Kefˆlaio 5

Sust mata Grammik¸n
Exis¸sewn

5.1 Omogen  Sust mata Exis¸sewn

Omogenèc sÔsthma exis¸sewn eÐnai èna sÔsthma thc morf c:

Am×n · x = 0 ìpou x = [x1 , x2 , ..., xn ]T

Profan¸c èna omogenèc sÔsthma èqei pˆntote lÔsh. An o pÐnakac A

eÐnai tetragwnikìc kai mh idiˆzwn tìte to sÔsthma èqei mìno mÐa lÔsh, thn
tetrimmènh : x = 0. AntÐjeta, an o pÐnakac eÐnai idiˆzwn   mh tetragwnikìc
tìte o pÐnakac èqei thn tetrimmènh, allˆ pijanìn kai mh tetrimmènec lÔseic.
To zhtoÔmeno sta omogen  sust mata eÐnai loipìn na broÔme th morf  touc.

Ekfrˆzoume ton A se kanonik  morf :

P ·K ·Q·X =0 ìpou P kai Q mh idiˆzontec
P −1 (P · K · Q · X) = 0
K ·Q·X =0 jètw y = Q · x
| {z }
yn×1
K · y = 0 ⇒ y1 = y2 = ... = yr = 0 ìpou r h tˆxh tou pÐnaka A
kai yr+1 , ...yn paÐrnoun aujaÐretec timèc

Sumpèrasma: S' èna omogenèc sÔsthma exis¸sewn ìtan o pÐnakac Am×n eÐnai
mh tetragwnikìc   idiˆzwn tìte h lÔsh tou sust matoc èqei n−r[A] aujaÐretec
paramètrouc. H lÔsh tou sust matoc dÐnetai apì to x = Q−1 · y

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Parˆdeigma: Na lujeÐ to omogenèc sÔsthma:

x1 + x2 − 3x4 − x5 =0
x1 + x2 + 2x3 − x4 =0
4x1 − 2x2 + 6x3 + 3x4 − 4x5 =0
2x1 + 4x2 − 2x3 + 4x4 − 7x5 =0

LÔsh: Efarmìzoume apaloif  Gauss ston pÐnaka twn suntelest¸n. EÐnai

profanèc ìti sthn perÐptwsh tou omogenoÔc sust matoc den qreiazìmaste
ton epauxhmèno pÐnaka, ef' ìson to mhdenikì diˆnusma sto deÔtero mèloc ja
parameÐnei mhdèn kai metˆ tic stoiqei¸deic grammoprˆxeic.
x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x1 x2 x3 x4 x5
z
 }| { z }| {
1 1 1 0 −3 −1
1 0 −3 −1  r2 −r1

 1 −1 2 −1 0  −→ 
 0 -2 2 2

1 
r3 −4r1 r3 −3r2
−→ −→
   
 4 −2 6 3 −4   0 −6 6 15 0 
r4 −2r1 r4 +r2
2 4 −2 4 −7 −→ 0 2 −2 10 5 −→
x1 x2 x3 x4 x5
z }| {
1 1 0 −3 −1
 0
 −2 2 2 1 

 0 0 0 9 −3 
0 0 0 12 −4

ParathroÔme ìti to epìmeno upoy fio odhgì stoiqeÐo eÐnai mhdèn kai ìla
ta stoiqeÐa kˆtw apì autì sth st lh x3 eÐnai epÐshc mhdèn. Gia na suneqisteÐ
h apaloif  Gauss yˆqnoume gia to epìmeno mh mhdenikì stoiqeÐo sth gramm 
r3 . SuneqÐzoume me odhgì stoiqeÐo to 9.
x1 x2 x3 x4 x5
x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 z }| {
z }| {  
1 1 0 −3 −1 1 1 0 −3 −1
 0 −2 2 2 1 
 
  
 0 -2 2 2 1 
 r[A] = 3
n − r[A] = 2
 
 0 0 0 9 −3  
9 −3

r4 − 43 r3
 0 0 0 
0 0 0 12 −4 −→ 0 0 0 0 0

O teleutaÐoc pÐnakac eÐnai kai ta stoiqeÐa sta tetrˆgwna kajo-

skalwtìc

rÐzoun thn arq  tou kˆje skalopatioÔ. Xekin¸ntac apì thn pr¸th gramm 
pou to pr¸to thc stoiqeÐo eÐnai diˆforo tou mhdenìc, kˆje epìmenh gramm 
èqei toulˆqiston èna mhdèn parapˆnw apì thn prohgoÔmenh mèqri na katal -
xei ston arijmì pou eÐnai se tetrˆgwno kai eÐnai diˆforoc tou mhdenìc. Me
th diadikasÐa aut  oi mhdenikèc grammèc (an upˆrqoun) spr¸qnontai proc ta
kˆtw. Oi arijmoÐ sta tetrˆgwna eÐnai ta odhgˆ stoiqeÐa pou qrhsimopoi jh-
kan sth diadikasÐa thc apaloif c. To pl joc touc dÐnei thn tˆxh tou pÐnaka,
afoÔ an diagrˆyoume thn 4h gramm  kaj¸c kai tic st lec 3 kai 5 prokÔptei

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o megalÔteroc tetragwnikìc mh-idiˆzwn upopÐnakac. Epomènwc, ed¸ èqoume
r[A] = 3 kai h lÔsh tou sust matoc ja perièqei upoqrewtikˆ 2 aujaÐretec pa-
ramètrouc. Gia na broÔme th genik  morf  thc lÔshc tou sust matoc lÔnoume
tic exis¸seic pou prokÔptoun apì ton teleutaÐo skalwtì pÐnaka.

x1 + x2 − 3x4 − x5 = 0
−2x2 + 2x3 + 2x4 + x5 = 0
9x4 − 3x5 = 0

LÔnoume ìpwc kai stouc tetragwnikoÔc apì kˆtw proc ta pˆnw. Aut  th
forˆ ìmwc h teleutaÐa exÐswsh èqei 2 agn¸stouc. Dialègoume ton ènan apì
touc dÔo gia parˆmetro, èstw x5 = u1 . Ja èqoume:
1
9x4 − 3x5 = 0 ⇒ x4 = u1
3
SuneqÐzontac sthn 2h exÐswsh èqoume kai pˆli dÔo agn¸stouc touc x2 kai x3 .
Jètoume aujaÐreta x3 = u2 kai lÔnoume wc proc x2

u1 5
−2x2 + 2x3 + 2x4 + x5 = 0 ⇒ −2x2 + 2u2 + 2 + u1 = 0 ⇒ x2 = u1 + u2
3 6

Tèloc, apì thn 1h exÐswsh lÔnoume wc proc ton x1 :

5 7
x1 + x2 − 3x4 − x5 = 0 ⇒ x1 + u1 + u2 − u1 − u1 = 0 ⇒ x1 = u1 − u1
6 6

H genik  lÔsh tou sust matoc eÐnai to diˆnusma:

     
7/6u1 − u2 7/6 −1
5/6u1 + u2 5/6 1
R
     
 u2 , me u1 kai u2 ∈
     
x=
 u2 =
  0  u1 + 
  1 
 1/3u1   1/3   0 
u1 1 0

R
Oi parˆmetroi u1 kai u2 paÐrnoun timèc sto , epomènwc to sÔsthma èqei
ˆpeirec lÔseic (me dÔo paramètrouc) kai prokÔptoun apì thn parapˆnw sqè-
sh. Oi metablhtèc x3 , x5 onomˆzontai eleÔjerec kai oi x1 , x2 , x4
metablhtèc

basikèc.

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Je¸rhma 5.1.1. 'Ena omogenèc m×n sÔsthma grammik¸n exis¸sewn èqei

pˆnta mh-tetrimmènec lÔseic ìtan m<n (ligìterec exis¸seic apì agn¸stouc).

Apìdeixh. GnwrÐzoume ìti r[A] ≤ min {m, n} = m epomènwc n − r[A] > 0

kai h genik  lÔsh ja perièqei toulˆqiston mÐa parˆmetro.

5.2 Mh-Omogen  Sust mata Exis¸sewn

'Ena mh omogenèc sÔsthma eÐnai thc morf c:

Am×n · x = b ìpou x = [x1 , x2 , ..., xn ]T kai b = [b1 , b2 , . . . , bm ]T 6= 0

'Ena mh omogenèc sÔsthma, se antÐjesh apì ta omogen , mporeÐ na mhn èqei

lÔsh ( adÔnato ). Autì sumbaÐnei ìtan oi exis¸seic tou sust matoc
sÔsthma

den eÐnai sumbatèc. Gia na eÐnai sumbatèc oi exis¸seic ja prèpei h tˆxh tou
pÐnaka twn suntelest¸n na eÐnai Ðsh me thn tˆxh tou epauxhmènou pÐnaka.
Autì prokÔptei apì thn parakˆtw prìtash:
Prìtash 5.2.1. Gia na èqei lÔsh to grammikì sÔsthma A·x=b arkeÐ h

tˆxh r tou A
pÐnaka na eÐnai Ðsh me thn tˆxh tou epauxhmènou pÐnaka [A|b]
.

Dhlad  r[A] = r[A|b] .

Eidikìtera, ìtan èqoume sumbatìthta stic exis¸seic tou sust matoc tìte

h lÔsh mporeÐ na eÐnai monadik    ˆpeirec. Oi 3 peript¸seic pou isqÔoun gia
tic lÔseic tou mh omogenoÔc sust matoc sunoyÐzontai pio kˆtw:

• Monadik  lÔsh an r[A|b] = r[A] = n

• 'Apeirec lÔseic an r[A|b] = r[A] < n
• KamÐa lÔsh an r[A|b] > r[A]

Sth sunèqeia ja doÔme paradeÐgmata kai stic 3 peript¸seic.

Parˆdeigma: Na lujeÐ to mh omogenèc sÔsthma:

x1 + x2 + x3 + x 4 + x5 = 7
3x1 + 2x2 + x3 + x4 − 3x5 = −2
x2 + 2x3 + 2x4 + 6x5 = 23
5x1 + 4x2 + 3x3 + 3x4 − x5 = 12

To sÔsthma den eÐnai tetragwnikì, èqei 5 agn¸stouc kai 4 exis¸seic kai epo-
mènwc den mporeÐ na èqei monadik  lÔsh. Gia na xèroume ìmwc an èqei ˆpeirec

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  kamÐa lÔsh ja prèpei na efarmìsoume apaloif  Gauss kai na upologÐsoume
tic tˆxeic r[A] kai r[A|b].
  r1  
1 −→ 1 1 1 1 1 7
1 1 1 1 7 r2 −3r1  −→ r2
−→
  
 3 2 1 1 −3 −2   0 -1 −2 −2 −6 −23 
r3  r3 +r2
−→ −→
  
 0 1 2 2 6 23   0 1 2 2 6 23 
r4 −5r1 r4 −r2
5 4 3 3 −1 12 −→ 0 −1 −2 −2 −6 −23 −→
 
1 1 1 1 1 7
r[A] = r[A|b] = 2
 
 0 -1 −2 −2 −6 −23 
⇒ n − r[A] = 3 αυθαίρετες τιμές στη λύση
 
 0 0 0 0 0 0 
0 0 0 0 0 0

H diadikasÐa thc apaloif c stamatˆei ìtan me thn efarmog  twn stoiqeiw-

d¸n grammoprˆxewn oi dÔo teleutaÐec grammèc tou pÐnaka A èqoun mhdenisteÐ
kai den upˆrqei ˆllo diajèsimo mh mhdenikì stoiqeÐo gia na qrhsimopoihjeÐ wc
odhgì. EpÐ thc ousÐac autì dhl¸nei ìti apì tic 4 arqikèc exis¸seic mìno oi
dÔo eÐnai ousiastikèc. Oi exis¸seic 3 kai 4 den qreiˆzontai giatÐ ekfrˆzoun
akrib¸c thn ' Ðdia plhforoforÐa' pou dÐnoun kai oi dÔo pr¸tec. Epiplèon, o
teleutaÐoc pÐnakac eÐnai skalwtìc me ta 2 odhgˆ stoiqeÐa sthn arq  tou kˆ-
je skalopatioÔ. H tˆxh tou pÐnaka A allˆ kai tou epauxhmènou [A|b] eÐnai
2, sunep¸c oi exis¸seic eÐnai sumbatèc kai oi lÔseic ˆpeirec. Sth lÔsh ja
prèpei na upˆrqoun 3 parˆmetroi pou ja paÐrnoun aujaÐretec timèc. Gia na
brejeÐ h genik  morf  thc lÔshc epilÔoume to sÔsthma pou prokÔptei apì ton
teleutaÐo pÐnaka:

x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x 5 = 7
−x2 − 2x3 − 2x4 − 6x5 = −23

H deÔterh exÐswsh èqei 4 agn¸stouc, sunep¸c epilègoume ton èna kai

lÔnoume thn exÐswsh wc proc autìn. Oi upìloipoi gÐnontai parˆmetroi.

x3 = u1 , x4 = u2 , x5 = u3 ⇒ x2 = −2u1 − 2u2 − 6u3 + 23

LÔnoume thn pr¸th exÐswsh wc proc x1 ::

x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 = 7 ⇒ x1 = u1 + u2 + 5u3 − 16

'Opwc kai sthn perÐptwsh tou omogenoÔc sust matoc oi metablhtèc x1

kai x2 eÐnai oi en¸ oi x3 x4 kai x5
basikèc . H eleÔjerec genik  lÔsh tou

sust matoc epomènwc èqei th morf :

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  
u1 + u2 + 5u3 − 16
−2u1 − 2u2 − 6u3 + 23
R
 
 
x=
 u1 
 με u1 , u2 και u3 ∈
 u2 
u3

       
1 1 5 −16

 −2 

 −2 
 
 −6



 23 
 
ή αλλιώς x = 
 1  u1 +  0  u2 +  0
   
 u3 +


 0 

 0   1   0   0 
0 0 1 0
| {z } | {z }
γενική λύση του ομογενούς μερική λύση του μη ομογενούς

Ed¸ axÐzei na shmei¸soume ìti h genik  lÔsh enìc mh omogenoÔc sust -

matoc emperièqei th genik  lÔsh tou antÐstoiqou omogenoÔc. Ef' ìson ta dÔo
sust mata diafèroun mìno sto deÔtero mèloc, h genik  lÔsh tou omogenoÔc
ja eÐnai ekeÐno to tm ma pou fèrei paramètrouc kai den èqei stajeroÔc ìrouc.
To tm ma ìmwc me touc stajeroÔc ìrouc eÐnai apì mìno tou mÐa lÔsh merik 

tou mh omogenoÔc, diìti prokÔptei ìtan jèsoume u1 = u2 = u3 = 0.

Parˆdeigma: Na lujeÐ to mh omogenèc sÔsthma:

x1 + x2 − x 3 = 1
2x1 + 3x2 − 3x3 = 1
x1 − 3x2 + 3x3 = 1

LÔsh: Efarmìzoume apaloif  Gauss ston epauxhmèno pÐnaka.

   
1 1 1 −1 1
1 −1 1  r2 −2r1
−→
  
 2 3 −3 1   0 1 −1 −1 
r3 −r1 r3 +4r2
1 −3 3 1 −→ 0 −4 4 0 −→
 
1 1 −1 1
  r[A] = 2 < r[A|b] = 3
 0 1 −1 −1  ⇒ αδύνατο σύστημα (καμία λύση)
0 0 0 −4

O teleutaÐoc pÐnakac pou prokÔptei metˆ thn apaloif  eÐnai skalwtìc. H

tˆxh ìmwc tou A den eÐnai Ðdia me thn tˆxh tou [A|b]. 'Eqoume r[A] = 2 kai
r[A|b] = 3 (diìti upˆrqei 3 × 3 mh idiˆzwn upopÐnakac) opìte r[A] < r[A|b]
kai to sÔsthma eÐnai adÔnato.

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Parˆdeigma: Na lujeÐ to mh omogenèc sÔsthma:

x1 + x2 + x3 = 1
2x1 + 3x2 − 3x3 = 1
x1 − 3x2 + 3x3 = 1

LÔsh: Efarmìzoume apaloif  Gauss ston epauxhmèno pÐnaka.

   
1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1  r2 −2r1
−→
  
 2 3 −3 1   0 1 −5 −1 
r3 −r1 r3 +4r2
1 −3 3 1 −→ 0 −4 2 0 −→
 
1 1 −1 1

 0 1
 r[A] = r[A|b] = 3
 −1 −1 
 ⇒ μοναδική λύση
0 0 -18 −4

O teleutaÐoc pÐnakac pou prokÔptei metˆ thn apaloif  eÐnai skalwtìc kai
trigwnikìc. H tˆxh tou A eÐnai 3, Ðdia me thn tˆxh tou [A|b] kai Ðsh me to
pl joc twn agn¸stwn. Epomènwc, to sÔsthma èqei mÐa kai monadik  lÔsh,
thn x1 = 2/3, x2 = 1/9, x3 = 2/9.

5.3 Gewmetrik  ErmhneÐa Susthmˆtwn

'Estw to sÔsthma A · x = b, ìpou to A eÐnai 3 × 3

α11 x + α12 y + α13 z = b1

α21 x + α22 y + α23 z = b2
α31 x + α32 y + α33 z = b3

Kˆje mia apì tic exis¸seic tou sust matoc paristˆnei èna epÐpedo ston
trisdiˆstato q¸ro.

• Eˆn to sÔsthma èqei monadik  lÔsh, tìte gewmetrikˆ autì ermhneÔ-

etai san h tom  3 epipèdwn, pou eÐnai shmeÐo.

• Eˆn to sÔsthma èqei ˆpeirec lÔseic me 1 parˆmetro, tìte autì

dhl¸nei ìti ta 2 epÐpeda tèmnontai se 1 eujeÐa pou brÐsketai pˆnw sto
trÐto epÐpedo. 'Etsi .
o koinìc touc tìpoc eÐnai ˆpeiroc allˆ monodiˆstatoc

AntÐjeta, sthn perÐptwsh pou to sÔsthma èqei ˆpeirec lÔseic me 2

paramètrouc, ta 3 epÐpeda tautÐzontai kai oi lÔseic eÐnai opoiod po-
te shmeÐo autoÔ tou epipèdou. O koinìc touc tìpoc eÐnai ˆpeiroc allˆ

didiˆstatoc.

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• Sth perÐptwsh pou den upˆrqei lÔsh sto sÔsthma, autì dhl¸nei
mÐa apì tic parakˆtw peript¸seic:

(a) Ta 3 epÐpeda tèmnontai anˆ 2 kai to 3o eÐnai parˆllhlo sthn tom 

twn 2 ˆllwn.

(b) Ta 2 epÐpeda eÐnai parˆllhla metaxÔ touc kai to 3o ta tèmnei.

(g) Ta 3 epÐpeda eÐnai parˆllhla metaxÔ touc.

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