Model Questions and Answers MA(101) Mathematics TMJA Cooray 1

MODEL QUESIONS & ANSWERS MA(101)

(MATRICES)
⎛ 1 2 − 3⎞ ⎛ 3 −1 2⎞ ⎛ 4 1 2⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
1. Given A = ⎜ 5 0 2 ⎟ B = ⎜ 4 2 5 ⎟ and C = ⎜ 0 3 2 ⎟
⎜1 −1 1 ⎟ ⎜ 2 0 3⎟ ⎜1 − 2 3⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
(a) Compute that A+B and A-C
(b) Verify that A+(B+C) = (A+B)+C
(c) Compute AB, BA and ACT
⎛ 4 1 − 1⎞ ⎛− 3 1 − 5⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
Solution: A + B = ⎜ 9 2 7 ⎟ and A − C = ⎜ 5 − 3 0 ⎟
⎜3 1 7 ⎟ ⎜ 0 1 − 2 ⎟⎠
⎝ ⎠ ⎝

⎛8 2 1⎞
⎜ ⎟
(A + B) + C = A + (B + C) = ⎜ 9 5 9 ⎟
⎜4 − 3 7⎟
⎝ ⎠

⎛5 3 3⎞ ⎛ 0 4 − 9⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
AB = ⎜19 − 5 16 ⎟ BA = ⎜19 3 − 3 ⎟
⎜ 1 −3 0 ⎟ ⎜ 5 1 − 3⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

⎛ 0 0 12 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
AC = ⎜ 24 4 11 ⎟
T

⎜ 5 −1 6 ⎟
⎝ ⎠

Q(2). Evaluate :
⎛ 0 1 3 ⎞⎛ 1 4 5 ⎞ ⎛ 12 12 5 ⎞
⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 4 5 6 ⎟⎜ 6 3 2 ⎟ = ⎜ 46 49 36 ⎟
⎜ 7 3 2 ⎟⎜ 2 3 1 ⎟ ⎜ 29 43 43 ⎟
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
Model Questions and Answers MA(101) Mathematics TMJA Cooray 1

⎛1 2 ⎞ ⎛ 9 − 4⎞ ⎛ − 7 30 ⎞
Q(3). If A = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ , show that A 2 = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ and A 3 = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 4 − 3⎠ ⎝ − 8 17 ⎠ ⎝ 60 − 67 ⎠
⎛ −1 − 2 − 2⎞ ⎛3 2 2⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
Q(4). If A = ⎜ 1 2 1 ⎟, B = ⎜ - 1 0 - 1 ⎟
⎜ 1 −1 0 ⎟ ⎜- 3 - 3 - 2⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

Show that {kA + (1 − k )B}2 = I , k being a scalar.

Solution: {kA + (1 − k )B}2 = k 2 A 2 + (1 − k ) 2 B 2 + k (1 − k )AB + k (1 − k )BA

Now compute each matrix as follows;
k 2 A 2 + (1 − k ) 2 B 2 + k (1 − k )AB + k (1 − k )BA =

⎛−3 0 0 ⎞ ⎛1 0 0⎞ ⎛5 4 4⎞ ⎛ 1 - 4 - 4⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
A =⎜ 2
2
1 0 ⎟, B = ⎜ 0 1 0 ⎟ AB = ⎜ - 2 - 1 - 2 ⎟, BA = ⎜ 0 3 2 ⎟
2

⎜ − 2 − 4 − 3⎟ ⎜0 0 1⎟ ⎜4 2 3⎟ ⎜- 2 2 3 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

Consider element a 11 ; of k 2 A 2 + (1 − k ) 2 B 2 + k (1 − k )AB + k (1 − k )BA

− 3k 2 + (1 − k ) 2 + 5k (1 − k ) + k (1 − k ) = 1 − 8k 2 + 4k ≡ 1
Therefore k =1/2
⎛1 0 0⎞
1 ⎜ ⎟
(
When this value A + B + AB + BA = ⎜ 0 1 0 ⎟
2 2

4 ⎜
)
⎟
⎝0 0 1⎠
⎛ 2 − 1⎞⎛ x ⎞ ⎛ 8 ⎞ ⎛ 0 ⎞
Q(5). Find x, y such that ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ .
⎝ − 3 4 ⎠⎝ y ⎠ ⎝ 1 ⎠ ⎝ 0 ⎠
2x − y = 8 31 22
x= , y=
− 3x + 4 y = 1 5 5
Model Questions and Answers MA(101) Mathematics TMJA Cooray 1

⎛ 1 2 4⎞
⎜ ⎟
Q(6).Express the matrix ⎜ 2 3 − 1⎟ as the sum of symmetric and skew
⎜−3 1 4 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
symmetric matrix.

⎛ 1 2 1/ 2⎞ ⎛ 0 7 / 2⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
S = ⎜ 2 3 0 ⎟ and T = ⎜ 0 0 −1 ⎟
⎜1 / 2 0 4 ⎟ ⎜− 7 / 2 1 0 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

Exercises 3.5
⎛ 3 − 3 4⎞
⎜ ⎟
Q(1). If A = ⎜ 2 − 3 4 ⎟ , show that A 3 = A −1 .
⎜0 −1 1⎟
⎝ ⎠

If A 3 = A −1 is satisfied then AA 3 = AA −1 or A 4 = I
Try
⎛1 0 0⎞
⎜ ⎟
A = ⎜ 0 1 0 ⎟ therefore, A 3 = A −1
4

⎜0 0 1⎟
⎝ ⎠

⎛ 3 2 2⎞
⎜ ⎟
Q(2). Find the Inverse of (a) ⎜ 2 5 3 ⎟ ,
⎜1 2 1⎟
⎝ ⎠

⎛ 1/ 3 − 2 / 3 4 / 3 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
Use direct method A −1 ⎜ − 1 / 3 − 1 / 3 5/3 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 1/ 3 4 / 3 − 11 / 3 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
Model Questions and Answers MA(101) Mathematics TMJA Cooray 1

⎛1 3 7⎞
⎜ ⎟
(b) A = ⎜ 4 2 3 ⎟
⎜1 2 1⎟
⎝ ⎠
Use elementary row operations

⎛1 3 7 1 0 0⎞
⎜ ⎟
Define (A|I) = ⎜ 4 2 3 0 1 0 ⎟
⎜1 2 1 0 0 1⎟
⎝ ⎠

⎛1 3 7 1 0 0⎞
R 2 → −4R 1 + R 2 ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 0 − 10 − 25 − 4 1 0 ⎟
R 3 → −R 1 + R 3 ⎜ ⎟
⎝0 −1 − 6 −1 0 1⎠

⎛1 3 7 1 0 0⎞
⎜ ⎟
R 3 ↔ −R 3 ⎜ 0 − 10 − 25 − 4 1 0 ⎟
⎜0 1 6 1 0 − 1⎟⎠
⎝

⎛1 3 7 1 0 0⎞
⎜ ⎟
R 3 ←→ R 2 ⎜0 1 6 1 0 − 1⎟
⎜ 0 − 10 − 25 − 4 1 0 ⎟
⎝ ⎠

⎛ 1 0 − 11 − 2 0 3 ⎞
R 1 → 3R 2 + R 1 ⎜ ⎟
⎜0 1 6 1 0 −1 ⎟
R 3 → 10R 1 + R 3 ⎜ 0 0 1 6 / 35 1 / 35 − 10 / 35 ⎟
⎝ ⎠

⎛ 1 0 0 − 4 / 35 11 / 35 − 5 / 35 ⎞
R 1 → 11R 3 + R 1 ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 0 1 0 − 1 / 35 − 6 / 35 25 / 35 ⎟
R 2 → −6R 3 + R 2 ⎜ 0 0 1 6 / 35
⎝ 1 / 35 − 10 / 35 ⎟⎠

⎛ − 4 / 35 11 / 35 − 5 / 35 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
Therefore, A = ⎜ − 1 / 35 − 6 / 35 25 / 35 ⎟
-1

⎜ 6 / 35 1 / 35 − 10 / 35 ⎟⎠
⎝
Model Questions and Answers MA(101) Mathematics TMJA Cooray 1

⎛ 2 0 − 1⎞
⎜ ⎟
Find the inverse of the matrix ⎜ 5 1 0 ⎟ by elementary row transformations.
⎜0 1 3 ⎟
⎝ ⎠

⎛ 2 0 − 1⎞
⎜ ⎟
Let A = ⎜ 5 1 0 ⎟
⎜0 1 3 ⎟
⎝ ⎠

⎛ 2 0 − 11 0 0 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
Define (A|I) = ⎜ 5 1 0 0 1 0 ⎟
⎜0 1 3 0 0 1⎟
⎝ ⎠

⎛ 2 0 −1 1 0 0⎞
⎜ ⎟
R 2 → −2R 1 + R 2 ⎜1 1 2 − 2 1 0⎟
⎜0 1 3 0 0 1⎟
⎝ ⎠

⎛1 1 2 − 2 1 0⎞
⎜ ⎟
R 1 ↔ −R 2 ⎜ 2 0 −1 1 0 0⎟
⎜0 1 3 0 0 1⎟
⎝ ⎠

⎛1 1 2 − 2 1 0⎞
⎜ ⎟
R 2 → −2R 1 + R 2 ⎜0 − 2 − 5 5 − 2 0⎟
⎜0 1 0 1 ⎟⎠
⎝ 3 0

⎛1 1 2 − 2 1 0⎞
⎜ ⎟
R 3 ↔ −R 2 ⎜0 1 3 0 0 1⎟
⎜0 − 2 − 5 5 − 2 0⎟
⎝ ⎠

⎛1 1 2 − 2 1 0⎞
⎜ ⎟
R 3 → 2R 2 + R 3 ⎜0 1 3 0 0 1⎟
⎜0 0 1 5 − 2 2⎟
⎝ ⎠
Model Questions and Answers MA(101) Mathematics TMJA Cooray 1

⎛ 1 0 − 1 − 2 1 − 1⎞
⎜ ⎟
R 1 → −R 2 + R 1 ⎜0 1 3 0 0 1⎟
⎜0 0 1 5 − 2 2 ⎟
⎝ ⎠

⎛1 0 0 3 −1 1 ⎞
R 2 → −3R 3 + R 2 ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 0 1 0 − 15 6 − 5 ⎟
R1 → R 2 + R1 ⎜0 0 1 5
⎝ − 2 2 ⎟⎠

⎛ 3 −1 1 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
Therefore, A -1 = ⎜ − 15 6 − 5 ⎟
⎜ 5 − 2 2 ⎟⎠
⎝

⎛1 − a 1 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
Q(5). If A = ⎜ b 0 2b ⎟ then, show that
⎜0 a 0 ⎟⎠
⎝
(i) A 3 = abA + A 2 − abI , is satisfied
Use method of induction .Multiply the above equation by A
A 4 = abA 2 + A 3 − abA and eliminate A3
It gives, A 4 − abA 2 − A 2 + abI = 0
Therefore, the given statement is true hen n = 4.
Assume that it is also true upto n =p (even) number
A p − abA p − 2 − A 2 + abI = 0
Multiply this relation with A2, we get, A p + 2 − abA p − A 4 + abA 2 = 0
Now eliminate A4
A p + 2 − abA p − A 2 + abI = 0
Therefore it I true for n =p+2.
Model Questions and Answers MA(101) Mathematics TMJA Cooray 1

Hence by Methodical induction the given expression is true for every integer values
of n

(ii) Show also that A 2n

⎬A − ⎨
{
⎧ (ab )n − 1⎫ 2 ⎧ ab (ab )n −1 − 1 ⎫
=⎨
}
⎬I , where n is a positive
⎩ ab − 1 ⎭ ⎩ ab − 1 ⎭
integer.

When n = 2, 4
⎧ (ab )2 − 1⎫ 2 ⎧ ab (ab ) − 1 ⎫
A =⎨ ⎬A − ⎨ ⎬I
{ }
⎩ ab − 1 ⎭ ⎩ ab − 1 ⎭
A 4 = (ab + 1)A 2 − abI which satisfied the above expression.
Assume that the statement is true upto n = p

A 2p
⎬A − ⎨
{
⎧ (ab )p − 1⎫ 2 ⎧ ab (ab )p −1 − 1 ⎫
=⎨ ⎬I
} (A)
⎩ ab − 1 ⎭ ⎩ ab − 1 ⎭
Multiply (A) with A2

A 2(p +1)
=⎨ ⎬A − ⎨
{
⎧ (ab )p − 1⎫ 4 ⎧ ab (ab )p −1 − 1 ⎫ 2
⎬A
}
⎩ ab − 1 ⎭ ⎩ ab − 1 ⎭
Eliminate A4 and get,

A 2(p +1)
⎧ (ab )p − 1⎫
=⎨ 2 {
⎧ ab (ab )p −1 − 1 ⎫ 2
⎬((ab + 1)A − abI ) − ⎨ ⎬A
}
⎩ ab − 1 ⎭ ⎩ ab − 1 ⎭

( ) { }
⎧ (ab )p − 1 (ab + 1) - ab (ab )p −1 − 1 ⎫ 2 ⎧ ab (ab )p − 1 ⎫
A 2(p +1) = ⎨ ⎬A − ⎨ ⎬I
{ }
⎩ ab − 1 ⎭ ⎩ ab − 1 ⎭

A 2(p +1) = ⎨ ⎬A − ⎨
{
⎧ (ab )p +1 − 1⎫ 2 ⎧ ab (ab )p − 1 ⎫
⎬I
}
⎩ ab − 1 ⎭ ⎩ ab − 1 ⎭
Therefore, the above statement is true for n = p+1, hence by method if induction it is
true for every positive integers n,
Model Questions and Answers MA(101) Mathematics TMJA Cooray 1

i.e, A 2n = ⎨ ⎬A − ⎨
{
⎧ (ab )n − 1⎫ 2 ⎧ ab (ab )n −1 − 1 ⎫}
⎬I
⎩ ab − 1 ⎭ ⎩ ab − 1 ⎭

6.(a) Show that every 2x2 matrix such that X T AX = B, where

⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
⎛1 0 ⎞ ⎛0 1⎞ ⎜a ⎟ ⎜a ⎟
A = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ , B = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ has one of the forms ⎜ 2a ⎟ or ⎜ 2a ⎟
⎝ 0 − 1⎠ ⎝1 0⎠ ⎜⎜ a 1 ⎟
⎟ ⎜⎜ - a 1 ⎟
⎟
⎝ − 2a ⎠ ⎝ 2a ⎠
Solution:
⎛a b⎞
Let form of matrix X is ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ Then
⎝c d⎠
⎛ a c ⎞⎛ 1 0 ⎞⎛ a b ⎞ ⎛ 0 1 ⎞ ⎛ a 2 − c 2 ab − cd ⎞
X T AX = B, ⇒ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ 2⎟
⎟
⎝ b d ⎠⎝ 0 − 1⎠⎝ c d ⎠ ⎝ 1 0 ⎠ ⎝ ab − cd b − d ⎠
2

Equating respective elements,

a 2 − c2 = 0
b2 − d2 = 0
ac − bd = 1
If a = t then c 2 = t 2 , and c = ± t

Suppose b =k b 2 = d 2 ⇒ d = ± k and tk-(-tk)=2tk=1

1
⇒t=
2k
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1⎞
⎜t ⎟ ⎜t ⎟
Therefore form of matrix is ⎜ 2t ⎟ or ⎜ 2t ⎟
⎜t 1 ⎟ ⎜- t 1⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ − 2t ⎠ ⎝ 2t ⎠
Model Questions and Answers MA(101) Mathematics TMJA Cooray 1

(b) If P = QRQ −1 , show that P n = QR n Q −1 where n is a positive integer.

Try P 2 = (QRQ −1 )(QRQ −1 ) = QR 2 Q −1

Similarly P 3 = (QR 2 Q −1 )(QRQ −1 ) = QR 3 Q −1

In general P n = QR n Q −1

⎛ 5 − 2⎞ ⎛ 2 1⎞ ⎛ - 2 0⎞
( c) Let P = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ and Q = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟, show that Q −1PQ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ . Hence
⎝ 7 − 4 ⎠ ⎝ 7 1 ⎠ ⎝ 0 3 ⎠
find P n .
⎛ 2 1⎞ 1 ⎛ 1 - 1⎞
When Q = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟, ⇒ Q −1 = − ⎜⎜ ⎟
⎝ 7 1⎠ 5 ⎝ - 7 2 ⎟⎠

1 ⎛ 1 − 1⎞⎛ 5 − 2 ⎞⎛ 2 1⎞ ⎛ - 2 0 ⎞
Q −1 PQ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟=⎜ ⎟
5 ⎝ − 7 2 ⎟⎠⎜⎝ 7 − 4 ⎟⎠⎜⎝ 7 1⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 0 3 ⎟⎠

Hence P = QRQ −1 , and P n = QR n Q −1

1 ⎛ 2 1⎞⎛ (− 2) 0 ⎞⎛ 1 − 1⎞ ⎛ 2(-2) n − 7 × 3 n 0(-2) n +1 + 2 × 3 n ⎞
n
P = QR Q = ⎜⎜
n n
⎟
-1
⎜ ⎟⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜ ⎟
5 ⎝ 7 1⎟⎠⎜⎝ 0 3 n ⎟⎠⎝ − 7 2 ⎠ ⎜⎝ 7(-2) n − 7 × 3 n - 7(-2) n + 2 × 3 n ⎟⎠