MA 102: Engineering Mathematics II Odd Sem ’19–’20

Solution to the Tutorial Sheet 4: November 12, 2019

Lecturer: D. Ghosh Scribes: SANDEEP

 
1 1 4 1 0 0
1. Consider the augmented matrix [A|I] =  2 4 4 0 1 0
3 7 7 0 0 1
Applying the row operations R2 → R2 − 2R1 and R3 → R3 − 3R1 , the augmented matrix becomes
 
1 1 4 1 0 0
 0 2 −4 −2 1 0
0 4 −5 −3 0 1
−1
 
1 0 6 2 2 0
 
 
R3 →R3 −2R2  0 2 −4 −2 1 0 
−−−−−−−−−→   
1 
R1 →R1 − 2 R2  
 0 0 3 1 −2 1

7
 
1 0 0 0 2 −2
 
R2 →R2 − 43 R2 −2 −10 4

−−−−−−−−−→  0 2 0 3 6 3

R1 →R1 −2R3 


0 0 3 1 −2 1
7
 
1 0 0 0 2 −2
 
R3 → 31 R3  −1 −5

2 
−−−−− −→  0 1 0 3 6 3 
R2 → 12 R2 


1 −2 1
0 0 1 3 3 3
7
 
0 2 −2
Thus, A−1 =  −1 3
−5
6 3
2 
1 −2 1
3 3 3

2. Easy, try yourself.

3. Given T : P2 (R) → P2 (R) by (T f )(x) = xf 0 (x)

Consider the standard ordered basis B = {1, x, x2 }.

T (1) = x(0) = 0 = 0.1 + 0.x + 0.x2

T (x) = x(1) = 0 = 0.1 + 1.x + 0.x2

T (x2 ) = x(2x) = 0 = 0.1 + 0.x + 2.x2

 
0 0 0
The matrix of T with respect to B is A =  0 1 0
0 0 2

4-1
4-2 Lecture 4: November 12, 2019

Characteristic polynomial T is |A − λI| = λ3 − 3λ2 + 2λ.

 
2 −1 1
4. Let A =  −1 2 −1
1 −1 2
Characteristic equation of A is |A − λI| = 0
 
 2−λ −1 1 

=⇒  −1 2−λ −1  = 0
 1 −1 2 − λ

=⇒ (2 − λ)[(2 − λ)2 − 1] + 1[(λ − 2) + 1] + 1[1 − 2λ] = 0

=⇒ (2 − λ)(λ2 − 4λ + 3) + 2λ − 2 = 0

=⇒ (λ − 1)2 (λ − 4) = 0

=⇒ λ = 1, 1, 4

So we have eigenvalues λ = 1, 1, 4.

For λ = 1

Consider (A − λI)X1 = 0

=⇒ (A − I)X1 = 0
    
1 −1 1 x1 0
=⇒  −1 1 −1  x2  =  0
1 −1 1 x3 0
=⇒ x1 − x2 − x3 = 0 =⇒ x1 = x2 − x3
       
x1 x2 − x3 1 −1
=⇒  x2  =  x2  =  1 x2 +  0  x3
x3 x3 0 1
   
1 −1
Hence, the eigen vectors associated with λ = 1 are x2  1 + x3  0 , where x2 and x3 are real numbers
0 1
that are not simultaneously zero.

For λ = 4  
1
The eigen vector associated with λ = 4 are x1  1 , where x1 is a nonzero real number.
0
 
0 1
5. Given A =
−1 0
Characteristic equation of A is |A − λI| = 0
Lecture 4: November 12, 2019 4-3

 
 0−λ 1 
=⇒  =0
−1 0 − λ
=⇒ λ2 + 1 = 0 =⇒ λ = ±i

Next, we find the eigen vectors associated with the eigenvalues λ = ±i

For λ = i, consider (A − λI)X1 = 0. Then, (A − iI)X1 = 0

    
−i 1 x1 0
=⇒ =
−1 −i x2 0
=⇒ x1 = −i x2
     
x1 −ix2 −i
=⇒ = = x2
x2 x2 1
 
−i
Hence the eigen vectors associated with λ = i are x2 , where x2 is a nonzero real number.
1
 
i
The eigenvector associated with λ = −i are (compute it) x , where x2 is a nonzero real number.
1 2

 
1 −1 0
6. Given A =  1 2 −1
3 2 −2
Characteristic equation of A is |A − λI| = 0
 
 1−λ −1 0 

=⇒  1 2−λ −1  = 0
 3 2 −2 − λ
=⇒ (1 − λ)[(2 − λ)(2 − λ) + 2] + 1[−2 − λ + 3] = 0

=⇒ (λ − 1)2 (λ + 1) = 0 =⇒ λ = 1, 1, −1

Algebraic M ultiplicity : The A.M. of and eigenvalue is its multiplicity as root of the characteristic equa-
tion.

Thus, A.M. of (λ = 1) = 2 and A.M. of (λ = −1) = 1

The eigenspace corresponding to an eigen value λ is Eλ = {v : (A − λI)v = 0}

Geometric M ultiplicity : The dimension of eigenspace Eλ is called G.M of λ

For λ = 1

Consider (A − λI)v = 0
    
0 −1 0 x1 0
=⇒ (A − I)v = 0 =⇒  1 1 −1  x2  =  0
3 2 −3 x3 0
=⇒ −x2 = 0 ; x1 + x2 − x3 = 0 and 3x1 + 2x2 − 3x3 = 0
4-4 Lecture 4: November 12, 2019

=⇒ x2 = 0; x1 = x3
     
x1 x1 1
=⇒ v =  x2  =  0  =  0 x1
x3 x 1
  1
 1 
=⇒ E1 = span  0
1
=⇒ G.M. of E1 = 1
For λ = −1
1
 
 
2
Check that E−1 = span  1
7
2
=⇒ G.M. of E−1 = 1.
 
1 2 3
7. Given A =  0 5 0
2 4 3
The characteristic equation of A is |A − λI| = 0
 
 1−λ 2 3 

=⇒  0 5−λ 0 
 2 4 3 − λ
=⇒ −λ3 + 9λ2 − 17λ − 15 = 0

Cayley Hamilton T heorem : Every square matrix over a commutative ring (such as the real or complex
field) satisfies its own characteristic equation.

So, for above matrix we need to show that −A3 + 9A2 − 17A − 15I3 = 0, where 0 is the zero matrix of
same order as A.

 3  2    
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 0 0
L.H.S. = −A3 +9A2 −17A−15I = −  0 5 0 +9  0 5 0 −17  0 5 0−15  0 1 0
2 4 3 2 4 3 2 4 3 0 0 1
       
31 182 57 7 24 12 1 2 3 15 0 0
= − 0 125 0  + 9  0 25 0  − 17  0 5 0 −  0 15 0
38 256 69 8 36 15 2 4 3 0 0 15

 
0 0 0
= 0 0 0 = R.H .S.
0 0 0
Now we we will find inverse of A matrix by −A3 + 9A2 − 17A − 15I = 0

As −A3 + 9A2 − 17A − 15I = 0,

Lecture 4: November 12, 2019 4-5

Premultiplying by A−1 , (A−1 exists since determinant of A = −15 6= 0) we get =⇒ −A2 + 9A − 17I −
15A−1 = 0

=⇒ A−1 = − 15
1
A2 + 159
A − 17
15 I
     
7 24 12 1 2 3 1 0 0
=⇒ A−1 = − 15
1 
0 25 0  + 9 
15
0 5 0 − 17 
15
0 1 0
8 36 15 2 4 3 0 0 1
−1 25
 
1
=⇒ A−1 =  0 1
5 0 .
2 −1
3 0 3