Mustafin Bexultan

Linear Algebra for Engineers

November 9, 2022

Homework 10

Determinants-II

1. Calculate
 
3 1 1 1
 
1 3 1 1
(a)  
1 1 3 1

1 1 1 3
 
1 1 1 1 
 
1 2 3 4 
(b)  
1 3 6 10

1 4 10 20
 
2 1 1 1 1
 
1 3 1 1 1
 
(c) 1 1 4 1 1
1 1 1 5 1
 
1 1 1 1 6
 
1 1 2 3 
1 2 − x2 2
 
3 
(d) 

2 3 1 5 
2 3 1 9 − x2 

Solution:

(a)
         
3 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 3  1 1 1 3  1 1 1 3 
    
1 3 1 1 1 3 1 1  0 2 0 −2  = − 0
  2 0 −2  0 2 0 −2 
 = −  = −  = −  = 48
1
 1 3 1
1 1 3 1
0 0 2 −2  0
 0 2 −2 
0 0 2 −2 
1 1 1 3 3 1 1 1 0 −2 −2 −8 0 0 −2 −10 0 0 0 −12

(b)
         
1 1 1 1  1 1 1 1  1 1 1 1  1 1 1 1  1 1 1 1 
 
1 2 3 4  1 2 3 4  1 2 3 4  1 2 3 4  1 2 3 4 

1 = 1  −1 +1 −1 =
 3 6 10 1
 3 6 10 1 3 6 10 1 3 6 10 1 3 6 10
1 4 10 20 1 4 10 20 1 4 10 20 1 4 10 20 1 4 10 20
       
2 3 4  1 3 4  1 2 4  1 2 3 
      
1 3 6 10 − 1 1 6 10 + 1 1 3 10 − 1 1 3 6  =
4 10 20 1 10 20 1 4 20 1 4 10

1
 = 1(2·6·20+3·10·4+4·3·10−(4·6·4+10·10·2+20·3·3))−1(1·6·20+3·10·1+4·1·10−(4·6·1+10·10·1+20·3·1))
+1(1·3·20+2·10·1+4·1·4−(4·3·1+10·4·1+20·2·1))−1(1·3·10+2·6·1+3·1·4−(3·3·1+6·4·1+10·2·1)) =
= 1(240 + 120 + 120 − (96 + 200 + 180)) − 1(120 + 30 + 40 − (24 + 100 + 60))+
+1(60+20+16−(12+40+40))−1(30+12+12−(9+24+20)) = 1(480−476)−1(190−184)+
+1(96 − 92) − 1(54 − 53) = 1 · 4 − 1 · 6 + 1 · 4 − 1 · 1 = 4 − 6 + 4 − 1 = 1

(c)
       
2 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1  1 3 1 1 1 
   
1
 3 1 1 1 2
 1 1 1 1 0
 −5 −1 −1 −1 0 −5 −1
 −1 −1 
1
 1 4 1 1 = − 1
 1 4 1 1 = − 0
 −2 3 0 0  = − 0 0 17/5 2/5 2/5  = −
 
1
 1 1 5 1 1
 1 1 5 1 0
 −2 0 4 0  0 0
 2/5 22/5 2/5 
1 1 1 1 6  1 1 1 1 6  0 −2 0 0 5  0 0 2/5 2/5 27/5
   
1 3 1 1 1  1 3 1 1 1 
 
0 −5 −1 −1 −1  0 −5 −1 −1 −1 
 
= − 0 0 17/5 2/5
 2/5  = − 0 0 17/5 2/5
  2/5  =
0 0 0 74/17 6/17  0 0 0 74/17 6/17 
 

0 0 0 6/17 91/17 0 0 0 0 197/37
= −(1 · (−5) · 17/5 · 74/17 · 197/37) = −(−394) = 394

(d)
     
1 1 2 3  1 1 2 3  1 1 2 3 
1 2 − x2 3  0 1 − x2 0 0  0 1 − x2 0

2 0 
 = = =
2
 3 1 5  0
  1 −3 −1  0
 0 −3 −1 
2 3 1 9 − x2  0 1 −3 3 − x2  0 0 −3 3 − x2 
 
1 1 2 3 
0 1 − x2 0

0  2 2 2 2 4 2 4
= 
0 0 −3 −1  = 1·(1−x )·(−3)·(4−x ) = −3(4−x −4x +x ) = −12+15x −3x
 
0 0 0 4 − x2 

2. Find det(A) , adj(A), and A−1 , where

 
1 1 0
(a) A = 1 1 1
0 2 1
 
1 2 2
(b) A = 3 1 0
1 1 1
 
2 2 3
(c) A =  1 −1 0
−1 2 1

2
Solution:

(a)
 
1 1 0
 
det(A) = 1 1 1 = 1 · 1 · 1 + 1 · 1 · 0 + 0 · 1 · 2 − (0 · 0 · 1 + 1 · 1 · 1 + 1 · 1 · 2) = 1 − (1 + 2) = −2
0 2 1

Take the transpose of the matrix of cofactors:

  1 1 1 1 T
    
1 1 
T  2 1 − 0 1 0 2 
     
  T
A11 A12 A13  
 1 0 1 0
    
1 1  −1 −1 2
adj(A) = A21 A22 A23  =  − 2 1 0 1 − 0 2 = −1 1 −2
        =
A31 A32 A33  
 1 0 
      1 −1 0
 − 1 0 1 1
    

1 1  1 1 1 1
 
−1 −1 1
= −1 1 −1
2 −2 0
   
−1 −1 1 1/2 1/2 −1/2
̸ 0, A−1 =
Because |A| = 1
|A| · adj(A) = − 12 · −1 1 −1 = 1/2 −1/2 1/2 
2 −2 0 −1 1 0
(b)
 
1 2 2
 
det(A) = 3 1 0 = 1 · 1 · 1 + 2 · 0 · 1 + 2 · 3 · 1 − (2 · 1 · 1 + 0 · 1 · 1 + 1 · 2 · 3) = 7 − 8 = −1
1 1 1

Take the transpose of the matrix of cofactors:

       T
1 0 − 3 0 3 1
    
 T  1 1 1 1 1 1   T
A11 A12 A13    
 2 2 1 2
  
1 2 1 −3 2
 0 −1 1  =
adj(A) = A21 A22 A23  =  − 1 1 1 1 − 1 1 =
     
A31 A32 A33  
 2 2
      −2 6 −5
 − 1 2 1 2
    

1 0 3 0 3 1
 
1 0 −2
= −3 −1 6 
2 1 −5
   
1 0 −2 −1 0 2
̸ 0, A−1 =
Because |A| = 1
|A| · adj(A) = − 11 · −3 −1 6  =  3 1 −6
2 1 −5 −2 −1 5
(c)
 
2 2 3

det(A) =  1 −1 0 = 2·(−1)·1+2·0·(−1)+3·1·2−(3·(−1)·(−1)+0·2·2+1·2·1) = 4−5 = −1
−1 2 1

3
 Take the transpose of the matrix of cofactors:
   1 −1 T
    
−1 0  1 0
−   
 T   2 1  −1 1  −1 2    T
A11 A12 A13  
 2
  −1 −1 1
3  2 3  2 2
adj(A) = A21 A22 − 2
A23  =   −   =  4 5 −6 =
1 −1  1
 −1 2 
A31 A32 A33 
 2
   3 3 −4
3 2 3  2 2  

−1 −   
1 −1

0  1 0
 
−1 4 3
−1 5 3
1 −6 −4
   
−1 4 3 1 −4 −3
̸ 0, A−1 =
Because |A| = 1
|A| · adj(A) = − 11 · −1 5 3  =  1 −5 −3
1 −6 −4 −1 6 4

3. Solve the following systems by determinants:

3x + 5y = 8
(a)
4x − 2y = 1
2x − 3y = −1
(b)
4x + 7y = −1
ax − 2by = c
(c) (ab ̸= 0)
3ax − 5by = 2c
2x − 5y + 2z = 2
(d) x + 2y − 4z = 5
3x − 4y − 6z = 1
2z + 3 = y + 3x
(e) x − 3z = 2y + 1
3y + z = 2 − 2x

Solution:

(a) Compute the determinant D of the matrix of coefficients:

 
3 5 
D=   = −6 − 20 = −26
4 −2

Because D ̸= 0, the system has a unique solution. To compute Nx , Ny , we replace,

respectively, the coefficients of x, y in the matrix of coefficients by the constant terms.
Then    
8 5  3 8
Nx =   = −16 − 5 = −21, Ny =    = 3 − 32 = −29
1 −2 4 1
Thus,
Nx −21 21 Ny −29 29
x= = = , y= = =
D −26 26 D −26 26

4
(b) Compute the determinant D of the matrix of coefficients:
 
2 −3
D=   = 14 − (−12) = 26
4 7

Because D ̸= 0, the system has a unique solution. To compute Nx , Ny , we replace,

respectively, the coefficients of x, y in the matrix of coefficients by the constant terms.
Then    
−1 −3 2 −1
Nx =    = −7 − 3 = −10, Ny =    = −2 − (−4) = 2
−1 7  4 −1
Thus,
Nx −10 5 Ny 2 1
x= = =− , y= = =
D 26 13 D 26 13
(c) Compute the determinant D of the matrix of coefficients:
 
 a −2b
D=   = −5ab − (−6ab) = ab
3a −5b

Because D ̸= 0, the system has a unique solution. To compute Nx , Ny , we replace,

respectively, the coefficients of x, y in the matrix of coefficients by the constant terms.
Then
   
 c −2b a c
Nx =    = −5bc − (−4bc) = −bc, Ny =    = 2ac − 3ac = −ac
2c −5b 3a 2c

Thus,
Nx −bc c Ny −ac c
x= = =− , y= = =−
D ab a D ab b
(d) Compute the determinant D of the matrix of coefficients:
 
2 −5 2 

D = 1 2 −4 = 2·2·(−6)+(−5)·(−4)·3+2·1·(−4)−(2·2·3+(−5)·1·(−6)+2·(−4)·(−4)) =
3 −4 −6

= −24 + 60 − 8 − (12 + 30 + 32) = 28 − 74 = −46

Because D ̸= 0, the system has a unique solution. To compute Nx , Ny , Nz , we replace,
respectively, the coefficients of x, y, z in the matrix of coefficients by the constant terms.
Then
 
2 −5 2 
 
Nx = 5 2 −4 = 2·2·(−6)+(−5)·(−4)·1+2·5·(−4)−(2·2·1+(−5)·5·(−6)+(−4)·(−4)·2) =
1 −4 −6

= −24 + 20 − 40 − (4 + 150 + 32) = −44 − 186 = −230

 
2 2 2 
 
Ny = 1 5 −4 = 2 · 5 · (−6) + 2 · (−4) · 3 + 2 · 1 · 1 − (2 · 5 · 3 + (−4) · 1 · 2 + (−6) · 2 · 1) =
3 1 −6

= −60 − 24 + 2 − (30 − 8 − 12) = −82 − 10 = −92

5
  
2 −5 2
 
Nz = 1 2 5 = 2 · 2 · 1 + (−5) · 5 · 3 + 2 · 1 · (−4) − (2 · 2 · 3 + (−5) · 1 · 1 + (−4) · 5 · 2) =
3 −4 1
= 4 − 75 − 8 − (12 − 5 − 40) = −79 − (−33) = −46
Thus,
Nx −230 Ny −92 Nz −46
x= = = 5, y= = = 2, z= = =1
D −46 D −46 D −46
(e) First arrange the equation in standard form, then compute the determinant D of the
matrix of coefficients:
−3x − y + 2z = −3
x − 2y − 3z = 1
2x + 3y + z = 2
and
 
−3 −1 2 
 
D =  1 −2 −3 = (−3)·(−2)·1+(−1)·(−3)·2+2·1·3−(2·(−2)·2+(−1)·1·1+3·(−3)·(−3)) =
2 3 1
= 6 + 6 + 6 − (8 − 1 + 27) = 18 − 18 = 0
Because D = 0, the system cannot be solved by determinants.

Find the matrix X from the equation

     
2 1 −3 2 −2 4
4. (a) ·X · =
3 2 5 −3 3 −1
   
−24 33 11 −2
(b) = ·X
−4 18 6 −2
   
1 5 1 2 0 1
(c) 2 1 −2 · X = 0 3 0
1 7 2 1 0 2

Solution:

(a)      
2 1 −3 2 −2 4
A= , B= , C=
3 2 5 −3 3 −1
A·X ·B =C
−1
A · A · X · B −1 · B = A−1 · C · B −1
I · X · I = A−1 · C · B −1
X = A−1 · C · B −1
i.  
2 1
|A| = 
  = 2 · 2 − (1 · 3) = 4 − 3 = 1
3 2
|A| = 1 ̸= 0 this means that there is an inverse A−1 :
     
−1 1 d −b 1 2 −1 2 −1
A = · = · =
|A| −c a 1 −3 2 −3 2

6
 ii.  
−3 2 
|B| = 
  = −3 · (−3) − 2 · 5 = 9 − 10 = −1
5 −3
|B| = −1 ̸= 0 this means that there is an inverse B −1 :
     
−1 1 d −b 1 −3 −2 3 2
B = · = · =
|B| −c a −1 −5 −3 5 3
iii.
       
2 −1 −2 4 3 2 2 · (−2) + 3 · (−1) 2 · 4 + (−1) · (−1)
X= · · =
−3 2 3 −1 5 3 (−3) · (−2) + 2 · 3 (−3) · 4 + 2 · (−1)
     
3 2 −7 9 3 2
· = · =
5 3 12 −14 5 3
   
−7 · 3 + 9 · 5 (−7) · 2 + 9 · 3 24 13
= =
12 · 3 + (−14) · 5 12 · 2 + (−14) · 3 −34 −18
(b)    
−24 33 11 −2
A= , B=
−4 18 6 −2
A=B·X
B −1 · A = B · B −1 · X
B −1 · A = I · X
X = B −1 · A
i.  
11 −2
|B| = 
  = 11 · (−2) − (−2) · 6 = −22 − (−12) = −10
6 −2
|B| = −10 ̸= 0 this means that there is an inverse B −1 :
     
−1 1 d −b 1 −2 2 1/5 −1/5
B = · = · =
|B| −c a −10 −6 11 3/5 −11/10
ii.
    
1/5 −1/5 −24 33 1/5 · (−24) + (−1/5) · (−4) 1/5 · 33 + (−1/5) · 18
X= · = =
3/5 −11/10 −4 18 3/5 · (−24) + (−11/10) · (−4) 3/5 · 33 + (−11/10) · 18
 
−4 3
=
−10 0
(c)    
1 5 1 2 0 1
A = 2 1 −2 , B = 0 3 0
1 7 2 1 0 2
A·X =B
−1
A · A · X = A−1 · B
I · X = A−1 · B
X = A−1 · B

7
 i.
 
1 5 1 
 
|A| = 2 1 −2 = 1 · 1 · 2 + 5 · (−2) · 1 + 1 · 2 · 7 − (1 · 1 · 1 + 5 · 2 · 2 + 1 · 7 · (−2)) =
1 7 2 

2 − 10 + 14 − (1 + 20 − 14) = 6 − 7 = −1
|A| = −1 ̸= 0 this means that there is an inverse A−1 :
1
A−1 = · adj(A)
|A|
  2 −2 2 1 T
    
1 −2

T  7 2  −   
 1 2  1 7    T
A11 A12 A13  
 5 1
 
1 1
  
1 5 16 −6 13
adj(A) = A21 A22
 A23  = − 
     −   =  −3 1 −2
7 2 1 2
  1 7 

A31 A32 A33  
 5 1 

1 1  1 5  −11 4 −9

1 −2
 −    
2 −2 2 1
 
16 −3 −11
−6 1 4 
13 −2 −9
   
16 −3 −11 −16 3 11
̸ 0, A−1 =
Because |A| = 1
|A| · adj(A) = − 11 · −6 1 4 = 6 −1 −4
13 −2 −9 −13 2 9
ii.    
−16 3 11 2 0 1
X= 6 −1 −4 · 0 3 0 =
−13 2 9 1 0 2
 
−16 · 2 + 3 · 0 + 11 · 1 −16 · 0 + 3 · 3 + 11 · 0 −16 · 1 + 3 · 0 + 11 · 2
= 6 · 2 + (−1) · 0 + (−4) · 1 6 · 0 + (−1) · 3 + (−4) · 0 6 · 1 + (−1) · 0 + (−4) · 2 =
−13 · 2 + 2 · 0 + 9 · 1 −13 · 0 + 2 · 3 + 9 · 0 −13 · 1 + 2 · 0 + 9 · 2
 
−21 9 6
=  8 −3 −2
−17 6 5

5. Find the volume V (S) of the parallelepiped S in R3 determined by the following vectors

(a) u1 = (1, 2, −3), u2 = (3, 4, 1), u3 = (2, −1, 5).

(b) u1 = (1, 1, 3), u2 = (1, −2, −4), u3 = (4, 1, 5).

Solution:

V (S) is the absolute value of the determinant of the matrix M whose rows are the given
vectors. Thus,

8
(a)  
1 2 −3
 
|M | = 3 4 1  = 20 + 4 + 9 − (−24 + 30 − 1) = 33 − 5 = 28.
2 −1 5 

Hence, V (S) = |28| = 28.

(b)  
1 1 3 

|M | = 1 −2 −4 = −10 − 16 + 3 − (−24 + 5 − 4) = −23 − (−23) = 0.
4 1 5
Thus, V (S) = 0, or, in other words, u1 , u2 , u3 lie in a plane and are linearly dependent.