Matrix:

𝟏 𝟐 −𝟏 𝟑
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
𝐄𝐱. 𝟏) 𝐋𝐞𝐭, 𝐀 = 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐁 = 𝟏 𝟑 𝟐 𝟓 , 𝐂𝐚𝐥𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐀𝐁
𝟐 𝟑 𝟓
𝟐 𝟏 −𝟏 𝟑
Solution:

1 2 −1 3
1 2 3
AB = 1 3 2 5
2 3 5
2 1 −1 3
1+2+6 2 + 6 + 3 −1 + 4 − 3 3 + 10 + 9
=
2 + 3 + 10 4 + 9 + 5 −2 + 6 − 5 6 + 15 + 15
9 11 0 22
=
15 18 −1 26

−𝟐 𝟐 −𝟑
𝐄𝐱. 𝟐) 𝐈𝐟 𝐀 = 𝟐 𝟏 −𝟔 , 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐯𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭, 𝐀𝟑 + 𝐀𝟐 − 𝟐𝟏𝐀 − 𝟓𝟒𝐈 = 𝟎,
−𝟏 −𝟐 𝟎
𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝐈 𝐢𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐢𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐱 𝐨𝐟 𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐞𝐫 𝟑.

−2 2 −3
Solution: A = 2 1 −6
−1 −2 0
−2 2 −3 −2 2 −3 11 4 −6
A2 = A. A = 2 1 −6 2 1 −6 = 4 17 −12
−1 −2 0 −1 −2 0 −2 −4 15
11 4 −6 −2 2 −3 −8 38 −57
3 2
A = A .A = 4 17 −12 2 1 −6 = 38 49 −114
−2 −4 15 −1 −2 0 −19 −38 30
∴ A3 + A2 − 21A − 54I

−8 38 −57 11 4 −6 −2 2 −3 1 0 0
= 38 49 −114 + 4 17 −12 − 21 2 1 −6 − 54 0 1 0
−19 −38 30 −2 −4 15 −1 −2 0 0 0 1
−8 38 −57 11 4 −6 −42 42 −63 54 0 0
= 38 49 −114 + 4 17 −12 − 42 21 −126 − 0 54 0
−19 −38 30 −2 −4 15 −21 −42 0 0 0 54
0 0 0
= 0 0 0 =0
0 0 0
 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 −𝟏 𝟓 𝟑
𝐓
𝐄𝐱. 𝟑) 𝐈𝐟 𝐀 = −𝟐 𝟓 −𝟏 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐁 = 𝟕 −𝟐 𝟏 , 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐯𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭, 𝐀𝐁 = 𝐁 𝐓 𝐀𝐓
𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝟐 𝟎 −𝟑
1 2 3 1 −2 2
Solution: Given, A = −2 5 −1 ∴ AT = 2 5 3
2 3 4 3 −1 4
−1 5 3 −1 7 2
T
and, B = 7 −2 1 ∴ B = 5 −2 0
2 0 −3 3 1 −3
−1 7 2 1 −2 2
BT AT = 5 −2 0 2 5 3
3 1 −3 3 −1 4
19 35 27
= 1 −20 4
−4 2 −3

1 2 3 −1 5 3 19 1 −4
AB = −2 5 −1 7 −2 1 = 35 −20 2
2 3 4 2 0 −3 27 4 −3
19 35 27
T
AB = 1 −20 4
−4 2 −3
T
∴ AB = BT AT (PROVED)
Symmetric Matrix: A matrix which is equal to its transpose A = AT is called symmetric
matrix.

1 2 3 1 2 3
Ex: A = 2 3 5 AT = 2 3 5
3 5 7 3 5 7

Skew- symmetric Matrix: A matrix which is equal to the negative of its transpose A = −AT is
called skew- symmetric matrix.

0 1 −2 0 1 −2
T
Ex: A = −1 0 3 A = −1 0 3
2 −3 0 2 −3 0

𝟏 𝟐 𝟒
𝐄𝐱. 𝟏) 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐲𝐦𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐜 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐬𝐤𝐞𝐰 𝐬𝐲𝐦𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐜 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐱, 𝐀 = 𝟔 𝟖 𝟏
𝟑 𝟓 𝟕
Solution: Given,

1 2 4 1 6 3
T
A= 6 8 1 ∴A = 2 8 5
3 5 7 4 1 7
The symmetric part of A,

7
1 2 4 1 6 3 1 4
1 1 2
A= A + AT = 6 8 1 + 2 8 5 = 4 8 3
2 2 7
3 5 7 4 1 7
3 7
2

The skew symmetric part of A,

1
1 2 4 1 6 3 0 −2
1 1 2
A= A − AT = 6 8 1 − 2 8 5 = 2 0 −2
2 2 1
3 5 7 4 1 7
− 2 0
2
 𝟏 𝟏+𝐢 𝟐−𝐢 𝐢
𝐄𝐱. 𝟐) 𝐈𝐟 𝐀 = 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐁 = , 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐯𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭, 𝐀 + 𝐁 = 𝐀 + 𝐁
𝟐 − 𝟑𝐢 𝐢 𝟏 + 𝟓𝐢 𝟑
Proof: Given,

1 1+i 1 1−i
A= ∴A=
2 − 3i i 2 + 3i −i
2−i i 2+i −i
B= ∴B=
1 + 5i 3 1 − 5i 3

1 1−i 2+i −i 3+i 1 − 2i

A+B = + =
2 + 3i −i 1 − 5i 3 3 − 2i 3−i

1 1+i 2−i i 3−i 1 + 2i

Now, A + B = + =
2 − 3i i 1 + 5i 3 3 + 2i 3+i
3+i 1 − 2i
∴A+B=
3 − 2i 3−i

Involutory Matrix: A matrix is called involutory matrix if 𝐀𝟐 = 𝐈

−𝟓 −𝟖 𝟎
𝐄𝐱. 𝟑) 𝐒𝐡𝐨𝐰 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐱, 𝐀 = 𝟑 𝟓 𝟎 𝐢𝐬 𝐢𝐧𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐲.
𝟏 𝟐 −𝟏
Proof: Given,

−5 −8 0
A= 3 5 0
1 2 −1
−5 −8 0 −5 −8 0 1 0 0
∴ A2 = 3 5 0 . 3 5 0 = 0 1 0 (𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑)
1 2 −1 1 2 −1 0 0 1

−𝟏 𝟐 −𝟑
𝐄𝐱. 𝟒) 𝐈𝐟 𝐀 = 𝟐 𝟏 𝟎 , 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐚𝐝𝐣𝐨𝐢𝐧𝐭 𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐱 𝐨𝐟 𝐀 (𝐀𝐝𝐣 𝐀)
𝟒 −𝟐 𝟓
Solution: Given,
 −1 2 −3
A= 2 1 0
4 −2 5
Co-factors of A are,

1 0
A11 = =5
−2 5
2 0
A12 = − = −10
4 5
2 1
A13 = = −8
4 −2
2 −3
A21 = − = −4
−2 5
−1 −3
A22 = =7
4 5
−1 2
A23 = − =6
4 −2
2 −3
A31 = =3
1 0
−1 −3
A32 = − = −6
2 0
−1 2
A33 = = −5
2 1
T
5 −10 −8 5 −4 3
∴ Adj A = −4 7 6 = −10 7 −6
3 −6 −5 −8 6 −5

−𝟏 𝟐 −𝟑
𝐄𝐱. 𝟓) 𝐈𝐟 𝐀 = 𝟐 𝟏 𝟎 , 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐞 𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐱 𝐨𝐟 𝐀.
𝟒 −𝟐 𝟓
Solution: Given,

−1 2 −3
A= 2 1 0
4 −2 5
−1 2 −3
Let, D = A = 2 1 0 = −1 ≠ 0. So, A−1 exists.
4 −2 5
Co-factors of A are,

1 0
A11 = =5
−2 5
2 0
A12 = − = −10
4 5
2 1
A13 = = −8
4 −2
2 −3
A21 = − = −4
−2 5
−1 −3
A22 = =7
4 5
−1 2
A23 = − =6
4 −2
2 −3
A31 = =3
1 0
−1 −3
A32 = − = −6
2 0
−1 2
A33 = = −5
2 1
T
5 −10 −8 5 −4 3
∴ Adj A = −4 7 6 = −10 7 −6
3 −6 −5 −8 6 −5

1 1 5 −4 3 −5 4 −3
∴ A−1 = Adj A = −10 7 −6 = 10 −7 6
D −1
−8 6 −5 8 −6 5
 𝟏 𝟐 −𝟏 𝟐
𝐄𝐱. 𝟏) 𝐄𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐃𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐧𝐭: 𝟑 𝟎 𝟏 𝟓
𝟏 −𝟐 𝟎 𝟑
−𝟐 −𝟒 𝟏 𝟔
Solution: Let, D be the determinant. Then,

1 2 −1 2
D= 3 0 1 5
1 −2 0 3
−2 −4 1 6
0 1 5 3 1 5 3 0 5 3 0 1
= 1 −2 0 3 − 2 1 0 3 + −1 1 −2 3 − 2 1 −2 0
−4 1 6 −2 1 6 −2 −4 6 −2 −4 1
= 0 − 0 − 10 − 2 −9 − 12 + 5 − 0 − 0 − 40 − 2 −6 − 0 − 8

= −10 + 32 + 40 + 28 = 90

𝟐𝐱 + 𝐲 = 𝟏
𝐄𝐱. 𝟐) 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐚𝐫 𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐡𝐞𝐥𝐩 𝐨𝐟 𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐞𝐬:
𝐱 − 𝟐𝐲 = 𝟑

Solution: The system of linear equations can be written in matrix form as,

2 1 𝑥 1
= … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … (i)
1 −2 𝑦 3
2 1 𝑥 1
Let, A = ,X = 𝑦 ,L = , then from i we get,
1 −2 3
AX = L

⇒ X = A−1 L … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … (ii)

Let, D be the determinant of the matrix A. Then,

2 1
D= = −4 − 1 = −5 ≠ 0; A−1 exists.
1 −2
Co-factors are,

A11 = −2, A12 = −1, A21 = −1, A22 = 2

T
−2 −1 −2 −1
∴ Adj A = =
−1 2 −1 2
 2 1
1 1 −2 −1
∴ A−1 = Adj A = = 5 5
D −5 −1 2 1 2
−
5 5
From (ii),

X = A−1 L

2 1
𝑥 1 1
⇒X= 𝑦 = 5 5 =
1 2 3 −1
−
5 5
∴ 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = −1

𝟑𝐱 + 𝟓𝐲 − 𝟕𝐳 = 𝟏𝟑
𝐄𝐱. 𝟑) 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐚𝐫 𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐡𝐞𝐥𝐩 𝐨𝐟 𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐞𝐬: 𝟒𝐱 + 𝐲 − 𝟏𝟐𝐳 = 𝟔
𝟐𝐱 + 𝟗𝐲 − 𝟑𝐳 = 𝟐𝟎

Solution: The system of linear equations can be written in matrix form as,

3 5 −7 𝑥 13
4 1 −12 𝑦 = 6
2 9 −3 𝑧 20
3 5 −7 𝑥 13
Let, A = 4 1 −12 , X = 𝑦 , L = 6 , then from i we get,
2 9 −3 𝑧 20
AX = L

⇒ X = A−1 L … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … (ii)

Let, D be the determinant of the matrix A. Then,

3 5 −7
D = 4 1 −12 = 17 ≠ 0; A−1 exists.
2 9 −3
Co-factors are,

A11 = 105

A12 = −12
A13 = 34

A21 = −48

A22 = 5

A23 = −17

A31 = −53

A32 = 8

A33 = −17
T
105 −12 34 105 −48 −53
∴ Adj A = −48 5 −17 = −12 5 8
−53 8 −17 34 −17 −17

1 1 105 −48 −53

∴ A−1 = Adj A = −12 5 8
D 17
34 −17 −17
From (ii),

X = A−1 L
𝑥 1 105 −48 −53 13 1 1365 − 288 − 1060 1 17 1
⇒X= 𝑦 = −12 5 8 6 = −156 + 30 + 160 = 34 = 2
𝑧 17 17 17
34 −17 −17 20 442 − 102 − 340 0 0
∴ 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 2, 𝑧 = 0

𝟑𝐱 + 𝟓𝐲 − 𝟕𝐳 = 𝟏𝟑
𝐄𝐱. 𝟒) 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐚𝐫 𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐛𝐲 𝐫𝐨𝐰 𝐜𝐚𝐧𝐨𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦: 𝟒𝐱 + 𝐲 − 𝟏𝟐𝐳 = 𝟔
𝟐𝐱 + 𝟗𝐲 − 𝟑𝐳 = 𝟐𝟎

Solution: The system of linear equations can be written as,

3 5 −7 13
AL = 4 1 −12 6
2 9 −3 20
3 5 −7 13
= 0 −17 −6 −34 𝑅2′ → 𝑅2 − 2𝑅3
2 9 −3 20
 1 −4 −4 −7
= 0 −17 −6 −34 𝑅1′ → 𝑅1 − 𝑅3
2 9 −3 20
1 −4 −4 −7
= 0 −17 −6 −34 𝑅3′ → 𝑅3 − 2𝑅1
0 17 5 34
1 −4 −4 −7
= 0 −17 −6 −34 𝑅3′ → 𝑅3 + 𝑅2
0 0 −1 0
1 −4 −4 −7 𝑅2
= 0 −17 −6 −34 𝑅2′ → , 𝑅 ′ → −𝑅3
−17 3
0 0 −1 0
1 −4 −4
6 −7
= 0 1 2
17 0
0 0 1

Therefore,

𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 4𝑧 = −7
6
𝑦+ 𝑧=2
17
𝑧=0
Hence,

𝑧=0

𝑦+0=2⇒𝑦 =2

𝑥 − 8 − 0 = −7 ⇒ 𝑥 = 1

∴ 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 2, 𝑧 = 0

H.W:

1) Solve the following linear equations with the help of matrices

5x − 6y + 4z = 15
i 7x + 4y − 3z = 19 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = 4, 𝑧 = 6
2x + y + 6z = 46
 2x − 3y + 4z = 1
ii 3x + 4y − 5z = 10 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 1, 𝑧 = 0
5x − 7y + 2z = 3

2) Solve the following linear equations by row canonical form:

2x − y + z = 1
i x + 4y − 3z = −2 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 1, 𝑧 = 2
3x + 2y − z = 0
𝐄𝐱. 𝟏) 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐨𝐮𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐬𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐚𝐫 𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬:

𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟑𝒛 = 𝟕
𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 − 𝒛 = 𝟏
𝒙 − 𝒚 − 𝒛 = −𝟔

Solution: Reducing it to Echelon Form,

𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 7
⇒ 5𝑦 − 7𝑧 = −13 𝑅2′ = 𝑅2 − 2𝑅1 , 𝑅3′ = 𝑅3 − 𝑅1
𝑦 − 4𝑧 = −13

𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 7
⇒ 5𝑦 − 7𝑧 = −13 𝑅3′ = 𝑅2 − 5𝑅3
13𝑧 = 52

Thus, the system has unique solution, where

z = 4,

5y − 28 = −13 ⇒ y = 3

x − 6 + 12 = 7 ⇒ x = 1

𝐄𝐱. 𝟐) 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐨𝐮𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐬𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐚𝐫 𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬:

𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝟐𝒛 = 𝟎
𝒚+𝒛=𝟎
−𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟎

Solution: Reducing it to Echelon Form,

Interchanging 2nd and 3rd row,

𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 0
−2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0
𝑦+𝑧 =0

𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 0
⇒ 5𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 0 𝑅2′ = 𝑅2 + 2𝑅1
𝑦+𝑧 =0
 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 0 𝑅2
⇒ 𝑦+𝑧 =0 𝑅2′ =
𝑦+𝑧 =0 5

𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 0
⇒
𝑦+𝑧 =0

We have two equations with three unknowns.

Let, the free variable z = a.

Thus, the general solution is,

z = a, y = −a

x − a + 2a = 0 ⇒ x = −a

H.W:

𝟏) 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐨𝐮𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐬𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐚𝐫 𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬:

5𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 3𝑧 = −1
i 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 2𝑧 = −1
2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 8

𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧 = 2
ii 2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1
𝑥 + 5𝑦 − 4𝑧 = 5

𝟐) 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐯𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐦 𝐢𝐬 𝐢𝐧𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐭:

𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 3𝑧 = −1
i 5𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 4𝑧 = 2
3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 7

𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 =1
ii 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 1
3𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 2