MATHEMATICS-II

Lecture : 6

INVERSE OF MATRIX AND

MATRIX INVERSION METHOD
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS, CVRCE
 INVERSE OF A MATRIX

The inverse of a matrix A =  a jk  nn denoted as A−1

Which is a n×n matrix such that

AA−1 = A−1 A = I
Where I is a n×n unit matrix.
The inverse of a square matrix exists if
and only if it is non-singular that is detA not equal to
zero. The inverse of a matrix is unique.
 GAUSS-JORDAN METHOD

We know that to solve the system AX=b we are taking

the augmented matrix [A/b] and solving it by Gauss
elimination. Let us take the system

AX = I  ( A−1 A) X = A−1 I
 IX = A−1  X = A−1........(1)
Let us solve the system by Gauss elimination method.
So the augmented matrix is [A|I]. But here let make the
matrix A to a identity matrix by row elementary
operation and same operation applied to the matrix I
also. After elimination let the system is [I|K].
 CONTINUED

So the solution is
IX = K  X = K ..........(2)
−1
Now by comparing (1) and (2) we get K = A
So the techniqueis   
A / I   I / A −1 

 PROBLEM FOR PRACTICE

Q.1. Find the inverse of the matrix by Gauss-

Jordan elimination method.
 −1 1 2 
 3 −1 1 
 
 −1 3 4 

Sol: Here
 −1 1 2 1 0 0
 3 −1 0 
  
A / I = 1 0 1
 −1 3 4 0 0 1  R1 → R1 .( −1)
 CONTINUED

 1 −1 −2 −1 0 0 
=  3 −1 1 0 1 0 

 −1 3 4 0 0 1  R2 → R2 −3R1
R3 → R3 + R1

1 −1 −2 −1 0 0 

=0 2 7 3 1 0 

 0 2 2 −1 0 1 
R3 → R3 − R2
 CONTINUED

1 −1 −2 −1 0 0 

=0 2 7 3 1 0 

 0 0 −5 −4 −1 1  R2 → R2 / 2
R3 → R3 /( −5)

 
1 −1 −2 −1 0 0
 
= 0 0
7 3 1
1
 2 2 2 
 
0 4 1 −1 
0 1
 5 5 5  R2 → R2 −7 / 2 R3
R1 → R1 + 2 R3
 CONTINUED

 3 2 2 
 1 −1 0 − 
5 5 5
 
 −13 −1 7 
= 0 1 0
 10 5 10 
 
 0 4 1 −1 
0 1
 5 5 5  R → R + R
1 1 2
 CONTINUED

 −7 1 3 
 1 0 0
10 5 10 
 
 −13 −1 7  =  I / A−1 
= 0 1 0
 10 5 10   
 
 0 4 1 −1 
0 1
 5 5 5 
 CONTINUED

So the inverse of the matrix is

 −7 1 3
 10 5 10 
 
 −13 −1 7 
 10 5 10 
 
 4 1 −1 
 5 5 5 
 PROBLEM FOR PRACTICE

Q.2. Find the inverse of the matrix by Gauss-

jordan elimination method.
 −1 2 2 
 2 −1 2 
 
 2 2 −1

Sol: Here
 −1 2 2 1 0 0
 2 −1 2 0 
  
A / I = 0 1
 2 2 −1 0 0 1  R1 → R1 .( −1)
PROBLEM FOR PRACTICE

1 −2 −2 −1 0 0 

=2 −1 2 0 1 0 

 2 2 −1 0 0 1  R2 → R2 − 2 R1
R3 → R3 − 2 R1

1 −2 −2 −1 0 0 
=  0 3 6 2 1 0 

 0 6 3 2 0 1 
R2 → R2 / 3
PROBLEM FOR PRACTICE

 
1 −2 −2 −1 0 0
 

= 0 1 2
2 1
0 
 3 3 
 
0 6 3 2 0 1
  R → R −6 R
3 3 2
PROBLEM FOR PRACTICE

 
1 −2 −2 −1 0 0
 

= 0 1 2
2 1
0 
 3 3 
 
0 0 −9 −2 −2 1
  R → R /( −9)
3 3
 PROBLEM FOR PRACTICE

 
1 −2 −2 −1 0 0
 
= 0 0
2 1
1 2
 3 3 
 
0 2 2 −1 
0 1
 9 9 9  R2 → R2 − 2 R3
R1 → R1 + 2 R3
 PROBLEM FOR PRACTICE

 −5 4 −2 
1 −2 0 
9 9 9
 
 2 −1 2 
= 0 1 0
 9 9 9 
 
 0 2 2 −1 
0 1
 9 9 9  R1 → R1 + 2 R2
PROBLEM FOR PRACTICE

 −1 2 2
1 0 0
9 9 9
 
 2 −1 2
= 0 1 0
 9 9 9
 
0 2 2 −1 
0 1
 9 9 9 
PROBLEM FOR PRACTICE

So the inverse of the matrix is

 −1 2 2
9 9 9
 
2 −1 2
9 9 9
 
2 2 −1 
 9 9 9 
 PROBLEM FOR PRACTICE

Q.3. Show that ( A2 ) −1 = ( A−1 ) 2

Sol:As ( AB) −1 ( AB) = I

 (( AB) −1 A) BB −1 = IB −1

 (( AB) −1 A) I = B −1
 ( AB) −1 A = B −1
 ( AB) −1 AA−1 = B −1 A−1

 ( AB) −1 = B −1 A−1

Now putting B=A we get ( A2 ) −1 = ( A−1 ) 2 .

 PROBLEM FOR PRACTICE

Q.4. Show that ( AT ) −1 = ( A−1 )T

Sol: As AA−1 = I and ( AB)T = BT AT
−1 T
 ( AA ) = I T

 ( A−1 )T AT = I
 ( A−1 )T AT ( AT ) −1 = I ( AT ) −1

 ( A−1 )T AT ( AT ) −1 = I ( AT ) −1

 ( A−1 )T I = ( AT ) −1
 ( AT ) −1 = ( A−1 )T
 PROBLEM FOR PRACTICE
−1 −1
Q.5. Show that ( A ) =A

Sol: As ( A−1 ) −1 A−1 = I

 ( A−1 ) −1 A−1 A = IA

 ( A−1 ) −1 I = A

 ( A−1 ) −1 = A
 INVERSE TRANSFORMATION

Q.1. Find the inverse transformation

y1 = 3x1 + 2 x2
y2 = 4 x1 + x2
Sol: This system we can write in the form Y=AX.
We have to find the inverse transformation mean we
have to find X = A−1Y .Here

3 2
A= 
4 1
Let us find the inverse using Gauss elimination.
 CONTINUED

3 2 1 0
 A / I  = 4 1 0 1
  R1 → R1 .(1/ 3)

 1 2 / 3 1/ 3 0 
= 
 4 1 0 1  R →R −4R
2 2 1

 1 2 / 3 1/ 3 0 
= 
 0 −5 / 3 −4 / 3 1  R → R .( −3/ 5)
3 3
 CONTINUED

 1 2/3 1/ 3 0 
= 
 0 1 4/5 −3 / 5 R → R − 2 / 3R
1 1 2

 1 0 −1/ 5 2 / 5 
=
 0 1 4 / 5 −3 / 5

So the inverse of the matrix is

−1  −1/ 5 2 / 5 
A = 
 4 / 5 −3 / 5 
 CONTINUED

Now
X = A−1Y

 −1/ 5 2 / 5   y1 
=  y 
 4 / 5 −3 / 5  2 
−1 2
 x1 = y1 + y2
5 5
4 −3
x2 = y1 + y2
5 5
This is the inverse transformation.
 INVERSE TRANSFORMATION
Q.2. Find the inverse transformation
y1 = 0.2 x1 − 0.1x2
y2 = −0.2 x2 + 0.1x3
y3 = 0.1x1 + 0.1x3
Sol: This system we can write in the form Y=AX.
We have to find the inverse transformation mean we
have to find X = A−1Y .Here
0.2 −0.1 0 

A =  0 −0.2 0.1
 0.1 0 0.1
Let us find the inverse using Gauss elimination.
 CONTINUED

0.2 −0.1 0 1 0 0 
 0 −0.2 0.1 0 1 0 
  
A / I = 
 0.1 0 0.1 0 0 1  R →5 R
1 1

 1 −0.5 0 5 0 0 
  0 −0.2 0.1 0 1 0 
0.1 0 0.1 0 0 1  R → R −0.1R
3 3 1

1 −0.5 0 5 0 0 
 0 −0.2 0.1 0 1 0 

0 0.05 0.1 −0.5 0 1 
R2 →( −5) R2
 CONTINUED
1 −0.5 0 5 0 0 
 0 1 −0.5 0 −5 0 

0 0.05 0.1 −0.5 0 1  R1 → R1 + 0.5 R2
R3 → R3 − 0.05 R2

1 0 −0.25 5 −2.5 0 
 0 1 −0.5 0 −5 0 

0 0 0.125 −0.5 0.25 1 
R3 →8 R3

1 0 −0.25 5 −2.5 0 
 0 1 −0.5 0 −5 0 

0 0 1 −4 2 8  R1 → R1 + 0.25 R3
R2 → R2 + 0.5 R3
 1 0 0 4 −2 2 
 0 1 0 −2 −4 4 

0 0 1 −4 2 8 

So the inverse of the matrix is

 4 −2 2 
A−1 =  −2 −4 4 
 −4 2 8 

 4 −2 2   y1 
Now X = A−1Y =  −2 −4 4   y2 
 −4 2 8   y3 
 CONTINUED

So x1 = 4 y1 − 2 y2 + 2 y3
x2 = −2 y1 − 4 y2 + 4 y3
x3 = − 4 y1 + 2 y2 + 8 y3

This is the inverse transformation.

 MATRIX INVERSION METHOD

In matrix inversion method we require the inverse

of the co-efficient matrix. Since the solution of the
system of equation AX=B is given by X=A-1 B so
we can find the inverse of the nonsingular matrix
by any method and from there we can find the
solution using X=A-1 B .
 PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE

Example:1 - Solve the following system of

equations by Matrix inversion method.
x+y+z = 3, x+2y+3z =4 , x+4y+9z=6.
Sol: Here the Coefficient matrix is
1 1 1 
1 2 3
 
1 4 9 

Now let us find the inverse using gauss jordan

ellimination.

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS, CVRCE

 1 1 1 1 0 0 

Here  A / I  = 1 2 3 0 1 0 
1 4 9 0 0 1  R2 → R2 − R1
R3 → R3 − R1

1 1 1 1 0 0

0 1 2 −1 1 0
 0 3 8 −1 0 1  R1 → R1 − R2
R3 → R3 −3 R2

1 0 −1 2 −1 0 

0 1 2 −1 1 0 

 0 0 2 2 −3 1   1 
R3 →  R3
2
  
1 0 −1 2 −1 0 
 
 0 1 2 −1 1 0 
 
 
0 −3 1 
0 1 1
 2 2  R1 → R1 + R3
R2 → R2 − 2 R3

 −5 1 
1 0 0 3
2 2 
 
 0 1 0 −3 4 −1 
 
 
 0 −3 1 
0 1 1
 2 2 
 So the inverse of the matrix is
 −5 1
3 2 2
 
A−1 =  −3 4 −1
 −3 1
1 
 2 2
Now the solution is X=A-1 B

 −5 1 
3
 x  2 2   3   9 − 10 + 3   2 
   
 
So X =  y  =  −3 4 −1  4  =  −9 + 16 − 6  = 1 
 z   −3 1   6   3 − 6 + 3   0 
1 
 2 2
Here x=2,y=1,z=0 is the solution of the system.
 PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE

Example:2 - Solve the following system of

equations by Matrix inversion method.
x+2y+3z = 3, 3x-y+z =2 , 4x+2y+z=3.
Sol: Here the Coefficient matrix is
 1 2 3
 3 −1 1
 
 4 2 1

Now let us find the inverse using gauss jordan

elimination.

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS, CVRCE

 1 2 3 1 0 0

Here  A / I  =  3 −1 1 0 1 0
 4 2 1 0 0 1  R2 → R2 −3R1
R3 → R3 − 4 R1

 1 2 3 1 0 0 

 0 −7 −8 −3 1 0 

 0 −6 −11 −4 0 1  R2 → −1  R2
 7 
 
 1 2 3 1 0 0 
 
−1
 0 0 
8 3
1
 7 7 7 
 
 0 −6 −11 −4 0 1 
  R1 → R1 − 2 R2
R1 → R3 + 6 R2
  5 1 2 
 1 0
7 7 7
0 
 
−1
 0 0 
8 3
1
 7 7 7 
 
 0 −29 −10 −6
0 1 
 7 7 7  R → −7  R
3   3
 29 

 5 1 2 
 1 0
7 7 7
0 
 
−1
 0 0 
8 3
1
 7 7 7 
 
 0 10 6 −7 
0 1 → −
5
 29 29 29  R1 R1
7
R3
8
R2 → R2 − R3
7
  −3 4 5 
 1 0 0
29 29 29 
 
−11
 0 
1 8
1 0
 29 29 29 
 
 0 10 6 −7 
0 1
 29 29 29 

So the inverse of the matrix is

 −3 4 5 
 29 29 29 
 
−11
=
1 8 
A−1
 29 29 29 
 
 10 6 −7 
 29 29 29 
Now the solution is X=A-1 B

 −3 4 5   20 
 29 29 29  1   29 
 x    
   1 −11 8    3 
So X =  y  =  2 =
 29 29 29   29 
 z     3   
 10 6 −7  1 
 29 29 29   29 

Here x=20/29,,y=3/29,z=1/29 is the solution of the system.

 Assignment
1.Solve the system using cramers rule.
x+2y+3z=20,7x+3y+z=13,x+6y+2z=0

2.Solve the system using cramers rule.

x+y=3,2x-y+2z=-2,3x+y=3

3. Solve the system using cramers rule.

5x-3y=37,-2x+7y=-38

4. Find the inverse transformation

y1 = 5 x1 + 3x2 − 3x3
y2 = 3x1 + 2 x2 − 2 x3
y3 = 2 x1 − x2 + 2 x3
 Assignment
1. Show that the inverse of a symmetric matrix is
symmetric.
2. Find the inverse of the matrix by Gauss-
jordan elimination method.
1 3 3 
1 4 3 
 
1 3 4 
3. Solve the following systems of equations by
Matrix Inversion method.
(i) 5x+3y+3z =48 , 2x+6y-3z = 18, 8x-3y+2z = 21.
(ii) x+y+z =8 , x-y+2z = 6, 9x+5y-7z =44..
 Assignment

4. Find the inverse of the matrix by Gauss-

Jordan elimination method.
2 1 1
5 1 0
 
 0 1 3 

5. Find the inverse transformations of the

following.
y1 = 5 x1 + 3 x2 − 3 x3
y2 = 3x1 + 2 x2 − 2 x3
y3 = 2 x1 − x2 + 2 x3