MATH 1100 Homework Han-Bom Moon

Homework 3 Solution
Section 2.5

2.5.14 Find the inverse, if it exists, for

" #
−3 −8
.
1 3

" # " # " #

−3 −8 1 0 R1 ↔R2 1 3 0 1 3R1 +R2 →R2 1 3 0 1
−→ −→
1 3 0 1 −3 −8 1 0 0 1 1 3
" #
−3R2 +R1 →R1 1 0 −3 −8
−→
0 1 1 3
" #−1 " #
−3 −8 −3 −8
⇒ = .
1 3 1 3

2.5.18 Find the inverse, if it exists, for

 
1 3 0
 0 2 −1  .
 
1 0 2
   
1 3 0 1 0 0 1 3 0 1 0 0
 −R1 +R3 →R3 
 0 2 −1 0 1 0  −→  0 2 −1 0 1 0 
 
1 0 2 0 0 1 0 −3 2 −1 0 1
   
3
1
1 3 0 1 0 0 1 0 2 1 − 32 0
2 2
R →R2   −3R2 +R1 →R1 
−→  0 1 − 12 0 21 0  −→  0 1 − 12 0 1
0 

2
0 −3 2 −1 0 1 0 −3 2 −1 0 1
   
1 0 32 1 − 32 0 1 0 32 1 − 23 0
3R2 +R3 →R3  1 1  2R3 →R3 
−→  0 1 −2 0 0  −→  0 1 − 21 0 1
0

2 2 
1 3
0 0 2 −1 2 1 0 0 1 −2 3 2
   
1 0 0 4 −6 −3 1 0 0 4 −6 −3
− 23 R3 +R1 →R1  1
 2 R3 +R2 →R2
1 1
−→  0 1 −2 0 0 −→  0 1 0 −1 2 1 
 
2 
0 0 1 −2 3 2 0 0 1 −2 3 2
 −1  
1 3 0 4 −6 −3
⇒  0 2 −1  =  −1 2 1 
   
1 0 2 −2 3 2

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MATH 1100 Homework Han-Bom Moon

2.5.24 Find the inverse, if it exists, for

 
4 1 −4
 2 1 −1  .
 
−2 −4 5

   
1 1
4 1 −4 1 0 0 1
1 4 −1 4 0 0
 4 R1 →R1 
 2 1 −1 0 1 0  −→  2 1 −1 0 1 0 
 
−2 −4 5 0 0 1 −2 −4 5 0 0 1
   
1 1
1 4 −1 4 0 0 1 14 −1 41 0 0
−2R1 +R2 →R2  1 2R +R →R
1 − 12 1 0   0 12 1 − 12
1 3 3
−→  0 −→ 1 0 
  
2
7 1
−2 −4 5 0 0 1 0 −2 3 2 0 1
   
1 41 −1 14 0 0 1
1 0 − 32 12 − 12 0
2R2 →R2   − 4 R2 +R1 →R1 
−→  0 1 2 −1 2 0  −→  0 1 2 −1 2 0 

7 1 7 1
0 −2 3 2 0 1 0 −2 3 2 0 1
   
7
1 0 − 32 12 − 12 0 1
1 0 − 32 1
2 − 12 0
2
R 2 +R 3 →R 3  10 R3 →R 3
−→  0 1 2 −1 2 0  −→  0 1 2 −1 2 0 
  
3 7 1
0 0 10 −3 7 1 0 0 1 − 10 10 10
   
1 11 3 1 11 3
3
1 0 0 20 20 20 1 0 0 20 20 20
R +R1 →R1 
2 3  −2R3 +R2 →R2  2 3
−→  0 1 2 −1 2 0  −→  0 1 0 −5 − 15

5 
3 7 1 3 7 1
0 0 1 − 10 10 10 0 0 1 − 10 10 10
 −1  
1 11 3
4 1 −4 20 20 20
⇒ 2 1 −1  =  − 52 3
− 15 
   
5
3 7 1
−2 −4 5 − 10 10 10

2.5.36 Solve
2x + y = 1
3y + z = 8
4x − y − 3z = 8
by using the inverse of the coefficient matrix if it exists and by the Gauss-Jordan
method if the inverse doesn’t exist.
    
2 1 0 x 1
0 3 1 =
   8 
y
    

4 −1 −3 z 8
   
2 1 0 1 0 0 1
1 21 0 12 0 0
R →R1
2 1
 0 3 1 0 1 0  −→  0 3 1 0 1 0 
   
4 −1 −3 0 0 1 4 −1 −3 0 0 1

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MATH 1100 Homework Han-Bom Moon
   
1 21 0 1
2 0 0 1
1 12 0 1
2 0 0
−4R1 +R3 →R3   3 R2 →R2  1
−→  0 3 1 0 1 0  −→  0 1 0 31 0 

3
0 −3 −3 −2 0 1 0 −3 −3 −2 0 1
   
1
1 0 − 16 21 − 16 0 1 0 − 16 12 − 61 0
− 2 R2 +R1 →R1   3R2 +R3 →R3 
1 1
−→  0 1 0 0  −→  0 1 13 0 1
0 

3 3 3
0 −3 −3 −2 0 1 0 0 −2 −2 1 1
   
1 1 1 2 1 1
1 0 − 6 2 − 6 0 1 0 0 3 − 4 − 12
− 21 R3 →R3  1
 6 R3 +R1 →R1 
−→  0 1 13 0 13 0  −→  0 1 13 0 13 0 

0 0 1 1 − 21 − 21 0 0 1 1 − 12 − 21
 
1
1 0 0 32 − 14 − 12 1
− 3 R3 +R2 →R2 
−→  0 1 0 − 13 1 1 
2 6 
1 1
0 0 1 1 −2 −2
 −1  
2
2 1 0 3 − 14 − 12 1

 0 3 1  =  − 31 1 1
   
2 6 
1 1
4 −1 −3 1 −2 −2
   −1     
2 1 1
x 2 1 0 1 − − 1
    31 1
4
1
12
 y = 0 3 1   8  =  −3  8 
    
2 6
z 4 −1 −3 8 1 − 21 − 12 8
   
2 1 1
3 · 1 + (− 4 ) · 8 + (− 12 ) · 8 −2
= − 12 · 1 + 12 · 8 + 16 · 8 = 5 
   
1 · 1 + (− 12 ) · 8 + (− 12 ) · 8 −7
x = −2, y = 5, z = −7

2.5.60 An electronics company produces transistors, resistors, and computer chips.

Each transistor requires 3 units of copper, 1 unit of zinc, and 2 units of glass.
Each resistor requires 3, 2, and 1 units of the three materials, and each computer
chip requires 2, 1, and 2 units of these materials, respectively. How many of each
product can be made with the following amounts of materials?

(a) 810 units of copper, 410 units of zinc, and 490 units of glass
Suppose that x is the number of transistors, y is the number of resistors, and
z is the number of chips.
From the amount of copper we use, we have 3x + 3y + 2z = 810. From that
of zinc, we have x + 2y + z = 410. Finally, from the amount of glass, we
obtain an equation 2x + y + 2z = 490. Therefore we have a system of linear

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MATH 1100 Homework Han-Bom Moon

equations

3x + 3y + 2z = 810
x + 2y + z = 410
2z + y + 2z = 490,

or equivalently, a matrix equation

    
3 3 2 x 810
 1 2 1   y  =  410  .
    
2 1 2 z 490

Let’s compute the inverse matrix.

   
3 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 1 0 1 0
 R1 ↔R2 
 1 2 1 0 1 0  −→  3 3 2 1 0 0 
 
2 1 2 0 0 1 2 1 2 0 0 1
   
1 2 1 0 1 0 1 2 1 0 1 0
−3R1 +R2 →R2   −2R1 +R3 →R3 
−→  0 −3 −1 1 −3 0  −→  0 −3 −1 1 −3 0 

2 1 2 0 0 1 0 −3 0 0 −2 1
   
1
1 2 1 0 1 0 1 0 13 2
3 −1 0
− 3 R2 →R2   −2R2 +R1 →R1 
−→  0 1 13 − 13 1 0  −→  0 1 13 − 13 1 0 

0 −3 0 0 −2 1 0 −3 0 0 −2 1
   
1 0 31 2
3 −1 0 1
1 0 0 1 − 43 − 13
3R2 +R3 →R3   − 3 R3 +R1 →R1 
−→  0 1 13 − 31 1 0  −→  0 1 13 − 13 1 0 

0 0 1 −1 1 1 0 0 1 −1 1 1
 
1 0 0 1 − 43 − 13
− 13 R3 +R2 →R2 
2
−→  0 1 0 0 − 13 

3
0 0 1 −1 1 1
 −1  
3 3 2 1 − 43 − 13
2
⇒ 1 2 1  = 0 − 13 
   
3
2 1 2 −1 1 1
   −1     
x 3 3 2 810 1 − 43 − 13 810
2
 y  =  1 2 1   410  =  0 − 13   410 
        
3
z 2 1 2 490 −1 1 1 490
   
1 · 810 + (− 34 ) · 410 + (− 31 ) · 490 100
2 1
=  0 · 810 + 3 · 410 + (− 3 ) · 490  =  110 
   
−1 · 810 + 1 · 410 + 1 · 490 90
So we can produce 100 transistors, 110 resistors, and 90 chips.

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MATH 1100 Homework Han-Bom Moon

(b) 765 units of copper, 385 units of zinc, and 470 units of glass
By the same procedure, we can make a matrix equation
    
3 3 2 x 765
 1 2 1   y  =  385  .
    
2 1 2 z 470
    
x 1 − 43 − 13 765
2
 y = 0 − 13   385 
    
3
z −1 1 1 470
   
1 · 765 + (− 34 ) · 385 + (− 31 ) · 470 95
=  0 · 765 + 23 · 385 + (− 31 ) · 470  =  100 
   
−1 · 765 + 1 · 385 + 1 · 470 90
Therefore we can produce 95 transistors, 100 resistors, and 90 chips.
(c) 1010 units of copper, 500 units of zinc, and 610 units of glass
By the same procedure, we can make a matrix equation
    
3 3 2 x 1010
 1 2 1   y  =  500  .
    
2 1 2 z 610
    
x 1 − 43 − 13 1010
2
 y = 0 − 13   500 
    
3
z −1 1 1 610
   
1 · 1010 + (− 34 ) · 500 + (− 13 ) · 610 140
=  0 · 1010 + 32 · 500 + (− 13 ) · 610  =  130 
   
−1 · 1010 + 1 · 500 + 1 · 610 100
Therefore we can produce 140 transistors, 130 resistors, and 100 chips.

2.5.62 Pretzels cost $4 per lb, dried fruit $5 per lb, and nuts $9 per lb. The three ingre-
dients are to be combined in a trail mix containing twice the weight of pretzels as
dried fruit. How many pounds of each should be used to produce the following
amounts at the given cost?

(a) 140 lb at $6 per lb

Suppose that x is the weight of pretzels, y is the weight of dried fruit, and z
is that of nuts. From the total weights, we have an equation x + y + z = 140.
From the total cost, we have another equation 4x + 5y + 9z = 140 · 6 = 840.

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MATH 1100 Homework Han-Bom Moon

Finally, because the weight of pretzels x has to be twice of y, we have x = 2y,

or equivalently, x − 2y = 0. Therefore we have a system of linear equations

x + y + z = 140
4x + 5y + 9z = 840
x − 2y = 0.

We can write it as a matrix equation

    
1 1 1 x 140
 4 5 9   y  =  840 
    
1 −2 0 z 0
   
1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0
 −4R1 +R2 →R2 
 4 5 9 0 1 0  −→  0 1 5 −4 1 0 
 
1 −2 0 0 0 1 1 −2 0 0 0 1
   
1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 −4 5 −1 0
−R1 +R3 →R3   −R2 +R1 →R1 
−→  0 1 5 −4 1 0  −→  0 1 5 −4 1 0 

0−3 −1 −1 0 1 0 −3 −1 −1 0 1
   
10 −4 5 −1 0 1
1 0 −4 5 −1 0
3R2 +R3 →R3   14 R3 →R3 
−→  01 5 −4 1 0  −→  0 1 5 −4 1 0


13 3 1
00 14 −13 3 1 0 0 1 − 14 14 14
   
9 1 2 9
10 0 7 − 7 7 1 0 0 7 − 17 2
7
4R3 +R1 →R1   −5R3 +R2 →R2  9 1 5 
−→  01 5 −4 1 0  −→  0 1 0 14 − 14 − 14 
13 3 1 13 3 1
00 1 − 14 14 14 0 0 1 − 14 14 14
 −1  
9
1 1 1 − 71 2
 79 1
7
5 
⇒  4 5 9  =  14 − 14 − 14
 

13 3 1
1 −2 0 − 14 14 14
   −1     
9
x 1 1 1 140 7 − 17 2
7 140
  9 1 5 
 y  =  4 5 9   840  =  14 − 14 − 14   840 
     
z 1 −2 0 0 − 13
14
3
14
1
14 0
   
9
· 140 + (− 71 ) · 840 + 27 · 0 60
 9 7 1 5
=  14 · 140 + (− 14 ) · 840 + (− 14 ) · 0  =  30 
  
− 13 3 1
14 · 140 + 14 · 840 + 14 · 0 50
Therefore 60 lb of pretzels, 30 lb of dried fruit, and 50 lb of nuts should be
used.

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MATH 1100 Homework Han-Bom Moon

(b) 100 lb at $7.60 per lb

In this case, the total weight is 100 · 7.60 = 760. By the same idea, we can
find a matrix equation
    
1 1 1 x 100
 4 5 9   y  =  760  .
    
1 −2 0 z 0
    
9
x − 17 2
140
   79 1
7
5
 y  =  14 − 14 − 14   840 
 
z − 13
14
3
14
1
14 0
   
9
· 100 + (− 71 ) · 760 + 27 · 0
7 20
 9 1 5
=  14 · 100 + (− 14 ) · 760 + (− 14 ) · 0  =  10 
  
− 13 3 1
14 · 100 + 14 · 760 + 14 · 0 70
So 20 lb of pretzels, 10 lb of dried fruit, and 70 lb of nuts should be used.
(c) 125 lb at $6.20 per lb
In this case, the total weight is 125 · 6.20 = 775. By the same idea, we can
find a matrix equation
    
1 1 1 x 125
 4 5 9   y  =  775  .
    
1 −2 0 z 0
    
9
x − 17 2
125
   79 1
7
5
 y  =  14 − 14 − 14   775 
 
z − 13
14
3
14
1
14 0
   
9
· 125 + (− 71 ) · 775 + 27 · 0
7 50
 9 1 5
=  14 · 125 + (− 14 ) · 775 + (− 14 ) · 0  =  25 
  
− 13 3 1
14 · 125 + 14 · 775 + 14 · 0 50
So 50 lb of pretzels, 25 lb of dried fruit, and 50 lb of nuts should be used.