Mustafin Bexultan

Linear Algebra for Engineers

October 11, 2022

Homework 5

Mappings between spaces.

1. Find a subset of u1 , u2 , u3 , u4 that gives a basis for W = span(ui ) of R5 , where

(a) u1 = (1, 1, 1, 2, 3), u2 = (1, 2, −1, −2, 1), u3 = (3, 5, −1, −2, 5), u4 = (1, 2, 1, −1, 4)
(b) u1 = (1, −2, 1, 3, −1), u2 = (−2, 4, −2, −6, 2), u3 = (1, −3, 1, 2, 1), u4 = (3, −7, 3, 8, −1)
(c) u1 = (1, 0, 1, 0, 1), u2 = (1, 1, 2, 1, 0), u3 = (2, 1, 3, 1, 1), u4 = (1, 2, 1, 1, 1)
(d) u1 = (1, 0, 1, 1, 1), u2 = (2, 1, 2, 0, 1), u3 = (1, 1, 2, 3, 4), u4 = (4, 2, 5, 4, 6)

Solution:

(a) Form the matrix M whose columns are the given vectors, and reduce it to echelon form:
     
1 1 3 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 3 1
1 2 5 2 0 1 2 1  0 1 2 1
1 −1 −1 1  −ρ−→ 1 +ρ2 −2ρ1 +ρ4 
0 −2 −4 0  2ρ−→ 2 +ρ3 2ρ2 +ρ5 
 
−→ −→ 0 0 0 2
2 −2 −2 −1 −ρ1 +ρ3 −3ρ1 +ρ5 0 −4 −8 −3 4ρ2 +ρ4
     
0 0 0 1
3 1 5 4 0 −2 −4 1 0 0 0 3
 
1 1 3 1
0 1 2 1
−(1/2)ρ3 +ρ4  
−→ 0 0 0 2
−(3/2)ρ3 +ρ5  
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
The pivot positions are in columns C1 , C2 , C4 . Hence, the corresponding vectors u1 , u2 ,
u4 form a basis of W , and dim W = 3.
(b) Form the matrix M whose columns are the given vectors, and reduce it to echelon form:
     
1 −2 1 3 1 −2 1 3 1 −2 1 3
−2 4 −3 −7 0 0 −1 −1 0 0 −1 −1
  2ρ1 +ρ2 −3ρ1 +ρ4   −ρ2 +ρ4  
 1 −2 1 3 −ρ−→ −→  2ρ−→
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 +ρ3 ρ1 +ρ5 2 +ρ5
   
 3 −6 2 8   0 0 −1 −1   0 0 0 0
−1 2 1 −1 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0
The pivot positions are in columns C1 , C3 . Hence, the corresponding vectors u1 , u3 form
a basis of W , and dim W = 2.
(c) Form the matrix M whose columns are the given vectors, and reduce it to echelon form:
     
1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1
0 1 1 2 0 1 1 2  −ρ2 +ρ3 ρ2 +ρ5 0 1 1 2  −(1/2)ρ3 ↔ρ4
 
1 2 3 1 −ρ−→ 1 +ρ3
  
 −ρ1 +ρ5 
0 1 1 0 −→
 −→ 0 0 0 −2
 −→
 −ρ2 +ρ4  ρ3 +ρ5
0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 −1
1 0 1 1 0 −1 −1 0 0 0 0 2

1
  
1 1 2 1
0 1 1 2
 
0
 0 0 −2

0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
The pivot positions are in columns C1 , C2 , C4 . Hence, the corresponding vectors u1 , u2 ,
u4 form a basis of W , and dim W = 3.
(d) Form the matrix M whose columns are the given vectors, and reduce it to echelon form:
     
1 2 1 4 1 2 1 4 1 2 1 4
0 1 1 2
 −ρ1 +ρ3 −ρ1 +ρ5 0 1 1 2 2ρ2 +ρ4 ρ2 +ρ5 0 1 1 2 −4ρ3 ↔ρ4
   

1 2 2 5 −→ −→ 0 0 1 1 −→ −→  −→
0 0 1 1 −4ρ

1 0 3 4 −ρ1 +ρ4 0 −2 2 0 ρ2 +ρ5 3 +ρ5
   
0 0 4 4
1 1 4 6 0 −1 3 2 0 0 4 4
 
1 2 1 4
0 1 1 2
 
0 0 1 1
 
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
The pivot positions are in columns C1 , C2 , C3 . Hence, the corresponding vectors u1 , u2 ,
u3 form a basis of W , and dim W = 3.

2. Consider the subspaces U = (a, b, c, d) : b − 2c + d = 0 and W = (a, b, c, d) : a = d, b = 2c of

R4 . Find a basis and the dimension of
(a) U ,
(b) W ,
(c) U ∩ W

Solution:
(a)  
a
b
U = {
 c  | b − 2c + d = 0}


d
Parametrize to get this description of the space.
       
a 1 0 0
2c − d 0 2 −1
U = { c  | a, c, d ∈ R } ⇒ U = { a 0 + c 1 + d  0  | a, c, d ∈ R }
      

d 0 0 1
That gives the space as the span of the three-vector set. To show the three vector set
makes a basis we check that it is linearly independent.
       
0 1 0 0
0 0 2 −1
  =   c1 +   c2 +   c3
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1

2
 The first components give that c1 = 0, and the third and fourth components give that
c2 = 0 and c3 = 0. So one basis is this.
     
1 0 0
0 2 −1
⟨
0 , 1 ,  0 ⟩
    

0 0 1

The dimension is the number of vectors in a basis: 3.

Answer: dim(U ) = 3.
(b)  
a
b
W = {
 c  | a = d, b = 2c}


d
Parametrize to get this description of the space.
     
d 0 1
2c 2 0
W = {  c  | c, d ∈ R } ⇒ W = { c 1 + d 0 | c, d ∈ R }
    

d 0 1

That gives the space as the span of the two-vector set. To show the two vector set makes
a basis we check that it is linearly independent.
     
0 0 1
0 2 0
  =   c1 +   c2
0 1 0
0 0 1

The second components give that c1 = 0, and the fourth components give that c2 = 0.
So one basis is this.    
0 1
2 0
1 , 0⟩
⟨   

0 1
The dimension is the number of vectors in a basis: 2.
Answer: dim(W ) = 2.
(c)  
a
b
U ∩ W = {
 c  | b − 2c + d = 0, a = d, b = 2c}


d
b − 2c + d = 0 d= 0
a = d −→ a = 0
b = 2c b = 2c

3
 Parametrize to get this description of the space.
   
0 0
2c 2
U ∩ W = {  c  | c ∈ R } ⇒ U ∩ W = {c 1 | c ∈ R }
  

0 0

That gives the space as the span of the vector set. To show the vector set makes a basis
we check that it is linearly independent.
   
0 0
0 2
  =   c1
0 1
0 0

This gives us c1 = 0.  
0
2
1⟩
⟨ 

0
The dimension is the number of vectors in a basis: 1.
Answer: dim(U ∩ W ) = 1.

3. Find a basis and the dimension of the solution space W of each of the following homogeneous
systems:

(a)
x + 2y − 2z + 2s − t = 0
x + 2y − z + 3s − 2t = 0
2x + 4y − 7z + s + t = 0
(b)
x + 2y − z + 3s − 4t = 0
2x + 4y − 2z − s + 5t = 0
2x + 4y − 2z + 4s − 2t = 0

Solution:

(a)
     
1 2 −2 2 −1 1 2 −2 2 −1 1 2 −2 2 −1
−ρ1 +ρ2 3ρ2 +ρ3
1 2 −1 3 −2 −→ 0 0 1 1 −1 −→ 0 0 1 1 −1
−2ρ1 +ρ3
2 4 −7 1 1 0 0 −3 −3 3 0 0 0 0 0

Parametrize to get this description of the space.

       
−2y − 4s + 3t −2 −4 3

 y  1
  
0
 
0
 
{
 −s + t  =  0  y + −1 s + 1 t | y, s, t ∈ R }
      
 s  0 1 0
t 0 0 1

4
 That gives the space as the span of the three-vector set. To show the three vector set
makes a basis we check that it is linearly independent.
       
0 −2 −4 3
0  1  0 0
       
0 =  0  c1 + −1 c2 + 1 c3
       
0  0  1 0
0 0 0 1

We get c1 = 0, c2 = 0 and c3 = 0. So one basis is this.

     
−2 −4 3
 1   0  0
     
 0  , −1 , 1⟩
⟨     
 0   1  0
0 0 1

The dimension is the number of vectors in a basis: 3.

(b)
     
1 2 −1 3 −4 1 2 −1 3 −4 1 2 −1 3 −4
−2ρ1 +ρ2 −(2/7)ρ2 +ρ3
2 4 −2 −1 5  −→ 0 0 0 −7 13  −→ 0 0 0 −7 13 
−2ρ1 +ρ3
2 4 −2 4 −2 0 0 0 −2 6 0 0 0 0 16/7

Parametrize to get this description of the space.

     
−2y + z −2 1

 y  1
  
0
 
{ z  =  0  y + 1 z | y, z ∈ R }
    
 0  0 0
0 0 0

That gives the space as the span of the two-vector set. To show the two vector set makes
a basis we check that it is linearly independent.
     
0 −2 1
0  1  0
     
0 =  0  c1 + 1 c2
     
0  0  0
0 0 0

We get c1 = 0, c2 = 0. So one basis is this.

   
−2 1
 1  0
   
 0  , 1⟩
⟨   
 0  0
0 0

The dimension is the number of vectors in a basis: 2.

4. Find a basis and the dimension of the subspace W of P spanned by

5
(a)
u = t3 + 2t2 − 2t + 1, v = t3 + 3t2 − 3t + 4, w = 2t3 + t2 − 7t − 7;

(b)
u = t3 + t2 − 3t + 2, v = 2t3 + t2 + t − 4, w = 4t3 + 3t2 − 5t + 2;

Solution:

(a)

a0 + a1 t + a2 t2 + a3 t3 = c1 (t3 + 2t2 − 2t + 1) + c2 (t3 + 3t2 − 3t + 4) + c3 (2t3 + t2 − 7t − 7) =

(c1 + 4c2 − 7c3 ) + t(−2c1 − 3c2 − 7c3 ) + t2 (2c1 + 3c2 + c3 ) + t3 (c1 + c2 + 2c3 )
we get this system.
   
1 4 −7 a0 1 4 −7 a0
−2 −3 −7 a1  2ρ1 +ρ2 −ρ1 +ρ4 0 5 −21 a1 + 2a0  ρ2 +ρ3

2
 −→ −→  
0 −5 15 a2 − 2a0  −→
3 1 a2  −2ρ1 +ρ3 −(3/5)ρ2 +ρ4
1 1 2 a3 0 −3 9 a3 − a0
 
1 4 −7 a0
0
 5 −21 a1 + 2a0 

0 0 −6 a1 + a2 
0 0 0 −(11/5)a0 − (3/5)a1 + a3
Thus, the only quadratic polynomials a0 + a1 x + a2 x2 + a3 x3 with associated c’s are the
ones such that 0 = −(11/5)a0 − (3/5)a1 + a3 . Hence the span is this.

{ (−(1/11)a1 + 5/11a3 ) + a1 x + a2 x2 + a3 x3 | a1 , a2 , a3 ∈ R }

Parametrizing gives { a1 (−(1/11) + x) + a2 x2 + a3 (5/11 + x3 ) | a1 , a2 , a3 ∈ R }, which sug-

gests ⟨−(1/11) + x, x2 , (5/11) + x3 ⟩, and so the dimension is three.
(b)

a0 + a1 t + a2 t2 + a3 t3 = c1 (t3 + t2 − 3t + 2) + c2 (2t3 + t2 + t − 4) + c3 (4t3 + 3t2 − 5t + 2) =

(2c1 − 4c2 + 2c3 ) + t(−3c1 + c2 − 5c3 ) + t2 (c1 + c2 + 3c3 ) + t3 (c1 + 2c2 + 4c3 )
we get this system.
   
2 −4 2 a0 2 −4 2 a0
−3 1 −5 a1  (3/2)ρ1 +ρ2 −(1/2)ρ1 +ρ4 0 −1/2 −2 a1 + (3/2)a0  (2/3)ρ2 +ρ3
  −→ −→   −→
1 1 3 a2  −(1/2)ρ1 +ρ3 0 3 2 a2 − (1/2)a0  −8ρ2 +ρ4
1 2 4 a3 0 4 3 a3 − (1/2)a0
 
2 −4 2 a0
0 −1/2 −2 a1 + (3/2)a0  −(57/2)ρ3 +ρ4

0
 −→
0 2/3 a0 + (2/3)a1 + a2 
0 0 19 (23/2)a0 − 8a1 + a3

6
  
2 −4 2 a0
0 −1/2 −2 a1 + (3/2)a0 
 
0 0 2/3 a0 + (2/3)a1 + a2 
0 0 0 −17a0 − 27a1 − (57/2)a2 + a3
Thus, the only quadratic polynomials a0 + a1 x + a2 x2 + a3 x3 with associated c’s are the
ones such that 0 = −17a0 − 27a1 − (57/2)a2 + a3 . Hence the span is this.

{(−(27/17)a1 − 57/34a2 + 1/17a3 ) + a1 x + a2 x2 + a3 x3 | a1 , a2 , a3 ∈ R}

Parametrizing gives {a1 (−(27/17) + x) + a2 (−(57/34) + x2 ) + a3 (1/17 + x3 ) | a1 , a2 , a3 ∈ R },

which suggests ⟨−(27/17) + x, −(57/34) + x2 , 1/17 + x3 ⟩, and so the dimension is three.

5. Show that the following mapping are linear:

(a) F : R3 → R2 definded by F (x, y, z) = (x + 2y − 3z, 4x − 5y + 6z).

(b) F : R2 → R2 definded by F (x, y) = (ax + by, cx + dy) where a, b, c, d belong to R.

Solution:

(a) Let v = (1, 2, 3) and k = −5. Then kv = (−5, −10, −15). We have

F (v) = (−4, 12) and kF (v) = −5(−4, 12) = (20, −60).

Thus,
F (kv) = F (−5, −10, −15) = (−70, 120) ̸= kF (v)
Accordingly, F is not linear.
(b) Let v = (1, 2) and w = (3, 4); then v + w = (4, 6). Also,

F (v) = (a + 2b, c + 2d) and F (w) = (3a + 4b, 3c + 4d)

Hence,
F (v + w) = (4a + 6b, 4c + 6d) = F (v) + F (w)
F is linear.

6. Show that the following mappings are not linear:

(a) F : R2 → R2 definded by F (x, y) = (x2 , y 2 ).

(b) F : R3 → R2 definded by F (x, y, z) = (x + 1, y + z).
(c) F : R2 → R2 definded by F (x, y) = (xy, y).
(d) F : R3 → R2 definded by F (x, y, z) = (|x|, y + z).

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 Solution:

(a) Let v = (1, 2) and w = (3, 4); then v + w = (4, 6). Also,

F (v) = (1, 4) and F (w) = (9, 16)

Hence,
F (v + w) = (16, 36) ̸= F (v) + F (w)
F is not linear.
(b) Let v = (1, 2, 3) and k = −2. Then kv = (−2, −4, −6). We have

F (v) = (1 + 1, 2 + 3) = (2, 5) and kF (v) = −2(2, 5) = (−4, −10).

Thus,
F (kv) = F (−2, −4, −6) = (−1, −10) ̸= kF (v)
Accordingly, F is not linear.
(c) Let v = (1, 2) and w = (3, 4); then v + w = (4, 6). Also,

F (v) = (1 · 2, 1) = (2, 1) and F (w) = (3 · 4, 3) = (12, 3)

Hence,
F (v + w) = (4 · 6, 4) = (24, 4) ̸= F (v) + F (w)
F is not linear.
(d) Let v = (1, 2, 3) and k = −3. Then kv = (−3, −6, −9). We have

F (v) = (1, 5) and kF (v) = −3(1, 5) = (−3, −15).

Thus,
F (kv) = F (−3, −6, −9) = (3, −15) ̸= kF (v)
Accordingly, F is not linear.

7. For each linear map F find a basis and the dimension of the kernel and the image of F :

(a) F : R3 → R3 definded by F (x, y, z) = (x + 2y − 3z, 2x + 5y − 4z, x + 4y + z).

(b) F : R4 → R3 definded by F (x, y, z, t) = (x+2y+3z+2t, 2x+4y+7z+5t, x+2y+6z+5t).

Solution:

(a) Find the images of the usual basis of R3 :

F (1, 0, 0) = (1, 2, 1), F (0, 0, 1) = (−3, −4, 1)

F (0, 1, 0) = (2, 5, 4),

The image vectors span Im F . Hence, form the matrix whose rows are these image
vectors, and row reduce to echelon form:
     
1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1
−2ρ1 +ρ2 −2ρ2 +ρ3
2 5 4 −→ 0 1 2 −→ 0 1 2 
3ρ1 +ρ3
−3 −4 1 0 2 4 0 0 0

8
 Thus, (1, 2, 1) and (0, 1, 2) form a basis for Im F ; hence, dim(Im F )=2.
Set F (v) = 0, where v = (x, y, z); that is, set

F (x, y, z) = (x + 2y − 3z, 2x + 5y − 4z, x + 4y + z) = (0, 0, 0)

Set corresponding entries equal to each other to form the following homogeneous system
whose solution space is Ker F :

x+ 2y- 3z = 0 x+ 2y- 3z = 0
−2ρ1 +ρ2 −2ρ2 +ρ3 x+ 2y- 3z = 0
2x+ 5y- 4z = 0 −→ y+ 2z = 0 −→
−ρ1 +ρ3 y+ 2z = 0
x+ 4y+ z = 0 2y+ 4z = 0

The only free variable is z; hence, dim(Ker F )=1. Set z = 1; then y = −2 and x = 7.
Thus, (7, −2, 1) forms a basis of Ker F .
(b) Find the images of the usual basis of R3 :

F (1, 0, 0, 0) = (1, 2, 1), F (0, 0, 1, 0) = (3, 7, 6)

F (0, 1, 0, 0) = (2, 4, 2), F (0, 0, 0, 1) = (2, 5, 5)

The image vectors span Im F . Hence, form the matrix whose rows are these image
vectors, and row reduce to echelon form:
     
1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1
2 4 2 −2ρ1 +ρ2 −2ρ1 +ρ4 0 0 0 −ρ3 +ρ4 0 1 3
 
3 7 6 −3ρ −→ −→ 
0 1
 −→  
1 +ρ3 3 ρ2 ↔ρ3 0 0 0
2 5 5 0 1 3 0 0 0

Thus, (1, 2, 1) and (0, 1, 3) form a basis for Im F ; hence, dim(Im F )=2.
Set F (v) = 0, where v = (x, y, z, t); that is, set

F (x, y, z, t) = (x + 2y + 3z + 2t, 2x + 4y + 7z + 5t, x + 2y + 6z + 5t) = (0, 0, 0)

Set corresponding entries equal to each other to form the following homogeneous system
whose solution space is Ker F :

x+ 2y+ 3z + 2t = 0 x+ 2y+ 3z + 2t = 0
−2ρ1 +ρ2 −3ρ2 +ρ3 x+ 2y+ 3z + 2t = 0
2x+ 4y+ 7z + 5t = 0 −→ z+ t=0 −→
−ρ1 +ρ3 z+ t=0
x+ 2y+ 6z + 5t = 0 3z + 3t = 0

The free variables are y and t. Hence, dim(Ker F )=2.

i. Set y = 1, t = 0 to obtain the solution (−2, 1, 0, 0).
ii. Set y = 0, t = 1 to obtain the solution (1, 0, −1, 1)
Thus, (−2, 1, 0, 0) and (1, 0, −1, 1) form a basis of Ker F .