“Año de la unidad, la paz y el desarrollo”

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE PIURA

FACULTAD DE ECONOMÍA

Curso:
Álgebra lineal
Tema:
Valores y vectores propios

Docente:
Sonia Casós Fernández
Integrantes:
GUEVARA LÓPEZ, Yari Danely
MORA ROSAS, Darcy Valeria
QUEREVALU RUIZ, Liliana del Carmen
RUIZ PERICHE, Cristhian Andrés
SULLON SERNAQUE, Leiniker Smith

Ciclo:

II

Piura, enero 2023

I . Hallar los valores y vectores propios de las matrices siguientes:
 −2 5 0 
 
1)A=  5 −2 0 
 0 0 1
 
 −2 5 0   1 0 0 
   
Det ( A −  I ) = 0   5 −2 0  −   0 1 0 
 0 0 1 0 0 1
   
−2 −  5 0
 5 −2 −  0 = 0
0 0 1− 
 (−2 −  )(−2 −  )(1 −  ) + 0 + 0 − 0 − 0 − (1 −  ) 25 = 0
 (4 + 4 +  2 )(1 −  ) − 25 + 25 = 0
 − 3 − 3 2 + 25 − 21 = 0
 ( − 1)(− 2 − 4 + 21) = 0
 ( − 1)( + 7)( − 3) = 0
 * = 1 * = 3 * = −7

Para 1 = 1
 −2 − 1 5 0  x11   0 
    
( A − 1I ) x1 = 0   5 −2 − 1 0  x12  =  0 
 0 0 1 − 1   
  x13   0 
 −3 5 0   x11   0 
    
  5 −3 0   x12  =  0 
 0 0 0 x  0
   13   
  1 − 5 0 1 − 5 0
 −3 5 0   1   1 − 3 0 
5
 3   3  1 0 0
   3  2 ( 16 )  
F1  − 
→  0 16 0  ⎯⎯⎯→
3 + 5
→ 5 −3 0  ⎯⎯⎯  0 1 0  ⎯⎯⎯⎯
F2 −5 F1 F F F
  5 −3 0  ⎯⎯⎯ 1 3 2
→0 1 0
   3   
 0 0 0  0 0 0  0 0 0
   0 0 0  0 0 0  
     
 x11   0   0
     
 x11 = x12 = 0; x13 = 1   x12  =  0  → x13  0  ; x13 
x  x  1
 13   13   
Para 2 = −7
 −2 − ( −7) 5 0   x21   0 
    
( A − 2 I ) x1 = 0   5 −2 − ( −7) 0   x22  =  0 
 1 − ( −7)   x23   0 
 0 0
 5 5 0   x21   0   5 5 0  0
        
  5 5 0   x22  =  0    5 5 0  =  0 
 0 0 8 x   0  0 0 8  0
   23       
 x23 = 0, x21 = − x22
 x21   − x22   −1
     
  x22  =  x22  = x22  1  ; x22 
x   0   0
 23     

Para 3 = 3
 −2 − 3 5 0   x31   0 
    
( A − 3 I ) x1 = 0   5 −2 − 3 0   x32  =  0 
 0 1 − 3   x33   0 
 0
 −5 5 0   x31   0   −5 5 0   0
        
  5 −5 0   x32  =  0    5 −5 0  =  0 
 0 0 −2   x33   0   0 0 −2   0 
 
→ x33 = 0, x31 = x32
 x31   x31  1
     
  x32  =  x31  = x31  1  , x31 
x   0   0
 33     

 7 −2 −4 
 
2) A =  3 0 −2 
 6 −2 −3 
 
 7 −2 −4  1 0 0
   
Det ( A −  I ) = 0   3 0 −2  −   0 1 0 
 6 −2 −3  0 0 1
   
7 −  −2 −4
 3 − −2  (7 −  )(− )(−3 −  ) + 24 + 24 − 24 − (28 − 4 ) − (18 + 6 )
6 −2 −3 − 
 21 + 4 2 −  3 + 48 − 24 − 28 + 4 − 18 − 6
 − 3 + 4 2 − 5 + 2 = 0
 ( − 1)(− 2 + 3 − 2) = 0
 ( − 1)(− + 1)( − 2) = 0
→ 1 = 2 = 1, 3 = 2
Para : 1 = 2 = 1
 7 − 1 −2 −4  x11   0 
    
( A −  I ) x1 = 0   3 0 − 1 −2  x12  =  0 
 6 −2 −3 − 1   
  x13   0 
6 −2 −4  x11   0   6 −2 −4   0 
        
 3 −1 −2  x12  =  0    3 −1 −2  =  0 
6 −2 −4      −2 −4   0 
  x13   0   6
6 −2 −4   6 −2 −4   6 −2 −4   0 
  1      
 3 −1 −2  F2 − F1  0 0 0  F3 − F1  0 0 0  =  0 
6 2 
 −2 −4   6 −2 −4  0 0 0  0
   
→ 6 x11 − 2 x12 − 4 x13 = 0
x12 + 2 x13
→ x11 =
3
 x12 + 2 x13  1 2
 x11   3   3  3
       
  x12  =  x12  = x12  1  + x13  0  , x12 y x13 
x    0 1
 13   x13
    
     
Para : 3 = 2
 7 − 2 −2 −4  x21   0 
    
( A −  I ) x1 = 0   3 0−2 −2  x22  =  0 
 6 −2 −3 − 2    
  x23   0 
 5 −2 −4  x21   0   5 −2 −4   0 
        
  3 −2 −2  x22  =  0    3 −2 −2  =  0 
 6 −2 −5  x   0   6 −2 −5   0 
  23       
 
 6 −2 −5   6 −2 −5 
 5 −2 −4   6 −2 −5     
    1  1 5  1
  3 −2 −2  F1  F3  3 −2 −2  F2 − F1 0 −1 F3 − F1 0 −1
 6 −2 2  2  6  2
−5   5 −2 −4  
    5 −2 −4 
  1 1
0 − 
 3 6
6 −2 −5  1
   0   − x22 + x23 = 0 6 x − 2 x − 5 x = 0
1 1  
F3 − F2  0 −1 = 0, 2 , 21 22 23

2  2   1 x21 = x23
0   0 x22 = x23
 0 0 2
 x  1
 x21   23   
  1 1
  x22  =  x23  = x23   , x23 
x  2  2
 23   x  1
 23   
 0 1 0 0
 
0 0 1 0
3) A = 
0 0 0 1
 
0 0 0 1
0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0
   
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
Det ( A −  I ) = 0   − =0
0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
   
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
− 1 0 0
− 1 0
0 − 1 0
  − (−1)1+1 0 − 1  − (− )(− )(1 −  ) = 0
0 0 − 1
0 0 1− 
0 0 0 1− 
 − 3 +  4 = 0 →  3 (−1 +  ) = 0 ;  = 0,  = 1

Para :  = 0
0 1 0 0   x11   0  x11 = 0  x11   0 
     x12 = 0
   
0 0 1 0   x12   0  x 0
( A − I )x = 0 →  = ,   12  =  
0 0 0 1   x13   0  x13 = 0  x13   0 
        
0 0 0 1   x14   0  x14 = 0  x14   0 

Para :  = 1
 −1 1 0 0   x21   0 
    
0 −1 1 0   x22   0 
( A − I )x = 0 →  =
 0 0 −1 1   x23   0 
    
0 0 0 0   x24   0 
• x23 = x24 • x22 = x23 • x21 = x22
 x21   x24   1
     
 x22   x24  1
 = = x24   , x24 
 x23   x24   1
     
 x24   x24   1
 a b 0 0
 
0 a 0 0
4) A = 
0 0 a 0
 
0 0 0 a
a b 0 0 1 0 0 0
   
0 a 0 0 0 1 0 0
Det ( A −  I ) = 0   − =0
0 0 a 0 0 0 1 0
   
0 0 0 a 0 0 0 1
a− b 0 0
a− 0 0
0 a− 0 0
  (a −  )(−1) (1+1)
0 a− 0
0 0 a− 0
0 0 a−
0 0 0 a−
 (a −  )  (a −  )(a −  )( a −  ) 
 (a −  ) 4 = 0  a = 

Para :  = a
0 b 0 0   x11   0   0 b 0 0  0
        
0 0 0 0   x12   0   0 0 0 0  0
( A − I )x = 0   =  =
0 0 0 0   x13   0   0 0 0 0  0
        
0 0 0 0   14   0   0 0 0 0  0
0 b 0 0 0 1 0 0
  F 1  
0 0 0 0  1  b   0 0 0 0
 ⎯⎯⎯ → ; *x14 = x14 *x13 = x13 *x12 = 0 *x11 = x11
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
   
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
 x11   x11  1  0  0
         
 x12   0   0  0 0
 = → x11 + x13 + x14   ; x11 , x13 y x14 
 x13   x13  0 1  0
         
 x14   x14  0  0 1
II. Diagonalizar si es posible las matrices dadas:
 0 −15 −6 
 
1) A =  −1 −2 −2 
 3 15 9 

− −15 −6
Det ( A −  I ) = 0  −1 −2 −  −2
3 15 9−
 (− )(−2 −  )(9 −  ) + 90 + 90 − (36 + 18 ) − 30 − (135 − 15 )
 18 − 7 2 −  3 + 180 − 36 − 18 − 30 − 135 + 15
 − 3 + 7 2 − 15 + 9
 ( − 1)(− 2 + 6 − 9) = 0
 ( − 1)( − 3)( − 3) = 0

Para :  = 3
 0 − 3 −15 −6  x11   0   −3 −15 −6  x11   0 
         
( A −  I ) x = 0   −1 −2 − 3 −2  x12  =  0    −1 −5 −2  x12  =  0 
 3 9 − 3      6    
 15  x13   0   3 15  x13   0 
 −3 −15 −6  1
 −3 −15 −6   −3 −15 −6 
  F2 − 3 F1   F3 + F1  
  −1 −5 −2  ⎯⎯⎯→  0 0 0  ⎯⎯⎯ → 0 0 0
 3 15    0 0 
 6  3 15 6  0
−3 x11 − 15 x12 − 6 x13 = 0

x11 = −5 x12 − 2 x13
 x11   −5 x12 − 2 x13   −5   −2 
       
  x12  =  x12  = x12  1  + x13  0  , x12 y x13 
x    0 1
 13   x13     

Para :  = 1
 0 − 1 −15 −6  x21   0   −1 −15 −6  x21   0 
         
( A −  I ) x = 0   −1 −2 − 1 −2  x22  =  0    −1 −3 −2  x22  =  0 
 3 9 − 1     8    
 15  x23   0   3 15  x23   0 
 −1 −15 −6   1 15 6   1 15 6   1 15 6 
  F1 ( −1)   F2 + F1   F3 −3 F1  
  −1 −3 −2  ⎯⎯⎯→  −1 −3 −2  ⎯⎯⎯ →  0 12 4  ⎯⎯⎯→  0 12 4 
 3 15 8   3 15 8   3 15 8   0 −30 −10 
      
 1 15 6   1 15 6  1
1     x22 + x23 = 0 x21 + 15 x22 + 6 x23 = 0
F2   1  F3 +30 F2  1 3
⎯⎯⎯→  0 1
 12 
⎯⎯⎯⎯ → 0 1 ;
 3   3 1
 0 −30 −10  0 0 0 x22 = − x23 x21 = − x23
    3
 − x23   −1 
 x21     
  1 1
  x22  =  − x23  = x23  −  , x23 
x   3   3
 23   x   1 
 23   
Ahora :
Con los valores propios se forma la matriz diagonal D :
 =1 1 0 0
 
 =3  D = 0 3 0
 =3  0 0 3
 
Con los vectores propios conforman una matriz P :
 −1   −5   −2   −1 −5 −2 
       
 − 13  ,  1  ,  0   P =  − 13 1 0 
  0 1  
 1       1 0 1
Hallemos la matriz invertible de P :
 −1 −5 −2   −1 −5 −2 1 0 0   1 5 2 −1 0 0 
    F1 ( −1)  
P −1 =  − 1 1 0   − 1 1 0 0 1 0  ⎯⎯⎯ → − 1 1 0 0 1 0
3 3 3
     
 1 0 1  1 0 1 0 0 1  1 0 1 0 0 1
1 5 2 −1 0 0 1 5 2 −1 0 0  1 5 2 −1 0 0
1
F2 + F1   F3 − F1   F2 ( 83 )  
⎯⎯⎯ 3
→0 8 2 −1 1 0  ⎯⎯⎯ →0 8 2 −1 1 0  ⎯⎯⎯ →0 1 1 −1 3 0
3 3 3 3 3 3 4 8 8
     
1 0 1 0 0 1  0 −5 −1 1 0 1  0 −5 −1 1 0 1
 1 5 2 −1
 0 0   1 5 2 −1 0 0 

F3 + 5 F2
⎯⎯⎯ →0 1 1 − 1 3 0  ⎯⎯⎯
F3 (4)
→0 1 1 − 1 3 0
 4 8 8  4 8 8 
0 0 1 3   

15 1  0 0 1 3 15 4
4 8 8  2 2 

 1 5 2 −1 0 0   1 5 0 −4 −15 −8 
1
F2 − F3   F1 − 2 F3  
⎯⎯⎯→ 4
 0 1 0 − 2 − 2 −1 ⎯⎯⎯→  0 1 0 − 2 − 2 −1 
1 3 1 3
0 0 1 0 0 1
 3 15 4   3 15 4 
2 2  2 2 
 3 15 
  − − −3 
− 3 − 15 −3 2 2
1 0 0 2 2   
 
 −1 
F1 − 5 F2 −1 1 3
⎯⎯⎯→  0 1 0 − 1 − 3 −1  P = − −
2 2   2 2 
0 0 1   
 3 15 4
2 2   3 15
4 
 2 2 
 La matriz Aes diagonalizable ya que existe una matriz invertible P
 3 15 
− 2 − −3 
 0 −15 −6   −1 −5 −2  1 0 0 2

   1   1
1 0 0 3 0− −1 
−1 3
 A = PDP   −1 −2 −2  =  − −
3  
 3 15   0 0 3 2 2

 9   1 0 1   3 15
 4 
 2 2 
  4 6 6 
 
2) A =  1 3 2 
 −1 −5 −2 

 4 6 6  1 0 0 4− 6 6
   
Det ( A −  I ) = 0   1 3 2  −  0 1 0  1 3− 2 =0
 −1 −5 −2  0 0 1 −1 −5 −2 − 
   
 (4 −  )(3 −  )(−2 −  ) − 12 − 30 − (−18 + 6 ) − (−40 + 10 ) − (−12 − 6 ) = 0
 ( −24 + 2 + 5 2 −  3 ) − 42 + 18 − 6 + 40 − 10 + 12 + 6 = 0
 − 3 + 5 2 − 8 + 4 = 0
 ( − 1)(− 2 + 4 − 4) = 0
 ( − 1)(− + 2)( − 2) = 0  =1 =2

Para :  = 1
 3 6 6   x11   0   3 6 6  0
        
( A − I )x = 0   1 2 2   x12  =  0    1 2 2  = 0
 −1 −5 −3   x   0   −1 −5 −3   0 
   13       
 3 6 6   1 2 2   1 2 2  1 2 2
  F1  F2   F2 −3 F1   F3 + F1  
 1 2 2  ⎯⎯⎯→  3 6 6  ⎯⎯⎯→  0 0 0  ⎯⎯⎯ →0 0 0 
 −1 −5 −3   −1 −5 −3   −1 −5 −3  0 −3 −1
      
−x12 − x13 = 0  x11 + 2 x12 + 2 x13 = 0
 1 4
x12 = − x13 x11 = − x13
3 3
 4   4
 − 3 x13  − 3
 x11     
   1   1
  x12  = − x13 = x13 − , x13 
   3
x   3   
 13 
 x13   1 
   

Para :  = 2
 2 6 6   x21   0   2 6 6  0
        
( A − I )x = 0   1 1 2   x22  =  0    1 1 2  = 0
 −1 −5 −4   x23   0   −1 −5 −4   0 
 
1 1 2 
 2 6 6   1 1 2  1 1 2  1  
  F2  F1   F2 − 2 F   F2 ( 4 )  1 
 1 1 2  ⎯⎯⎯→  2 6 6  ⎯⎯⎯
F3 + F1
→0 4 2  ⎯⎯⎯ → 0 1
 −1  2 
−5 −4   −1 −5 
−4  0 −4 
−2  0
  
 −4 −2 
1 1 2 1
   x22 + x23 = 0  x21 + x22 + 2 x23 = 0
1
F3 + 4 F2
⎯⎯⎯ → 0 1  2
 2 1 3
0  x22 = − x23 x21 = − x23
 0 0 2 2
 3   3
 − 2 x23  − 2
 21  
x   
 
  x22  =  − x23  = x23  −  ,
1 1
x23 
   2
x   2   
 23 
 x23   1 
   

 La matriz no es diagonalizable porque tiene dos vectores iguales.

  3 2 4
 
3) A =  2 0 2 
 4 2 3
 
 3 2 4 1 0 0  3− 2 4
   
Det ( A −  I ) = 0   2 0 2  −   0 1 0  = 0  2 − 2 =0
 4 2 3  0 0 19  2 3−
    4
 (3 −  )(− )(3 −  ) + 16 + 16 − (−16 ) − (12 − 4 ) − (12 − 4 ) = 0
 (−9 + 6 2 −  3 + 32 + 16 − 12 + 4 − 12 + 4 = 0
 − 3 + 6 2 + 15 + 8 = 0
 ( + 1)(− 2 + 7 + 8) = 0
 ( + 1)(− + 8)( + 1) = 0  = −1  =8

Para :  = −1
 3 +1 2 4   x11   0   4 2 4   0 
        
( A − I )x = 0   2 0 + 1 2   x12  =  0    2 1 2  =  0 
 4 3 + 1  x13   0   4 2 4   0 
 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
 4 2 4  2   2  * x + x12 + x13 = 0
  F1 ( 1 4 ) 
11
  2 1 2  ⎯⎯⎯→ 2 1 2  ⎯⎯⎯ F2 − 2 F1
→ 0 0 0, 2
F −4 F
 4 2 4   3 1   1
   4 2 4 0 0 0 x11 = − x12 − x13
    2
 1   1
 − x12 − x13  − 2
 11 
x 2  −1
       
  x12  =  x12  = x12  1  + x13  0  , x12 y x13 
x     0  1
 13   x13
    
   

Para :  = 8
3−8 2 4   x21   0   −5 2 4   0 
        
( A − I )x = 0   2 0−8 2   x22  =  0    2 −8 2  =  0 
 4 3 − 8   x23   0   4 2 −5   0 
 2
 2 4  2 4
 2 4  1 − −   1 − − 
 −5 2 4  1 − 5 − 5  
5 5
 F − 5  
5 5

 1
  F1  −    F2 − 2 F1  36 18  2  36   1
  2 −8 2  ⎯⎯⎯  5
→  2 −8 2  ⎯⎯⎯ → 0 − ⎯⎯⎯⎯ → 0 1 −
F3 − 4 F1  5 5   2
 4 2 −5  4 2 −5     
   
  
0
18 9
−   0 18 9
− 
 5 5  5 5
 2 4
1 − 5 − 5   1 0 −1  1
18   2   0 x22 − x23 = 0 x21 − x23 = 0
→  0 1 −  ⎯⎯⎯→  0 1 − 1  =  0;
F3 − F2 1 F + F 2
⎯⎯⎯⎯
1 2
5 5
 2   2     1
     0 x22 = x23 x21 = x23
 0 0 0 

0 0 0  2
 
 x  1
 x21   23   
  1  1
  x22  = x23 = x23   , x23 
x  2  2
 23   x  1
 23   
Ahora :
Con los valores propios se forma la matriz diagonal D :
 = −1  −1 0 0 
 
 = −1
 D =  0 −1 0 
 =8  0 0 8
 
Con los vectores propios conformanuna matriz P :
− 1   − 1 −1 1 
 1 
 −1  2 
 2  
 1 ,    1 
1
 2
 0 ,  P = 0 1
   2
1
   0
 0   
 1  1 1 
   
Hallemos la matriz invertible de P :
 − 1 −1 1   − 1 −1 1
 2   2 1 0 0  1 2 −2 −2 0 0  1 2 −2 −2 0 0 
    
P = 1 0 1  1 ( )
−1 − 
0 1 0 1 0  ⎯⎯⎯ →  1 0 1 0 1 0  ⎯⎯⎯ →0
F 2 F F
1 2 3
1 1 0 0 1
 2   2 2
 0   0 0 1  1 0 1 2 0 1 0 
1 1   0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 
  
 1 2 −2 −2 0 0   1 2 −2 −2 0 0  2
 1 2 −2 −2 0 0 
F3 − F1   F3 + 2 F2   F3 ( 9 )  
⎯⎯⎯ → 0 1 1 0 0 1  ⎯⎯⎯→  0 1 1 0 0 1  ⎯⎯⎯ →0 1 1 0 0 1 
 0 −2 5 2 2 1 0  0 0 9 2 2 1 2 0 0 1 4 9 2 9 4 9 
    
 1 2 −2 −2 0 0   1 2 0 −10 9 4 9 8 9 
F2 − F3   F1 + 2 F3  
⎯⎯⎯→  0 1 0 − 4 9 −2 9 5 9  ⎯⎯⎯→  0 1 0 − 4 9 −2 9 5 9 
0 0 1 4 9 2 9 4 9 0 0 1 4 9 2 9 4 9 
  
 2 8 2
− 9 9 − 9 
1 0 0 − 2 9 8 9 −2 9  
F1 − 2 F2   −1  4 2 5 
⎯⎯⎯→  0 1 0 − 4 9 −2 9 5 9   P = − −
 9 9 9 
0 0 1 4 9 2 9 4 9   
 
 4 2 4 

 9 9 9 
 La matriz Aes diagonalizable ya que existeuna matriz invertible P
 2 8 2
 − −
− 1 −1 1  9 9 9
 3 2 4  2   −1 0 0   
−1        4 2 5 
 A = PDP   2 0 2  = 1 0 1  0 −1 0  − −
 2  9 9 9 
 4 2 3    0 0 8 
  0 1 1   4 2 4 
   
 9 9 9 
  −2 5 0 
 
4) A =  5 −2 0  ; Esta matriz a sido desarrollada en el primer apartado
 0 0 1
 
→ Valores:  = 1,  = 3,  = −7
 0   1   −1 
      
→Vectores :  0  ;  1  ;  1  
 1   0   0  
      
Ahora :
Con los valores propios se forma la matriz diagonal D :
 =1 1 0 0 
 
 =3  D = 0 3 0 
 = −7  0 0 −7 
 
Con los vectores propios conforman una matriz P :
 0   1   −1  0 1 −1
       
 0;  1;  1   P =  0 1 1 
1 0  0  1 0 0 
       
Hallemos la matriz invertible de P :
0 1 −1  0 1 −1 1 0 0
−1   
P = 0 1 1   0 1 1 0 1 0
1 0 0   1 0 0 0 0 1 

0 1 −1 1 0 0  1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1
  F3  F1   F3 − F2  
 0 1 1 0 1 0  ⎯⎯⎯→  0 1 1 0 1 0  ⎯⎯⎯ →0 1 1 0 1 0
1 0 0 0 0 1  0 1 −1 1 0 0   0 0 −2 1 −1 0 
   

1 0 0 0 0 1  1 0 0 0 0 1   0
 0 1 
 1
F3  − 
 
⎯⎯⎯→  2
0 1 1 0 1 0  ⎯⎯⎯ F2 − F3
→ 0 1 0 1 1 0   P −1 =  1 1 0
 2 2   2 2 
0 0 1 1 0 0 1  
 − 0  0
1
 − 1 1 0 − 1 1
2 2 2 2   2 2 
 La matriz Aes diagonalizable ya que existe una matriz invertible P
 0 1 
 −2 5 0   0 1 −1  1 0 0   0
    
 A = PDP −1   5 −2 0  =  0 1 1   0 3 0   1 1 0
 2 2 
 0 0 1   1 0 0   0 0 −7  
     −1 1 0
 2 2 
III. Halle tres vectores LI que sean vectores propios y/o vectores propios generalizados:
 5 −1 1 
 
1. A =  −1 9 −3 
 −2 2 4 
 
Valores :
 5 −1 1  1 0 0 5− −1 1
   
Det ( A −  I ) = 0   −1 9 −3  −   0 1 0   −1 9 −  −3 = 0
 −2 2 4  0 0 1 −2 4−
    2
 (5 −  )(9 −  )(4 −  ) − 6 − 2 − ( −2)(9 −  ) − ( −6)(5 −  ) − (4 −  ) = 0
 (180 − 56 + 4 2 − 45 + 14 2 −  3 ) − 8 + 18 − 2 + 30 − 6 − 4 +  = 0
 − 3 + 18 2 − 108 + 216 = 0
 ( − 6)3 = 0;  = 6

Vectores :
Para :  = 6
  5 −1 1   1 0 0    x11   0   −1 −1 1  x11   0 
           
( A −  I ) x = 0    −1 9 −3  − 6  0 1 0    x12  =  0    −1 3 −3  x12  =  0 
  −2 2 4   0 0 1    x   0   −2 2 −2  x   0 
      13      13   
 −1 −1 1   1 1 −1   1 1 −1   1 1 −1 
  F1 ( −1)   F2 + F1   F2 ( 1 4 )  
  −1 3 −3  ⎯⎯⎯→  −1 3 −3  ⎯⎯⎯ F3 + 2 F1
→  0 4 −4  ⎯⎯⎯→  0 1 −1 
 −2 2 −2   −2 2 −2   0 4 −4   0 4 −4 
       
 1 1 −1 1 0 0 
F3 − 4 F2  F1 − F2   *x − x = 0
⎯⎯⎯→  0 1 −1 ⎯⎯⎯ →  0 1 −1 ; 12 13 *x11 = 0
0 0 0  0 0 0  x12 = x13
   
 x11   0   0
     
  x12  =  x13  = x13  1  ; x13 
x  x  1
 13   13   

 0  0  0  0  0
         
→ V  x13  = x13  1  → v1  1  = t  1  ; * v1  1 
x  1 1 1 1
 13         

Vectores propios generalizados :

  5 −1 1   1 0 0    x   0   −1 −1 1  x   0 
           
( A −  I )v2 = v1    −1 9 −3  − 6  0 1 0    y  =  1    −1 3 −3  y  =  1 
  −2 2 4   0 0 1    z   1   −2 2 −2  z   1 
           
 −1 −1 1 0   1 1 −1 0   1 1 −1 0   1 1 −1 0 
  F1 ( −1)   F2 + F1   F2 ( 14 )  
  −1 3 −3 1  ⎯⎯⎯→  −1 3 −3 1  ⎯⎯⎯ F3 + 2 F1
→  0 4 −4 1  ⎯⎯⎯→  0 1 −1 1 
4
 −2 2 −2 1   −2 2 −2 1   0 4 −4 1   0 4 −4 
       1 
  −1 
 1 1 −1 0  1 0 0 4  *y − z = 1
  F −F 
→ 0 1 −1 1  ;
F3 − 4 F2 4 1
⎯⎯⎯→  0 1 −1 1  ⎯⎯⎯ 1 2
*x = −
4  4 
 0 0 0   0 0 0  y = z +
1 4
 0   0  4
 
 1   1  1
 − 4  − 4 − 4
 x        −1
   1  5   5   
→  y = z + =  v2 = =t 5
 4   4   4   
z        4 
  z 1 1
     
     

  5 −1 1   1 0 0    x   −1  −1 −1 1   x   −1
           
( A −  I )v3 = v2    −1 9 −3  − 6  0 1 0    y  =  5    −1 3 −3   y  =  5 
  −2 2 4   0 0 1    z   4   −2 2 −2   z   4 
           
 −1 −1 1 −1  1 1 −1 1   1 1 −1 1   1 1 −1 1 
  F1 ( −1)   F2 + F1   F2 ( 1 4 )  
  −1 3 −3 5  ⎯⎯⎯→  −1 3 −3 5  ⎯⎯⎯ F3 + 2 F1
→  0 4 −4 6  ⎯⎯⎯ →  0 1 −1 6 
4
 −2 2 −2 4   −2 2 −2 4   0 4 −4 6   0 4 −4 
       6 
 −1 
 1 1 −1 1  1 0 0 2  *y − z = 3
 
→  0 1 −1 3  ;
F3 − 4 F2 F1 − F2 2 1
⎯⎯⎯→  0 1 −1 6 4  ⎯⎯⎯ x=−
 2 
 0 0 0  0 0 0 0  y = z +
3 2
 0    2
 
 1   1  1
 − 2  − 2 − 2
 x        −1
   3  5   =t 5 
→ v3 = 
5
→  y = z + →
z 
 2   2   2   
       2
 1   1   1 
     

0  −1  −1  0 −1 −1

       
 v1 =  1  ; v1 =  5  ; v1 =  5    1 5 5  , Vectores generalizados LI
1 4 2 1 4 2 
       
  −2 −12 10 
 
2. A =  2 −24 11 
 2 −24 8 
 
Valores :
 −2 −12 10  1 0 0 −2 −  −12 10
   
Det ( A −  I ) = 0   2 −24 11  −   0 1 0  = 0  2 −24 −  11 = 0
 2 −24 8  0 0 1 −24 8−
    2
 (−2 −  )(−24 −  )(8 −  ) + (−264) + (−480) − (480 − 20 ) − (528 + 264 ) − (−192 + 24 ) = 0
 (384 + 192 − 48 − 24 2 + 16 + 8 2 − 2 2 −  3 ) − 744 + 480 + 20 − 528 − 264 + 192 − 24 = 0
 − 3 − 18 2 − 108 − 216 = 0
 ( + 6)3 = 0;  = −6

Vetores propios :
Para :  = −6
 −2 −12 10   1 0 0   x   0   4 −12 10   x   0 
           
( A −  I ) x = 0   2 −24 11  − (−6)  0 1 0   y  =  0    2 −18 11   y  =  0 
 2 −24 8   0 0 1   z   0   2 −24 14   z   0 
           
 1 −3 5   1 −3 5   1 −3 5 
 4 −12 10  1  2  2 1  2 
  F1 ( 4 )  
→ 0 1 −1 
F2 ( − )
  2 −18 11  ⎯⎯⎯ → 2 −18 11  ⎯⎯⎯ F2 − 2 F
→  0 −12 6  ⎯⎯⎯ 12
⎯
 
F3 − 2 F
   2
 2 −24 14  − − 
   2 24 14   0 18 9   0 −18 9 
     
 1 −3 5 
 2  1 0 1   0  * y − 1 z = 0 *x + z = 0
   
F3 +18 F2
⎯⎯⎯⎯ →  0 1 − 1  ⎯⎯⎯ F1 + 3 F2
→ 0 1 − 1  =  0; 2
 2 2 1
 0 0     y= z x = −z
0  0 0 0  0 2
 
 −z   −1  −1 
 x        −2 
  1  1 1  
 y  = z = z   → v1   = t  1 
z 2  2 2  
   z  1 1  2
     
  −1 1 0 
 
3. A =  1 −1 −2 
 −1 −1 −1 
 
Valores :
 −1 1 0  1 0 0 −1 −  1 0
   
Det ( A −  I ) = 0   1 −1 −2  −   0 1 0  = 0  1 −1 −  −2 = 0
 −1 −1 −1  0 0 1 −1 −1 −1 − 
   
 (−1 −  )(−1 −  )(−1 −  ) + (1)(−2)(−1) + 0(1)( −1) − ( −1 −  )(1)(1) − ( −1 −  )0( −1) − (−1)(−2)(−1 −  ) = 0
 (1 + 2 +  2 )(−1 −  ) + 2 + 1 +  + 2 + 2 = 0
 −1 − 2 −  2 −  − 2 2 −  3 + 5 + 3 = 0
 − 3 − 3 2 + 4 = 0
 ( − 1)( + 2)(− − 2) = 0 →  = 1;  = −2

Vetores propios :
Para :  = 1
 −1 1 0   1 0 0  x   0   −2 1 0  x   0 
           
( A −  I ) x = 0   1 −1 −2  − (1)  0 1 0  y  =  0    1 −2 −2  y  =  0 
 −1 −1 −1   0 0 1  z   0   −1 −1 −2  z   0 
           
 1 −1 0 1 − 1 0 1 − 1 0 
 −2 1 0   1  2   2   2   2 
  F1  − 2   F2  − 
0 4 
  1 −2 −2  ⎯⎯⎯→ 1 −2 −2  ⎯⎯⎯ F2 − F1
→0 − 3 −2  ⎯⎯⎯→  3
1
 
F3 + F1  2   3
 −1 −1 −2 
   −1 −1 −2   0 − 3 −2  
0 −3

−2 
   2   2 
1 − 1 0  1 0 2 
3  2  1  3  * y + 4 z = 0 *x + 2 z = 0
F3 + F2
⎯⎯⎯→ 2 0 1 4  ⎯⎯⎯→
F1 + F2
2 0 1 4   3 3
 3  3 4 2
0 0 0   0 0 0  y=− z x=− z
    3 3
− 2 z − 2  − 2 
 x  3   3  3
   4   
 y  = − z = z −4 → v1  − 4 
 3   3  3
z      1 
   z   1 
     
Para :  = −2
 −1 1 0   1 0 0  x   0   1 1 0  x   0 
           
( A −  I ) x = 0   1 −1 −2  − (−2)  0 1 0  y  =  0    1 1 −2  y  =  0 
 −1 −1 −1   0 0 1  z   0   −1 −1 1    
         z   0 
1 1 0 1 1 0   1 1 1 0 1 1 0
  F2 − F1   F2  − 2    F3 − F2  
  1 1 −2  ⎯⎯⎯ F3 + F1
→  0 0 −2  ⎯⎯⎯→  0 0 1  ⎯⎯⎯ → 0 0 1
 −1 −1 1    0 0 1 0 0 0 
  0 0 1    
 x −y  −1  −1
*x + y = 0        
*z = 0  y  =  y  = y  1  → v2  1 
x = −y z  0  0 0
       
Hallamos otro vector :
 −1 1 0   1 0 0  x   −1  1 1 0  x   −1
           
( A − 2 I )v3 = v2   1 −1 −2  − (−2)  0 1 0  y  =  1    1 1 −2  y  =  1 
 −1 −1 −1   0 0 1  z   0   −1 −1 1  z   0 
           
 1 1 0 −1  1 1 0 −1  1
 1 1 0 −1  1 1 0 −1
  F2 − F1   F2  − 2    F3 − F2  
  1 1 −2 1  ⎯F⎯⎯ 3 + F1
→  0 0 −2 2  ⎯⎯⎯→  0 0 1 −1 ⎯⎯⎯ →  0 0 1 −1 
 −1 −1 1 0   0 0 1 −1  0 0 1 −1 0 0 0 0 
       
 x   − y − 1  x   −2   −2 
*x + y = −1          
*z = −1   y  =  y  ; y = t : t  ; t = 1   y  =  1  → v3 =  1 
x = − y −1  z   −1   z   −1   −1 
         

 2
− 3
   −1  −2 
 4    
 v1 = − ; v2 =  1  ; v3 =  1  ; Hemos obtenido 3 vectores LI .
 3
  0  −1 
1    
 
 
IV ) Demuestre que :
a ) A−1 existe si y solo si los valores propios son diferentes a 0
p ( ) = A −  I , si  = 0 y p (0) = 0
p (0) = A − 0 I = A
0= A
1
ahora A−1 = adj ( A), A−1 existe si A  0
A
1
A−1 = adj ( A) → A−1 no existe
0
 Para que A−1 exista   − {0}

b) Si A es semejante a B, demuestre que det( A) = det( B)

A = P −1 BP, A y B tienen el mismo polinomio caracteristico
det( A −  I ) = det( P −1 BP −  I )
det( A −  I ) = det( P −1 BP − P −1 IP)
det( A −  I ) = det[( P −1 )( B −  I )( P)]
det( A −  I ) = det( P −1 ) det( B −  I ) det( P)
det( A −  I ) = det( P −1 ) det( P) det( B −  I )
det( A −  I ) = det( P −1 P) det( B −  I )
det( A −  I ) = det( B −  I )
det( A) = det( B)

  
c) Los valores propios de la matriz A =   son  + i  y  − i 
 −  
 −   
A − I =   → (a −  ) +  = 0
2 2

 −  −  
( a −  ) 2 = −  2 → a −  = i  →  =  i 

d ) A y At tienen los mismos valores propios

propiedad : det( A) = det( At )
entonces det( A −  I ) = det( At −  I )
por lo que A y At son semejantes

e) Si A es semejante a B, entonces An es semejante a B n , n 

An = AAn −1 = AAAn − 2 = AAAAA...( n veces)
= ( P −1 BP)( P −1 BP)( P −1 BP)( P −1 BP)...(n veces )
An = P −1 B n P
 An es semejante a B n
V )Calcular :
1 0 
1) Si D =   , calcular D
20

 0 − 1 
1 −  0 
D − I =   = (1 −  )(−1 −  ) =  − 1 → D = I
2 2

 0 −1 −  
D 20 = ( D 2 )10 = I 10 = I
1 0
D 20 =  
0 1

 3 −4 
2) Si A =   , calcular A
20

 2 −3 
3−  −4 
A − I =   =  −1 → A = I
2 2

 2 − 3 −  
A20 = ( A2 )10 = I 10 = I
1 0
A20 =  
0 1

3) Los vectores u = (1, −1, 0), v = (2, −1, −2), w = (1, −1, −2) son autovectores de la matriz
1 0 −1
 
A = 1 2 1  , asimismo que son LI , y hallar la matriz asociada a la transformación
2 2 3 

f ( x) = AX respecto a la base {u , v, w}
1 −  0 −1 
 
A − I =  1 2− 1  = − 3 + 6 2 − 11 + 6 = 0 →  = 1,  = 2,  = 3
 2 3 −  
 2
→ Au = u
 1 0 −1 1   1   1   1 
        
 1 2 1  −1 =  −1 →  −1 = 1 −1
 2 2 3  0   0   0   0 
        
 u = (1, −1, 0) es un autovector a la matriz A con valor propio 1
→ Av =  v
 1 0 −1 2   4   4   2
        
 1 2 1  −1  =  −2  →  −2  = 2  −1 
 2 2 3  −2   −4   −4   −2 
        
 u = (2, −1, −2) es un autovector a la matriz A con valor propio 2
→ Aw =  w
 1 0 −1 1   3   3  1
        
 1 2 1  −1  =  −3  →  −3  = 3  −1 
 2 2 3  −2   −6   −6   −2 
        
 u = (3, −3, −6) es un autovector a la matriz A con valor propio 3
ahora :
 1   2   1  0
       
B = a  −1 + b  −1  + c  −1  =  0 
 0   −2   −2   0 
       
 1 2 1  a   0 
    
B =  −1 −1 −1  b  =  0 
 0 −2 −2  c   0 
    
1 2 1
B = −1 −1 −1 = 2 → B = 2 → B  0
0 −2 −2
 entonces B tiene autovectores LI
por ultimo :
1 0 −1 1   1 
    
Au =  1 2 1  −1 =  −1
2 2 3    
  0   0 
1 0 −1 2   4 
    
Av =  1 2 1  −1  =  −2 
2 2 3    
  −2   −4 
 1 0 −1 1   3 
    
Aw =  1 2 1  −1  =  −3 
 2 2 3  −2   −6 
    
1 4 3
 
matriz asociada :  −1 −2 −3 
 0 −4 −6 
 