Matrices

Long Answer Type Questions

49. If AB = BA for any two square matrices, then prove by mathematical induction
that ( AB ) = An B n
n

Let P ( n ) : ( AB ) = An B n
n
Sol.
∴ P (1) : ( AB ) = A1 B1 ⇒ AB = AB
1

So, P(1) is true.

Now, P ( k ) : ( AB ) = Ak B k .k ∈ N
k

So, P(K) is true, whenever P(k+1) is true.

∴ P ( K + 1: AB )
k +1
= Ak +1 B k +1
⇒ AB k . AB1 [∵ AB = BA]
⇒ Ak B k .BA ⇒ Ak B k +1 A
⇒ Ak A.B k +1 ⇒ Ak +1 B k +1
⇒ ( A.B )
k +1
= Ak +1 B k +1
So, P(k+1) is true for all n ∈ N , whenever P(k) is true.
By mathematical induction (AB)=AnBn is true for all n ∈ N .
0 2 y z 
50. Find x, y, z if A =  x y − z  satisfies A′= A–1.
 x − y z 
0 2 y z  0 x x
Sol. We have, A =  x y − z  and A ' =  2 y y − y 
  
 x − y z   z − z z 
Also, A ' = A−1
⇒ AA ' = AA−1 ∵ AA−1 = I 
⇒ AA ' = I
0 2 y z   0 x x  1 0 0 
⇒  x y − z   2 y y − y  =  0 1 0 
  

 x − y z   z − z z   0 0 1 
 4 y2 + z2 2 y2 − z2 −2 y 2 + z 2  1 0 0 
 
⇒  2 y2 − z2 x2 + y2 + z2 x 2 − y 2 − z 2  = 0 1 0 
 −2 y 2 + z 2 x 2 − y 2 − z 2 x 2 + y 2 − z 2  0 0 1 

⇒ 2 y2 − z2 = 0 ⇒ 2 y2 = z2
 ⇒ 4 y2 + z2 = 1
⇒ 2.z 2 + z 2 = 1
1
z=±
3
z2 1
∴ y2 = ⇒ y=±
2 6
Also, x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1
1 1
⇒ x2 = 1− y2 − z2 = 1− −
6 3
3 1
= 1− =
6 2
1
⇒ x= ±
2
1 1
∴ x = ±, ,y=±
2 6
1
and z = ±
3
51. If possible, using elementary row transformations, find the inverse of the
following matrices
 2 − 1 3
(i)  −5 3 1
 −3 2 3
 2 3 − 3
(ii)  −1 −2 2 
 1 1 −1
 2 0 −1
(iii)  5 1 0 
 0 1 3 
Sol. For getting the inverse of the given matrix A by row elementary operations we may
write the given matrix as A=IA
 2 − 1 3  1 0 0 
(i)∵  −5 3 1 = 0 1 0  A
 −3 2 3 0 0 1 
  2 −1 3   1 0 0
⇒  −3 2 4  = 0 1 0  A [∵ R2 → R2 − R1 ]
 −3 2 3  0 0 1 
 2 −1 3   1 0 0
⇒  −3 2 4  =  1 1 0  A [∵ R3 → R3 − R2 ]
 0 0 −1  −1 −1 1 
 −1 1 7   2 1 0
⇒  −3 2 4  =  1 1 0  A [∵ R1 → R1 − R2 ]
 0 0 −1  −1 −1 1 
 −1 1 7   2 1 0
⇒  0 −1 −17   −5 −2 0  A [∵ R2 → R2 − 3R1 ]
 0 0 −1   −1 −1 1 
 −1 0 −10   −3 −1 0 
 ∵ R1 → R1 + R2 
⇒0 −1 −17   −5 −2 0  A 
and R3 → −1.R3 
 0 0 1   1 1 −1 
 −1 0 0   7 9 −10 
∵ R1 → R1 + 10 R3 
⇒  0 −1 0  12 15 −17  A 
 and R2 → R2 + 17 R3 
 0 0 1   1 1 −1 
  
1 0 0   −7 −9 10 
∵ R1 → −1R1 
⇒ 0 1 0   −12 −15 17  A 
 and R2 → −1R2 
0 0 1   1 1 −1
 −7 −9 10 
So, the inverse of A is  −12 −15 17 
 1 1 −1
 2 3 − 3  1 0 0 
(ii) ∴  −1 −2 2  = 0 1 0  A
 1 1 −1 0 0 1 
 0 1 −1 1 0 −2 
∵ R2 → R2 + R3 
⇒  0 −1 1  = 0 1 1  A 
and R1 → R1 − 2 R3 
1 1 −1 0 0 1  
 0 1 −1 1 0 −2 
⇒ 0 0 0  =  2 1 −2  A [∵ R2 → R2 + R1 ]
1 1 1  0 0 1 
Since, second row of the matrix A on LHS is containing all zeroes, so we can say that
inverse of matrix A does not exist.
 2 0 −1 1 0 0 
(iii) ∴  5 1 0  = 0 1 0  A
 0 1 3  0 0 1 
2 0 −1  1 0 0
⇒  3 1 1  =  −1 1 0  A [∵ R2 → R2 − R1 ]
 0 1 3   0 0 1 
2 0 −1  1 0 0
∵ R2 → R2 − R1 
⇒ 1 1 2  =  −2 1 0  A  and R → R + R 
 1
 2 1 2   1 0 1  3 3

 2 0 −1  1 0 0
 ∵ R3 → R3 + R1 
5  5 
 
⇒ 0 1  = − 1 0 A
 2  2   and R2 → R2 − 1 R1 
4 1 1   2 0 1   2 
  
 2 0 −1  1 0 0
 5  5 
⇒ 0 1  = − 1 0  A [∵ R3 → R3 − 2 R1 ]
 2  2 
0 1 3   0 0 1 
  
   
2 0 −1  1 0 0
   
5  5
⇒ 0 1 = − 1 0 A [∵ R3 → R3 − R2 ]
 2  2 
 1  5 
0 0   −1 1
 2  2 
 −1   1 
1 0
2 2
0 0
     1 
5   −5 ∵ R1 → R1 
⇒ 0 1 = 1 
0 A  2
 2 2   
0 and R3 → 2 R3 
 0 1   5 −2 
2 
   
 1 0 0   3 −1 1  ∵ R1 → R1 + 1 R3 
 
⇒  0 1 0  =  −15 6 −5 A 
2

5
 0 0 1   5 −2 2   and R2 → R2 − R3 
 2 
 3 −1 1 
Hence,  −15 6 −5 is the inverse of given matrix A.

 5 −2 2 
2 3 1 
52. Express the matrix 1 −1 2  as the sum of a symmetric and a skew-
 4 1 2 
symmetric matrix.
2 3 1
Sol. We have, A = 1 −1 2 
 4 1 2 
2 1 4
∴ A ' =  3 −1 1 
1 2 2 
 5
2 2 2
4 4 5  
A + A' 1 
= 4 −2 3  =  2 −1
3
Now,
2 2   2
 5 3 4   
5 3 2
 2 
 −3 
0 1 2
 0 2 −3  
A − A' 1    1
And = −2 0 1 = −1 0
2 2   2
 3 −1 0   
 3 −1 0 
 2 2 
 5  −3 
2 2 2  0 1 2
   
A + A' A − A'  3  1
∴ = = 2 −1 = −1 0
2 2  2  2
5 3   3 −1 
 0  0
 2 2   2 2 
Which is the required expression.