + 2z = −1 3x + 4y + 2z = −1
   

  


 6x − 2y + 2z + 4w = 16 

 x + y − 6z − 4w = 6 

 y + z − 2w = −3

 12x − 8y + 6z + 10w = 26 
3x − y − 6z − 4w = 2 
 x + 2y − z = 2
5. 6. 7.


 3x − 13y + 9z + 3w = −19 

2x + 3y + 9z + 2w = 6 

 2x + 4y + z − 3w = −2

−6x + 4y + z − 18w = −34 
3x + 2y + 3z + 8w = −7 
−x − 4y − 7z − w = −19

  


2x + 7y + 3z + w = 5 

2x + 3y − z + w = 1 

4x − 3y + 2z − w = 8

 x + 3y + 5z − 2w = 3 
8x + 12y − 9z + 8w = 3 
3x − 2y + z − 3w = 7
8. 9. 10.


 x + 5y − 9z + 8w = 1 

4x + 6y + 3z − 2w = 3 

2x − y − 5w = 6

5x + 18y + 4z + 5w = 12 
2x + 3y + 9z − 7w = 3 
5x − 3y + z − 8w = 1

Solution:
1. This reduction
     
2 3 5 10 2 3 5 10 2 3 5 10
−(3/2)ρ1 +ρ2 −(1/5)ρ2 +ρ3
3 7 4 3 −→ 0 5/2 −7/2 −12 −→ 0 5/2 −7/2 −12
−(1/2)ρ1 +ρ3
1 2 2 3 0 1/2 −1/2 −2 0 0 1/5 2/5
shows that the solution set is a singleton set.
 
3
{−2}
2

2. This reduction
     
5 −6 4 3 5 −6 4 3 5 −6 4 3
−(3/5)ρ1 +ρ2 (1/3)ρ2 +ρ3
3 −3 2 2 −→ 0 3/5 −2/5 1/5 −→ 0 3/5 −2/5 1/5
−(4/5)ρ1 +ρ3
4 −5 2 3 0 −1/5 −6/5 3/5 0 0 −4/3 2/3
shows that the solution set is a singleton set.
 
1
{ 0 }
−1/2

1
3. This reduction
     
2 −3 2 −1 2 −3 2 −1 2 −3 2 −1
−(3/2)ρ1 +ρ2 −(9/5)ρ2 +ρ3
3 −2 3 1  −→ 0 5/2 0 5/2 −→ 0 5/2 0 5/2
−(5/2)ρ1 +ρ3
5 −3 2 −1 0 9/2 −3 3/2 0 0 −3 −3
shows that the solution set is a singleton set.
 
0
{1}
1

4. This reduction
     
4 −2 2 −2 4 −2 2 −2 4 −2 2 −2
−(1/2)ρ1 +ρ2 (11/2)ρ2 +ρ3
2 −2 1 0  −→ 0 −1 0 1  −→ 0 −1 0 1
−(3/4)ρ1 +ρ3
3 4 2 −1 0 11/2 1/2 1/2 0 0 1/2 6
shows that the solution set is a singleton set.
 
−7
{−1}
12

5. This reduction
   
6 −2 2 4 16 6 −2 2 4 16
 12 −8 6 10 26  −2ρ1 +ρ2 ρ1 +ρ4 0 −4 2 2 −6  −3ρ2 +ρ3

 3 −13 9
 −→ −→   −→
3 −19 −(1/2)ρ1 +ρ3 0 −12 8 1 −27 (1/2)ρ2 +ρ4
−6 4 1 −18 −34 0 2 3 −14 −18
   
6 −2 2 4 16 6 −2 2 4 16
0 −4 2 2 −6  0 −4 2 2 −6
  −2ρ 3 +ρ4
−→  
0 0 2 −5 −9  0 0 2 −5 −9
0 0 4 −13 −21 0 0 0 −3 −3
shows that the solution set is a singleton set.

3
1
{
−2}


2
6. This reduction
   
1 1 −6 −4 6 1 1 −6 −4 6
3 −1 −6 −4 2 −3ρ1 +ρ2 −3ρ1 +ρ4 0 −4 12 8 −16 (1/4)ρ2 +ρ3

2 3
 −→ −→ 
0 1 21 10 −6 
 −→
9 2 6 −2ρ1 +ρ3 −(1/4)ρ2 +ρ4
3 2 3 8 −7 0 −1 21 20 −25
   
1 1 −6 −4 6 1 1 −6 −4 6
0 −4 12 8 −16 −(3/4)ρ3 +ρ4 0 −4 12 8 −16 
  −→  
0 0 24 12 −10 0 0 24 12 −10 
0 0 18 18 −21 0 0 0 9 −27/2
shows that the solution set is a singleton set.
 
0
 2 
{
 1/3 }


−3/2

7. This reduction
     
0 1 1 −2 −3 1 2 −1 0 2 1 2 −1 0 2
1 2 −1 0 2  ρ1 ↔ρ2 0 1 1 −2 −3  −2ρ1 +ρ3 0 1 1 −2 −3 
  −→   −→  
2 4 1 −3 −2  2 4 1 −3 −2  ρ1 +ρ4 0 0 3 −3 −6 
−1 −4 −7 −1 −19 −1 −4 −7 −1 −19 0 −2 −8 −1 −17
   
1 2 −1 0 2 1 2 −1 0 2
2ρ2 +ρ4  0 1 1 −2 −3  2ρ3 +ρ4 0 1 1 −2 −3 
−→   −→  
0 0 3 −3 −6  0 0 3 −3 −6 
0 0 −6 −5 −23 0 0 0 −11 −35
shows that the solution set is a singleton set.
 
−13/11
 24/11 
 13/11 }
{ 

35/11

8. This reduction
   
2 7 3 1 5 2 7 3 1 5
1 3 5 −2 3   −(1/2)ρ 1 +ρ2 −(5/2)ρ1 +ρ4 0 −1/2 7/2 −5/2 1/2  3ρ2 +ρ3

1 5 −9 8 −→ −→  
0 3/2 −21/2 15/2 −3/2 −→
1  −(1/2)ρ1 +ρ3 ρ2 +ρ4
5 18 4 5 12 0 1/2 −7/2 5/2 −1/2
 
2 7 3 1 5
0 −1/2 7/2 −5/2 1/2
 
0 0 0 0 0 
0 0 0 0 0

3
and ends with x and z leading while z and w are free. Solving for y gives y = (1/2 − (7/2)z +
(5/2)w)/(−2) and substitution shows that 2x + 7(1/2 − (7/2)z + (5/2)w)/(−2) + 3z + w = 5 so
x = 6 − 26z + 17w, making this the solution set.
     
6 −26 17
−1  7  −5
{ 0  +  1  z +  0  w | z, w ∈ R}
    

0 0 1

9. This reduction
     
2 3 −1 1 1 2 3 −1 1 1 2 3 −1 1 1
8 12 −9 8 3 −4ρ1 +ρ2 −ρ1 +ρ4 0 0 −5 4 −1 ρ2 +ρ3 0 0 −5 4 −1
  −→ −→   −→  
4 6 3 −2 3 −2ρ1 +ρ3 0 0 5 −4 1  2ρ2 +ρ4 0 0 0 0 0
2 3 9 −7 3 0 0 10 −8 2 0 0 0 0 0
and ends with x and z leading while y and w are free. Solving for z gives z = (−1 − 4w)/(−5) and
substitution shows that 2x + 3y − (−1 − 4w)/(−5) + w = 1 so x = 3/5 − (3/2)y − (1/10)w, making
this the solution set.
     
3/5 −3/2 −1/10
 0   1 
 y +  0  w | y, w ∈ R}
 
{ +
1/5  0   4/5 
0 0 1

10. Here is the reduction.

   
4 −3 2 −1 8 4 −3 2 −1 8
3 −2 1 −3 7  −(3/4)ρ 1 +ρ2 −(5/4)ρ1 +ρ4 0 1/4 −1/2 −9/4 1 −2ρ2 +ρ3
 −→ −→   −→
2 −1 0 −5 6  −(1/2)ρ1 +ρ3 0 1/2 −1 −9/2 2 −3ρ2 +ρ4
5 −3 1 −8 1 0 3/4 −3/2 −27/4 −9
 
4 −3 2 −1 8
0
 1/4 −1/2 −9/4 1 
0 0 0 0 −14
0 0 0 0 −12

The solution set is empty { }.