Solutions 11(a) 1

Complete solutions to Exercise 11(a)

⎛ 1 2 ⎞ ⎛ 6 −1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 + 6 2 − 1 ⎞ ⎛ 7 1 ⎞
1. (a) A + B = ⎜ ⎟+⎜ ⎟=⎜ ⎟=⎜ ⎟
⎝ 3 −1⎠ ⎝ 5 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 + 5 −1 + 3 ⎠ ⎝ 8 2 ⎠
⎛ 6 −1⎞ ⎛ 1 2 ⎞ ⎛ 6 + 1 −1 + 2 ⎞ ⎛ 7 1 ⎞
(b) B + A = ⎜ ⎟+⎜ ⎟=⎜ ⎟=⎜ ⎟
⎝ 5 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 −1⎠ ⎝ 5 + 3 3 + ( −1) ⎠ ⎝ 8 2 ⎠
(Generally A + B = B + A ).
⎛1 2 ⎞ ⎛ 3 6 ⎞
(c) A + A + A = 3A = 3 ⎜ ⎟=⎜ ⎟
⎝ 3 −1⎠ ⎝ 9 −3 ⎠
⎛ 3 6 ⎞ ⎛ 6 −1⎞ ⎛ 3 6 ⎞ ⎛ 12 −2 ⎞ ⎛ 15 4 ⎞
(d) 3A + 2B = ⎜ ⎟ + 2⎜ ⎟=⎜ ⎟+⎜ ⎟=⎜ ⎟
⎝ 9 −3 ⎠ ⎝ 5 3 ⎠ ⎝ 9 −3 ⎠ ⎝ 10 6 ⎠ ⎝ 19 3 ⎠
(e) Cannot be evaluated because A and C are different size matrices.
Similarly (f) cannot be evaluated.
⎛ 1 2 ⎞⎛ −1⎞ ⎛ ⎣⎡1× ( −1) ⎦⎤ + ( 2 ×1) ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
(g) AC = ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟=⎜ ⎟
⎝ 3 −1⎠⎝ 1 ⎠ ⎝⎜ ⎣⎡3 × ( −1) ⎤⎦ + ( −1× 1) ⎠⎟ ⎝ −4 ⎠
⎛ 6 −1⎞ ⎛ −1⎞ ⎛ −7 ⎞
(h) BC = ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 5 3 ⎠ ⎝ 1 ⎠ ⎝ −2 ⎠
⎛ 1 2 ⎞ ⎛ −7 ⎞
(i) 5A − 7BC = 5 ⎜ ⎟ − 7 ⎜ ⎟ ; cannot be evaluated because of the
⎝ 3 −1⎠ ⎝ −2 ⎠
different size matrices involved.
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ −7 ⎞ ⎛ 3 ⎞ ⎛ −14 ⎞ ⎛ 3 − ( −14 ) ⎞ ⎛ 17 ⎞
(j) 3AC − 2BC = 3 ⎜ ⎟ − 2 ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟−⎜ ⎟=⎜ ⎟=⎜ ⎟
⎝ −4 ⎠ ⎝ −2 ⎠ ⎝ −12 ⎠ ⎝ −4 ⎠ ⎝ −12 − ( −4 ) ⎠ ⎝ −8 ⎠
2. Use (11.1) to find the determinants.
⎛1 3⎞ ⎛1 5⎞
(a) det ⎜ ⎟ = (1× 7 ) − ( 5 × 3) = −8 det ⎜ ⎟ = (1× 7 ) − ( 3 × 5 ) = −8
⎝5 7⎠ ⎝3 7⎠
⎛ −1 2 ⎞ ⎛ −1 5 ⎞
(b) det ⎜ ⎟ = ( −1× 3) − ( 5 × 2 ) = −13 det ⎜ ⎟ = ( −1× 3) − ( 2 × 5 ) = −13
⎝ 5 3⎠ ⎝ 2 3⎠
⎛ −1 −1⎞ ⎛ −1 0 ⎞
(c) A = ⎜ ⎟, B = ⎜ ⎟ , det A = det B = 0
⎝0 0⎠ ⎝ −1 0 ⎠
The matrix A is transposed (rows → columns) to give matrix B. The same
numbers on each of the diagonals, so the determinant is the same,
det A = det B .
3. By (11.1)
⎛a b⎞ ⎛a c ⎞ ⎛a b⎞
det ⎜ ⎟ = ad − cb det ⎜ ⎟ = ad − bc = ad − cb = det ⎜ ⎟
⎝c d ⎠ ⎝b d ⎠ ⎝c d⎠
4. Use (11.1) to evaluate the determinants.
(a) (i) det A = (1× 6 ) − (5 × 3) = −9 (ii) det B = (3 × 5) − (−1× 7) = 22
(iii) det A × det B = −9 × 22 = −198

⎛a b ⎞
(11.1) det ⎜ ⎟ = ad − cb
⎝c d⎠
 Solutions 11(a) 2

⎛ 1 3 ⎞ ⎛ 3 7 ⎞ ⎛ 0 22 ⎞
(iv) AB = ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟=⎜ ⎟
⎝ 5 6 ⎠ ⎝ −1 5 ⎠ ⎝ 9 65 ⎠
det ( AB ) = ( 0 × 65) − ( 9 × 22 ) = −198
(b) (i) det A = ( −1×1.5 ) − (10 ×170 ) = −1701.5
(ii) det B = ⎡⎣ −30 × ( −1.9 ) ⎤⎦ − [ −9.3 × 61] = 624.3
(iii) det A × det B = −1701.5 × 624.3 = −1062246.45
⎛ −1 10 ⎞ ⎛ −30 −9.3 ⎞ ⎛ 640 −9.7 ⎞
(iv) AB = ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟=⎜ ⎟
⎝ 170 1.5 ⎠ ⎝ 61 −1.9 ⎠ ⎝ −5008.5 −1583.85 ⎠
det ( AB ) = ⎡⎣ 640 × ( −1583.85 ) ⎤⎦ − ⎡⎣( −9.7 ) × ( −5008.5 ) ⎤⎦ = −1062246.45
(c) (i) det A = ⎡⎣5 × ( −5.6 ) ⎤⎦ − ⎡⎣ 2.2 × ( −3) ⎤⎦ = −21.4
(ii) det B = ⎡⎣ −7.1× ( −12.2 ) ⎤⎦ − ⎡⎣ −3.5 × ( −2.1) ⎤⎦ = 79.27
(iii) det A × det B = −21.4 × 79.27 = −1696.378
⎛ 5 −3 ⎞⎛ −7.1 −2.1 ⎞ ⎛ −25 26.1 ⎞
(iv) AB = ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟=⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2.2 −5.6 ⎠⎝ −3.5 −12.2 ⎠ ⎝ 3.98 63.7 ⎠
det ( AB ) = ( −25 × 63.7 ) − ( 3.98 × 26.1) = −1696.378
All the results satisfy det A det B = det(AB) .
5. In each case det A = 1 so we use (11.3).
(a) Exchanging numbers 3 and 9 and placing a negative sign in front of
the other numbers gives:
⎛ 3 −2 ⎞
A −1 = ⎜ ⎟
⎝ −13 9 ⎠
−1 ⎛ 5 −7 ⎞
(b) A = ⎜ ⎟
⎝ −12 17 ⎠
⎛1 0⎞ −1 ⎛1 0⎞
(c) In this case A is the identity matrix, ⎜ ⎟ and so I = I = ⎜ ⎟.
⎝0 1⎠ ⎝0 1⎠
6. We first evaluate the determinant.
⎛5 4⎞
(a) By (11.1), det ⎜ ⎟ = ( 5 ×1) − ( 3 × 4 ) = −7 . So using (11.4)
⎝3 1⎠
1 ⎛ 1 −4 ⎞ ⎛ −1 7 4 7 ⎞
A −1 = − ⎜ ⎟=⎜ ⎟
7 ⎝ −3 5 ⎠ ⎝ 3 7 − 5 7 ⎠
⎛ 3 6⎞
(b) We have det ⎜ ⎟ = ( 3 × 8 ) − ( 7 × 6 ) = 24 − 42 = −18 . Thus applying (11.4)
⎝7 8⎠
−1
−1⎛ 3 6⎞ 1 ⎛ 8 −6 ⎞ ⎛ −8 18 6 18 ⎞ ⎛ −4 9 1 3 ⎞
A =⎜ ⎟ =− ⎜ ⎟=⎜ ⎟=⎜ ⎟
⎝7 8⎠ 18 ⎝ −7 3 ⎠ ⎝ 7 18 −3 18 ⎠ ⎝ 7 18 −1 6 ⎠
(c) det A = (7 × 2 ) − (14 × 1) = 0 . Since det A = 0 , so A cannot have an inverse.
(11.1) det A = (a × d ) − (b × c)
−1
⎛a b ⎞ 1 ⎛ d −b ⎞
(11.4) ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟
⎝c d⎠ ad − bc ⎝ −c a ⎠
 Solutions 11(b) 1

Complete solutions to Exercise 11(b)

1. Use (11.1) to find the determinants.
⎛1 3⎞ ⎛1 5⎞
(a) det ⎜ ⎟ = (1× 7 ) − ( 5 × 3) = −8 det ⎜ ⎟ = (1× 7 ) − ( 3 × 5 ) = −8
⎝5 7⎠ ⎝3 7⎠
⎛ −1 2 ⎞ ⎛ −1 5 ⎞
(b) det ⎜ ⎟ = ( −1× 3) − ( 5 × 2 ) = −13 det ⎜ ⎟ = ( −1× 3) − ( 2 × 5 ) = −13
⎝ 5 3⎠ ⎝ 2 3⎠
⎛ −1 −1⎞ ⎛ −1 0 ⎞
(c) A = ⎜ ⎟, B = ⎜ ⎟ , det A = detB = 0
⎝0 0⎠ ⎝ −1 0 ⎠
The matrix A is transposed (rows → columns) to give matrix B. The same numbers
on each of the diagonals, so the determinant is the same, det A = detB .
2. By (11.1)
⎛a b⎞ ⎛a c ⎞ ⎛a b⎞
det ⎜ ⎟ = ad − cb det ⎜ ⎟ = ad − bc = ad − cb = det ⎜ ⎟
⎝c d⎠ ⎝b d ⎠ ⎝c d⎠
3. Use (11.1) to evaluate the determinants.
(a) (i) det A = (1× 6 ) − (5 × 3) = −9 (ii) det B = (3 × 5) − (−1× 7) = 22
(iii) det A × detB = −9 × 22 = −198
⎛ 1 3 ⎞ ⎛ 3 7 ⎞ ⎛ 0 22 ⎞
(iv) AB = ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟=⎜ ⎟
⎝ 5 6 ⎠ ⎝ −1 5 ⎠ ⎝ 9 65 ⎠
det ( AB ) = ( 0 × 65 ) − ( 9 × 22 ) = −198
(b) (i) det A = ( −1× 1.5 ) − (10 × 170 ) = −1701.5
(ii) det B = ⎡⎣ −30 × ( −1.9 ) ⎤⎦ − [ −9.3 × 61] = 624.3
(iii) det A × det B = −1701.5 × 624.3 = −1062246.45
⎛ −1 10 ⎞ ⎛ −30 −9.3 ⎞ ⎛ 640 −9.7 ⎞
(iv) AB = ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟=⎜ ⎟
⎝170 1.5 ⎠ ⎝ 61 −1.9 ⎠ ⎝ −5008.5 −1583.85 ⎠
det ( AB ) = ⎡⎣ 640 × ( −1583.85 ) ⎤⎦ − ⎡⎣( −9.7 ) × ( −5008.5 ) ⎤⎦ = −1062246.45
(c) (i) det A = ⎡⎣5 × ( −5.6 ) ⎤⎦ − ⎡⎣ 2.2 × ( −3) ⎤⎦ = −21.4
(ii) det B = ⎡⎣ −7.1× ( −12.2 ) ⎤⎦ − ⎡⎣ −3.5 × ( −2.1) ⎤⎦ = 79.27
(iii) det A × det B = −21.4 × 79.27 = −1696.378
⎛ 5 −3 ⎞⎛ −7.1 −2.1 ⎞ ⎛ −25 26.1 ⎞
(iv) AB = ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟=⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2.2 −5.6 ⎠⎝ −3.5 −12.2 ⎠ ⎝ 3.98 63.7 ⎠
det ( AB ) = ( −25 × 63.7 ) − ( 3.98 × 26.1) = −1696.378
All the results satisfy det A det B = det (AB) .

⎛a b⎞
(11.1) det ⎜ ⎟ = ad − cb
⎝c d⎠
 Solutions 11(b) 2

4. In each case det A = 1 so we use (11.3).

(a) Exchanging numbers 3 and 9 and placing a negative sign in front of the other
numbers gives:
⎛ 3 −2 ⎞
A −1 = ⎜ ⎟
⎝ −13 9 ⎠
−1 ⎛ 5 −7 ⎞
(b) A = ⎜ ⎟
⎝ −12 17 ⎠
⎛1 0⎞ −1 ⎛1 0⎞
(c) In this case A is the identity matrix, ⎜ ⎟ and so I = I = ⎜ ⎟.
⎝0 1⎠ ⎝0 1⎠

5. We first evaluate the determinant.

⎛5 4⎞
(a) By (11.1), det ⎜ ⎟ = ( 5 ×1) − ( 3 × 4 ) = −7 . So using (11.4)
⎝3 1⎠
1 ⎛ 1 −4 ⎞ ⎛ −1 7 4 7 ⎞
A −1 = − ⎜ ⎟=⎜ ⎟
7 ⎝ −3 5 ⎠ ⎝ 3 7 − 5 7 ⎠
⎛ 3 6⎞
(b) We have det ⎜ ⎟ = ( 3 × 8 ) − ( 7 × 6 ) = 24 − 42 = −18 . Thus applying (11.4)
⎝7 8⎠
−1
−1 ⎛ 3 6⎞ 1 ⎛ 8 −6 ⎞ ⎛ −8 18 6 18 ⎞ ⎛ −4 9 1 3 ⎞
A =⎜ ⎟ =− ⎜ ⎟=⎜ ⎟=⎜ ⎟
⎝7 8⎠ 18 ⎝ −7 3 ⎠ ⎝ 7 18 −3 18 ⎠ ⎝ 7 18 −1 6 ⎠
(c) det A = (7 × 2 ) − (14 × 1) = 0 . Since det A = 0 , so A cannot have an inverse.

6. Putting the equations into matrix form gives

⎛ 2 3 ⎞ ⎛ i1 ⎞ ⎛ 5 ⎞
⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 6 7 ⎠ ⎝ i2 ⎠ ⎝10 ⎠
⎛ 2 3⎞
We need to find the inverse of A = ⎜ ⎟ . By (11.4)
⎝6 7⎠
−1
⎛ 2 3⎞ 1 ⎛ 7 −3 ⎞ 1 ⎛ 7 −3 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ = =
⎝6 7⎠ ( 2 × 7 ) − ( 6 × 3) ⎜⎝ −6 2 ⎟⎠ −4 ⎜⎝ −6 2 ⎟⎠
Using (11.5) we have
⎛ i1 ⎞ 1 ⎛ 7 −3 ⎞⎛ 5 ⎞ 1 ⎛ 5 ⎞ ⎛ −5 4⎞
⎜ ⎟=− ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ =− ⎜ ⎟=⎜ ⎟
⎝ i2 ⎠ 4 ⎝ −6 2 ⎠⎝10 ⎠ 4 ⎝ −10 ⎠ ⎝ 10 4 ⎠
i1 = −1.25 A and i2 = 2.5 A

(11.1) det A = (a × d ) − (b × c)
−1
⎛a b⎞ 1 ⎛ d −b ⎞
(11.4) ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟
⎝c d⎠ ad − bc ⎝ −c a ⎠
(11.5) u = A−1b
 Solutions 11(b) 3

7. These equations can be written as

30i1 − 10i2 = 12
−10i1 + 35i2 = 5
In matrix form we have
⎛ 30 −10 ⎞ ⎛ i1 ⎞ ⎛ 12 ⎞
⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟
⎝ −10 35 ⎠ ⎝ i2 ⎠ ⎝ 5 ⎠
⎛ 30 −10⎞
Let A = ⎜ . Then by (11.4)
⎝ −10 35 ⎠
−1
⎛ 30 −10 ⎞ 1 ⎛ 35 10 ⎞ 1 ⎛ 35 10 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ = ⎟=
⎝ −10 35 ⎠ ( 30 × 35) − (10 ×10 ) ⎝ 10 30 ⎠ 950 ⎜⎝ 10 30 ⎟⎠
⎜
Using (11.5) gives
⎛ i1 ⎞ 1 ⎛ 35 10 ⎞⎛ 12 ⎞ 1 ⎛ 470 ⎞
⎜ ⎟= ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟
⎝ i2 ⎠ 950 ⎝ 10 30 ⎠⎝ 5 ⎠ 950 ⎝ 270 ⎠
470 47 270 27
i1 = = A and i2 = = A
950 95 950 95

8. Similar to solutions 6 and 7.

(a) x = 2 and y = 4 (b) x = −1 and y = 1
1 1
(c) x = and y = −
4 3

(11.1) det A = (a × d ) − (b × c)
−1
⎛a b⎞ 1 ⎛ d −b ⎞
(11.4) ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟
⎝c d⎠ ad − bc ⎝ −c a ⎠
(11.5) u = A−1b
 Solutions 11(c) 1

Complete solutions to Exercise 11(c)

1. (a) Using (11.8)
⎛ 1 3 −1 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎛ 0 5⎞ ⎛ 2 5⎞ ⎛ 2 0⎞
det ⎜ 2 0 5 ⎟ = 1det ⎜ ⎟ − 3det ⎜ ⎟ − 1det ⎜ ⎟
⎜ −6 3 1 ⎟ ⎝ 3 1⎠ ⎝ −6 1 ⎠ ⎝ −6 3 ⎠
⎝ ⎠
N 1 ⎡⎣( 0 ×1) − ( 3 × 5 ) ⎤⎦ − 3 ⎡⎣( 2 ×1) − ( −6 × 5 ) ⎤⎦ − 1 ⎡⎣( 2 × 3) − ( −6 × 0 ) ⎤⎦ = −117
=
by (11.1)

(b) Similarly
⎛ 2 −10 11 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎛ 3 −4 ⎞ ⎛ 5 −4 ⎞ ⎛ 5 3⎞
det ⎜ 5 3 −4 ⎟ = 2 det ⎜ ⎟ + 10 det ⎜ ⎟ + 11det ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 7 9 12 ⎟ ⎝ 9 12 ⎠ ⎝ 7 12 ⎠ ⎝ 7 9⎠
⎝ ⎠
N 2 ⎣⎡( 3 ×12 ) − ( 9 × ( −4 ) ) ⎦⎤ + 10 ⎡⎣( 5 ×12 ) − ( 7 × ( −4 ) ) ⎤⎦ + 11 ⎡⎣( 5 × 9 ) − ( 7 × 3) ⎤⎦
=
by (11.1)

= 1288
(c) Very similar to parts (a) and (b). Thus det C = −114 .
2. Remember for the transpose we interchange the rows and columns of
the matrix:
⎛ −2 3 ⎞ ⎛ −2 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 3 −2 5 ⎞ ⎛ 1 3 − 3 7 ⎞
T T

(a) ⎜ ⎟ =⎜ ⎟ (b) ⎜ ⎟ =⎜ ⎟
⎝ 1 5⎠ ⎝ 3 5⎠ ⎝ −3 7 π ⎠ ⎝ −2 5 π ⎠
⎛ 7 3 4 ⎞ ⎛ 7 2 −3 ⎞
T T
⎛ 1.17 1.36 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎛1.17 9.39 2.11 ⎞
(c) ⎜ 2 6 1 ⎟ = ⎜ 3 6 −3 ⎟ (d) ⎜ 9.39 −1.45 ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟
⎜ −3 −3 1 ⎟ ⎜ 4 1 1 ⎟ ⎜ 2.11 5.20 ⎟ ⎝ 1.36 −1.45 5.20 ⎠
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛ −7 2 1 5 ⎞ ⎛ −7 3 8 −4 ⎞ ⎛ 1 −3 7 ⎞
T T

⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎛ 1 −9 −4 9 ⎞
3 6 −4 7 ⎟ ⎜ 2 6 3 6 ⎟ −9 4 6 ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
(e) ⎜ = (f) ⎜ = ⎜ −3 4 2 19 ⎟
⎜ 8 3 −3 5 ⎟ ⎜ 1 −4 −3 7 ⎟ ⎜ −4 2 8 ⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜⎝ 7 6 8 11 ⎟⎠
⎝ −4 6 7 0⎠ ⎝ 5 7 5 0 ⎠ ⎝ 9 19 11 ⎠
3. Using (11.8)
⎛i j k ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎡ ⎛ 3 −2 ⎞ ⎤ ⎡ ⎛ 7 −2 ⎞ ⎤ ⎡ ⎛ 7 3 ⎞⎤
det ⎜ 7 3 −2 ⎟ = i ⎢ det ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ − j ⎢ det ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ + k ⎢ det ⎜ ⎟⎥
⎜ 4 2 7 ⎟ ⎣ ⎝ 2 7 ⎠⎦ ⎣ ⎝ 4 7 ⎠⎦ ⎣ ⎝ 4 2 ⎠⎦
⎝ ⎠
N i ⎡⎣( 3 × 7 ) − ( 2 × ( −2 ) ) ⎤⎦ − j ⎡⎣( 7 × 7 ) − ( 4 × ( −2 ) ) ⎤⎦ + k ⎡⎣( 7 × 2 ) − ( 4 × 3) ⎤⎦
=
by (11.1)

= 25i − 57 j + 2k

⎛a b ⎞
(11.1) det ⎜ ⎟ = ad − cb
⎝c d⎠
⎛a b c⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎡ ⎛ e f ⎞⎤ ⎡ ⎛d f ⎞⎤ ⎡ ⎛d e ⎞⎤
(11.8) det ⎜ d e f ⎟ = a ⎢det ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ − b ⎢ det ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ + c ⎢ det ⎜ ⎟⎥
⎜g h i ⎟⎠ ⎣ ⎝ h i ⎠⎦ ⎣ ⎝g i ⎠⎦ ⎣ ⎝g h ⎠⎦
⎝
 Solutions 11(c) 2

4. We have
⎛1 0 3 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎛ t −7 ⎞ ⎛5 t ⎞
det ⎜ 5 t −7 ⎟ = 1det ⎜ ⎟ − 0 + 3det ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 3 9 t − 1⎟ ⎝ 9 t − 1⎠ ⎝3 9⎠
⎝ ⎠
N ⎣⎡t ( t − 1) − ( 9 × ( −7 ) ) ⎦⎤ + 3 ⎡⎣( 5 × 9 ) − ( 3 × t ) ⎤⎦
=
by (11.1)

= ⎡⎣t 2 − t + 63⎤⎦ + 3[ 45 − 3t ]
= t 2 − t + 63 + 135 − 9t = t 2 − 10t + 198
Since the determinant is zero we have
t 2 − 10t + 198 = 0
How do we solve this quadratic equation?
Use (1.16) with a = 1, b = −10 and c = 198
10 ± ( −10 ) − ( 4 ×1×198)
2

t=
2
10 ± −692 10 ± j 692
= = = 5 ± j 173
2 2
Thus t = 5 + j 173, 5 − j 173
5. We need to find the cofactors of each element of the matrix.
Cofactor of 1 is
⎛ 3 7⎞
det ⎜ ⎟ = ( 3 × 0 ) − ( −1 × 7 ) = 7
⎝ −1 0 ⎠
Cofactor of 0 is
⎛ −2 7 ⎞
− det ⎜ ⎟ = − ⎡⎣( −2 × 0 ) − ( 6 × 7 ) ⎤⎦ = 42
⎝ 6 0⎠
Cofactor of 5 is
⎛ −2 3 ⎞
det ⎜ ⎟ = ⎡⎣( −2 × ( −1) ) − ( 6 × 3) ⎤⎦ = −16
⎝ 6 −1⎠
Cofactor of −2 is
⎛ 0 5⎞
− det ⎜ ⎟ = − ⎡⎣( 0 × 0 ) − ( −1× 5 ) ⎤⎦ = −5
⎝ −1 0 ⎠
Cofactor of 3 is
⎛1 5⎞
det ⎜ ⎟ = ⎡⎣(1× 0 ) − ( 6 × 5 ) ⎤⎦ = −30
⎝6 0⎠
Cofactor of 7 is
⎛1 0 ⎞
− det ⎜ ⎟ = − ⎡⎣(1× ( −1) ) − ( 6 × 0 ) ⎤⎦ = 1
⎝ 6 −1⎠

− b ± b 2 − 4ac
(1.16) x=
2a
⎛a b ⎞
(11.1) det ⎜ ⎟ = ad − cb
⎝c d⎠
 Solutions 11(c) 3

Cofactor of 6 is
⎛0 5⎞
det ⎜ ⎟ = ⎡⎣( 0 × 7 ) − ( 3 × 5 ) ⎤⎦ = −15
⎝3 7⎠
Cofactor of −1 is
⎛ 1 5⎞
− det ⎜ ⎟ = − ⎡⎣(1× 7 ) − ( −2 × 5 ) ⎤⎦ = −17
⎝ −2 7 ⎠
Cofactor of 0 is
⎛ 1 0⎞
det ⎜ ⎟ = ⎡⎣(1× 3) − ( −2 × 0 ) ⎤⎦ = 3
⎝ −2 3 ⎠
Collecting the cofactors gives the cofactor matrix:
⎛ 7 42 −16 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
C = ⎜ −5 −30 1 ⎟
⎜ −15 −17 3 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
Transposing this matrix (interchanging rows and columns) gives
⎛ 7 −5 −15 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
C = ⎜ 42 −30 −17 ⎟
T

⎜ −16 1 3 ⎟⎠
⎝
6. Writing the equations in matrix form yields
⎛ 3 −5 3 ⎞⎛ i1 ⎞ ⎛ 7.5 ⎞
⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 2 1 −7 ⎟⎜ i2 ⎟ = ⎜ −17.5 ⎟
⎜ −10 4 5 ⎟⎜ i ⎟ ⎜ 16 ⎟
⎝ ⎠⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛ 3 −5 3 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
Let A = ⎜ 2 1 −7 ⎟ . What do we need to find?
⎜ −10 4 5 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
The inverse matrix, A −1 . The currents can be obtained from
⎛ i1 ⎞ ⎛ 7.5 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ −1 ⎜ ⎟
⎜ i2 ⎟ = A ⎜ −17.5 ⎟ (*)
⎜i ⎟ ⎜ 16 ⎟
⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ ⎠
−1
To find A we have to evaluate the determinant and the adjoint of A.
⎛ 3 −5 3 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎛ 1 −7 ⎞ ⎛ 2 −7 ⎞ ⎛ 2 1⎞
det ⎜ 2 1 −7 ⎟ = 3det ⎜ ⎟ − ( −5 ) det ⎜ ⎟ + 3det ⎜ ⎟
⎜ −10 4 5 ⎟ ⎝4 5 ⎠ ⎝ −10 5 ⎠ ⎝ −10 4 ⎠
⎝ ⎠
= 3 ⎡⎣(1× 5 ) − ( 4 × ( −7 ) ) ⎤⎦ + 5 ⎡⎣( 2 × 5 ) − (10 × 7 ) ⎤⎦ + 3 ⎡⎣( 2 × 4 ) − ( −10 × 1) ⎤⎦
= −147
Next we find adjA , which is the cofactor matrix transposed. The cofactor
matrix can be obtained using the method described in solution 5. Thus
⎛ 33 60 18 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
C = ⎜ 37 45 38 ⎟
⎜ 32 27 13 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
 Solutions 11(c) 4

Transposing this gives adjA

⎛ 33 37 32 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
adjA = C = ⎜ 60 45 27 ⎟
T

⎜ 18 38 13 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
By (11.16)
⎛ 33 37 32 ⎞
1 ⎜ ⎟
A −1 = − ⎜ 60 45 27 ⎟
147 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 18 38 13 ⎠
Substituting into (*) gives
⎛ i1 ⎞ ⎛ 33 37 32 ⎞ ⎛ 7.5 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ 1 ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎜ i2 ⎟ = − 147 ⎜ 60 45 27 ⎟ ⎜ −17.5 ⎟
⎜i ⎟ ⎜ 18 38 13 ⎟ ⎜ 16 ⎟
⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠
⎛ ( 33 × 7.5 ) + ( 37 × ( −17.5 ) ) + ( 32 × 16 ) ⎞
1 ⎜ ⎟
=− ⎜ ( 60 × 7.5 ) + ( 45 × ( −17.5 ) ) + ( 27 × 16 ) ⎟
147 ⎜
⎜ (18 × 7.5 ) + ( 38 × ( −17.5 ) ) + (13 × 16 ) ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛ 112 ⎞ ⎛ −0.762 ⎞
1 ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
=− ⎜ 94.5 ⎟ = ⎜ −0.643 ⎟
147 ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ −322 ⎠ ⎝ 2.190 ⎠
Hence i1 = − 0.76A, i2 = − 0.64 A and i3 = 2.19 A (2 d.p.)
7. (a) Since there are 2 zeros in the second row it is easier to expand along
this row, thus:
⎛ 2 3 5⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎡ ⎛ 3 5 ⎞⎤ ⎡ ⎛ 2 5 ⎞⎤ ⎡ ⎛ 2 3 ⎞⎤
det ⎜ 0 0 6 ⎟ = −0 ⎢det ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ + 0 ⎢det ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ − 6 ⎢ det ⎜ ⎟⎥
⎜ 1 5 3⎟ ⎣ ⎝ 5 3 ⎠⎦ ⎣ ⎝ 1 3 ⎠⎦ ⎣ ⎝ 1 5 ⎠⎦
⎝ ⎠
= 0 + 0 − 6 ⎡⎣( 2 × 5 ) − (1× 3) ⎤⎦ = −42
(b) Similarly since there is a zero along the third row, expand along this
row.
⎛6 7 1⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎡ ⎛ 7 1 ⎞⎤ ⎡ ⎛ 6 1 ⎞⎤ ⎡ ⎛ 6 7 ⎞⎤
det ⎜ 1 3 2 ⎟ = 0 ⎢det ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ − 1 ⎢det ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ + 5 ⎢det ⎜ ⎟⎥
⎜0 1 5⎟ ⎣ ⎝ 3 2 ⎠⎦ ⎣ ⎝ 1 2 ⎠⎦ ⎣ ⎝ 1 3 ⎠⎦
⎝ ⎠
= 0 − 1 ⎡⎣( 6 × 2 ) − 1⎤⎦ + 5 ⎡⎣( 6 × 3) − (1× 7 ) ⎤⎦ = 44

1
(11.16) A −1 = adjA
det A
 Solutions 11(c) 5

(c) Expand along the first column since it contains 2 zeros:

⎛1 5 1⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎡ ⎛ 3 7 ⎞⎤ ⎡ ⎛ 5 1 ⎞⎤ ⎡ ⎛ 5 1 ⎞⎤
det ⎜ 0 3 7 ⎟ = 1 ⎢det ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ − 0 ⎢det ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ + 0 ⎢det ⎜ ⎟⎥
⎜ 0 2 9 ⎟ ⎣ ⎝ 2 9 ⎠⎦ ⎣ ⎝ 2 9 ⎠⎦ ⎣ ⎝ 3 7 ⎠⎦
⎝ ⎠
= 1 ⎡⎣( 3 × 9 ) − ( 2 × 7 ) ⎤⎦ − 0 + 0 = 13
(d) Expanding along the second column
⎛ 9 5 1⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎛13 2 ⎞ ⎛9 1⎞ ⎛ 9 1⎞
det ⎜13 0 2 ⎟ = −5det ⎜ ⎟ + 0 det ⎜ ⎟ − 0 det ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 11 0 3 ⎟ ⎝ 11 3 ⎠ ⎝11 3⎠ ⎝ 13 2 ⎠
⎝ ⎠
= −5 ⎡⎣(13 × 3) − (11× 2 ) ⎤⎦ = −85
8. The following shows the MAPLE output but you could use a graphical
calculator.
> A:=<<1 | 2 | 3 | 4> , <5 | 6 | 7 | 8> , <9 | 10 | 11 |
12> , <13 | 14 | 15 | 16>>;
⎡ 1 2 3 4⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎢ 5 6 7 8⎥⎥
A := ⎢
⎢ 9 10 11 12⎥⎥
⎢
⎢13 14 15 16⎥⎥
⎣ ⎦
> with(linalg):
Warning, the protected names norm and trace have been redefined and
unprotected

> det(A);
0
> B:=matrix([[-1.1, 4.23, 2.67, 7.45,9.62], [19.61, 6.40,
3.12, 11.89,2.36], [-17.5, -9.73, 5.23, 8.54,2.51],
[6.19, 2.91, 17.64,
8.93,8.98],[3.98,11.84,4.78,9.85,3.22]]);
⎡⎢ -1.1 4.23 2.67 7.45 9.62⎤
⎢⎢19.61 6.40 ⎥
3.12 11.89 2.36⎥⎥
⎢ ⎥
B := ⎢⎢ -17.5 -9.73 5.23 8.54 2.51⎥⎥
⎢⎢ 6.19 2.91 17.64 8.93 8.98⎥⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 3.98 11.84 4.78 9.85 3.22⎥⎦
> det(B);
-509092.3880
 Solutions 11(d) 1

Complete solutions of Exercise 11(d)

1. (a) In matrix form we have
⎛ 1 2 −3 ⎞⎛ x ⎞ ⎛ 3 ⎞
⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 2 −1 −1 ⎟⎜ y ⎟ = ⎜ 11 ⎟
⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 3 2 1 ⎠⎝ z ⎠ ⎝ −5 ⎠
The augmented matrix can be written
R1 ⎛ 1 2 −3 3 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
R2 ⎜ 2 −1 −1 11 ⎟
R3 ⎝⎜ 3 2 1 −5 ⎠⎟
We execute R2 − 2R1 to get 0 in place of 2 in row 2. Similarly R3 − 3R1 to
achieve a 0 in place of 3 in row 3:
R1 ⎛ 1 2 −3 3 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
R2* = R2 − 2 R1 ⎜ 0 −5 5 5 ⎟
R3* = R3 − 3R1 ⎜⎝ 0 −4 10 −14 ⎟⎠
R1 ⎛ 1 2 −3 3 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 0 −5 5
*
R2 5 ⎟
4 ⎜ 0 0 6 − 18 ⎟
R3** = R3* − R2* ⎝ ⎠
5
**
From the last row, R3 , we have
6z = −18 which gives z = −3
*
From R2 we have
− 5 y + 5z = 5
−5 y + ⎡⎣5 × ( −3) ⎤⎦ = 5 gives y = −4
From first row, R1 , we have
x + 2y − 3z = 3
Substituting y = −4 and z = −3 gives
x + ⎡⎣ 2 × ( −4 ) ⎤⎦ − ⎡⎣3 × ( −3) ⎤⎦ = 3 gives x = 2
Thus x = 2, y = −4, z = −3 . Similarly
(b) x = 1, y = 2, z = 3 (c) x = 1 2, y = 1 4, z = 1 8
2. The augmented matrix is
⎛
⎜ 9 × 10
3
−3 × 103 10⎞
⎟
⎝ −3 × 103 13 × 103 0⎠
3
Divide each row by 10 gives
R1 ⎛ 9 −3 10 × 10−3 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
R2 ⎝ −3 13 0 ⎠
Interchanging row 1 and row 2
R1 ' ⎛ −3 13 0
⎜ ⎟⎞
R2 ' ⎝ 9 −3 10 × 10 ⎠
−3

To get 0 in place of 9 we execute R2 ' +3R1 '

 Solutions 11(d) 2

R1 ' ⎛ −3 13 0
⎜ ⎟⎞
R2 " ⎝ 0 36 10 × 10 ⎠
−3

From R2 " we have

36i2 = 10 × 10 −3
i2 = 0.278 × 10−3
From R1' we have
−3i1 + 13i2 = 0
13 13 −3 −3
i1 = i2 = × 0.278 × 10 = 1.204 × 10
3 3
Writing to 2 d.p. and using milli (m) gives i1 = 1.20mA and i2 = 0.28mA .
3. Writing out the augmented matrix we have
R1 ⎛ 10 1 −5 18 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
R2 ⎜ −20 3 20 14 ⎟
R3 ⎜⎝ 5 3 5 9 ⎟⎠
Interchanging row 1 and row 3 gives
R1 ' ⎛ 5 3 5 9 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
R2 ⎜ −20 3 20 14 ⎟
R3 ' ⎜⎝ 10 1 −5 18 ⎟⎠
Executing R2 + 4R1 ' and R3 ' −2R1 ' to achieve 0's in place of −20 and 10
respectively:
R1 ' ⎛ 5 3 5 9⎞
⎜ ⎟
R2 ' ⎜ 0 15 40 50 ⎟
R3 " ⎜⎝ 0 −5 −15 0 ⎟⎠
Only left to replace the − 5 in the bottom row by 0, implement 3 R3 "+ R2 ' :
R1 ' ⎛ 5 3 5 9 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
R2 ' ⎜ 0 15 40 50 ⎟
R3 '" ⎜⎝ 0 0 −5 50 ⎟⎠
From the last row we have −5z = 50 gives z = −10
Substituting this into R2 ' and solving for y gives y = 30 . Similarly from
the first row we have x = −6.2 .
4. Rearranging the given equations
x1 + 
 x2 =0
− 
x1 +T = g
− 2 
x2 + T = 2 g
Putting into an augmented matrix
R1 ⎛ 1 1 0 0 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
R2 ⎜ −1 0 1 g ⎟
R3 ⎜⎝ 0 −2 1 2 g ⎟⎠
Establishing a 0 in place of −1 :
 Solutions 11(d) 3

R1 ⎛1 1 0 0 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
R2 ' = R2 + R1 ⎜ 0 1 1 g ⎟
R3 ⎜ 0 −2 1 2 g ⎟
⎝ ⎠
Getting 0 in place of −2
R1 ⎛1 1 0 0 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
R2 ' ⎜0 1 1 g ⎟
R3 ' = R3 + 2 R2 ' ⎜⎝ 0 0 3 4 g ⎟⎠
From the last row we have
4
3T = 4 g gives T = g
3
From R2 ' and substituting the above we have
4 4 g
x2 + g = g which gives 
 x2 = − g + g = −
3 3 3
g
From the first row, R1 , we have  x1 = .
3
5. The augmented matrix is
R1 ⎛ 1 1 0 0 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
R2 ⎜ −3 0 1 3 g ⎟
R3 ⎜⎝ 0 −2 1 2 g ⎟⎠
R1 ⎛1 1 0 0 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
R2 ' = R2 + 3R1⎜0 3 1 3g ⎟
R3 ⎜0 −2 1 2 g ⎟⎠
⎝
R1 ⎛1 1 0 0 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
R2 ' ⎜0 3 1 3g ⎟
2 ⎜0 0 5 3 4 g ⎟⎠
R3 ' = R3 + R2 ' ⎝
3
By R3 ' we have
5 12
T = 4 g which gives T = g
3 5
Similarly from R2 ' and R1 we have
g g
x1 = − , 
 x2 =
5 5
6. The augmented matrix is
⎛ 4 × 103 −3 × 103 0 10 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜ −3 ×10 18 × 103 −10 × 103 0 ⎟
3

⎜ 0 −10 ×103 23 × 103 −15 ⎟⎠

⎝
3
Dividing each row by 10 gives
 Solutions 11(d) 4

I1 I2 I3
R1 ⎛ 4 −3 0 10 ×10−3 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
R2 ⎜ −3 18 −10 0 ⎟
R3 ⎜ 0 −10 23 −15 × 10−3 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
Interchanging columns I1 and I3 :
I3 I 2 I1
R1 ⎛ 0 −3 4 10 ×10−3 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
R2 ⎜ −10 18 −3 0 ⎟
R3 ⎜ 23 −10 0 −15 ×10−3 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
Divide row 2, R2 , by −10 gives
R1 ⎛ 0 −3 4 10 × 10−3 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
R2 ' ⎜ 1 −1.8 0.3 0 ⎟
R3 ⎜⎝ 23 −10 0 −15 × 10−3 ⎟⎠
To get 0 in place of 23 we need to execute R3 − 23R2 '
R1 ⎛ 0 −3 4 10 × 10−3 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
R2 ' ⎜ 1 −1.8 0.3 0 ⎟
R3 ' ⎜ 0 31.4 −6.9 −15 × 10−3 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
31.4
To achieve 0 in place of 31.4 we have to implement R3 ' + R
3 1
R1 ⎛ 0 −3 4 10 × 10−3 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
R2 ' ⎜ 1 −1.8 0.3 0 ⎟
R3 ' ⎜0 0 34.967 89.667 × 10 −3 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
Interchanging R1 and R2 ' gives 0's in the required position
I3 I2 I1
⎛ 1 −1.8 0.3 0 ⎞
⎜ −3 ⎟
⎜ 0 −3 4 10 × 10 ⎟
⎜0 0 34.967 89.667 × 10 −3 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
From the last row we have
89.667 × 10−3
34.967 I1 = 89.667 × 10−3 which gives I1 = = 2.564332 × 10−3
34.967
−3
Substituting I1 = 2.564332 × 10 into the penultimate row gives
−3I 2 + ( 4 × 2.564332 × 10−3 ) = 10 × 10−3

I2 =
(10 ×10 ) − ( 4 × 2.564332 ×10 ) = 8.5776 ×10
−3 −3
−5

−3
From the first row we have
I3 − 1.8I2 + 0.3I1 = 0 (*)
Substituting I1 = 2.564332 × 10 and I2 = 8.5776 × 10−5 into (*) yields
−3
 Solutions 11(d) 5

I 3 − (1.8 × 8.5776 × 10−5 ) + ( 0.3 × 2.564332 × 10−3 ) = 0

I 3 = (1.8 × 8.5776 × 10−5 ) − ( 0.3 × 2.564332 × 10−3 ) = −6.149028 × 10−4
Thus I1 = 2.56 mA, I2 = 85.8μA and I3 = −615μA .
Of course the whole solution would look a lot nicer if we had taken advice
of the hint and worked in kΩ and mA ! No factors of ' ×10 ' all over the
-3

place.
 Solutions 11(e) 1

Complete solutions to Exercise 11(e)

1. Similar to EXAMPLE 23. Let A be the matrix of coefficients:
⎛1 3 5 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
A = ⎜ 7 −1 1 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 3 −8 ⎠
We need to find the determinant of this matrix:
⎛ −1 1 ⎞ ⎛7 1 ⎞ ⎛ 7 −1⎞
det A = 1det ⎜ ⎟ − 3det ⎜ ⎟ + 5det ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 3 −8 ⎠ ⎝ 2 −8 ⎠ ⎝2 3 ⎠
=
N ( 8 − 3) − 3 ( −56 − 2 ) + 5 ( 21 + 2 ) = 294
by (11.1)

Since det A ≠ 0 so by (11.16) we only have the trivial solution

x = 0, y = 0, z = 0
2. Solving the equations by the inverse matrix method gives x = 1, y = 1 . To
check if this solution is unique we test whether the following matrix has a
non zero determinant:
⎛ 2 3⎞
A=⎜ ⎟
⎝ 4 5⎠
⎛ 2 3⎞
det ⎜ ⎟ = ( 2 × 5 ) − ( 4 × 3 ) = −2 ≠ 0
⎝ 4 5⎠
By (11.13) x = 1, y = 1 is the unique solution of the given equations.
3. We can write the given equations as Au = b where
⎛2 1⎞ ⎛ x⎞ ⎛ 0⎞
A=⎜ ⎟, u = ⎜ ⎟, b = ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 4 2⎠ ⎝ y⎠ ⎝ 0⎠
We can find the determinant of A by using (11.1):
⎛2 1⎞
det ⎜ ⎟ = ( 2 × 2 ) − ( 4 ×1) = 0
⎝ 4 2⎠
By (11.15) there are an infinite number of solutions for
2x + y = 0 (*)
4x + 2 y = 0 (**)
From (*) we have
y = −2x
The general solution is x = a, y = −2a where a is any real number.
4. For the solution to be unique, det A ≠ 0 where A is the matrix of
coefficients.
⎛ 1 2 −3 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
For question 1(a), let A = ⎜ 2 −1 −1 ⎟ and so the determinant is given by
⎜3 2 1 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛ 1 2 −3 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎛ −1 −1⎞ ⎛ 2 −1 ⎞ ⎛ 2 −1 ⎞
det ⎜ 2 −1 −1 ⎟ = 1det ⎜ ⎟ − 2 det ⎜ ⎟ − 3det ⎜ ⎟ = −30
⎜3 2 1 ⎟ ⎝2 1⎠ ⎝3 1 ⎠ ⎝3 2 ⎠
⎝ ⎠
Since det A = −30 ≠ 0 the solution to the given equations is unique.
 Solutions 11(e) 2

Similarly for (b) det A = 8 (c) det A = −8

Therefore the solutions are unique.
⎛ 1 1 0⎞
⎜ ⎟
For question 4; A = ⎜ −1 0 1 ⎟ , det A = 3 . The solution is unique.
⎜ 0 −2 1 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛ 1 1 0⎞
⎜ ⎟
For question 5; A = ⎜ −3 0 1 ⎟ , det A = 5 . Solution is unique.
⎜ 0 −2 1 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
5. (a) For a non trivial solution we need
det ( A − λ I ) = 0
Using the given A we have
⎡ ⎛ −1 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 0 ⎞⎤
det ( A − λ I ) = det ⎢⎜ ⎟−λ⎜ ⎟⎥
⎣⎝ 9 −1⎠ ⎝ 0 1 ⎠⎦
⎡ ⎛ −1 1 ⎞ ⎛ λ 0 ⎞ ⎤
= det ⎢⎜ ⎟−⎜ ⎟⎥
⎣ ⎝ 9 −1 ⎠ ⎝ 0 λ ⎠ ⎦
⎡ ⎛ −1 − λ 1 ⎞⎤
= det ⎢⎜ ⎟⎥
⎣⎝ 9 −1 − λ ⎠ ⎦
= ( −1 − λ )( −1 − λ ) − 9 = (1 + λ )(1 + λ ) − 9 = 1 + 2λ + λ 2 − 9 = λ 2 + 2λ − 8
Solving the quadratic equation by putting it to zero gives
λ 2 + 2λ − 8 = 0
( λ + 4 )( λ − 2 ) = 0
which gives λ = −4, λ = 2
The values of λ for a non trivial solution are λ = −4, λ = 2 .
(b) Similar to (a):
⎛ 1 3 ⎞ ⎛ λ 0 ⎞ ⎛1 − λ 3 ⎞
A − λI = ⎜ ⎟−⎜ ⎟=⎜ ⎟
⎝ −6 5 ⎠ ⎝ 0 λ ⎠ ⎝ −6 5 − λ ⎠
For a non trivial solution we need the determinant of this to be zero.
⎛1 − λ 3 ⎞
⎟ = (1 − λ )( 5 − λ ) + 18 = 5 − λ − 5λ + λ + 18 = λ − 6λ + 23
2 2
det ⎜
⎝ −6 5 − λ ⎠
Putting the quadratic to zero and solving for λ .
λ2 − 6 λ + 23 = 0
Using the quadratic formula, (1.16), with a = 1, b = −6 and c = 23 gives
6± ( −6 ) − ( 4 ×1× 23)
2
6 ± −56 6 ± −4 × 14
λ= = = = 3 ± j 14
2 2 2
The values of λ are 3 + j 14 , 3 − j 14 .

−b ± b 2 − 4ac
(1.16) x=
2a
 Solutions 11(f) 1

Complete solutions to Exercise 11(f)

1. We substitute the given matrix, A, into det (A − λ I ) = 0 :
(a) We have
⎛7 −λ 3 ⎞
det ⎜ ⎟ = N ⎡( 7 − λ )( −4 − λ ) − 0 ⎤⎦
⎝ 0 −4 − λ ⎠ by (11.1) ⎣
= − ( 7 − λ )( 4 + λ ) = 0
Thus the eigenvalues are λ = −4, 7 .
(b)
⎛5 − λ −2 ⎞
det ⎜ ⎟ = ( 5 − λ )( −1 − λ ) + 8
⎝ 4 −1 − λ ⎠
= − ( 5 − λ )(1 + λ ) + 8 = − ⎡⎣5 + 4λ − λ 2 ⎤⎦ + 8 = λ 2 − 4λ − 5 + 8
Putting this quadratic to zero and solving
λ 2 − 4λ − 5 + 8 = λ 2 − 4λ + 3 = 0
( λ − 3)( λ − 1) = 0
gives λ1 = 1, λ2 = 3
(c) Substituting the given matrix into det (A − λ I ) yields
⎛ −1 − λ 4 ⎞
det ⎜ ⎟ = N ( −1 − λ )(1 − λ ) − ( 2 × 4 )
⎝ 2 1 − λ ⎠ by (11.1)
= − (1 + λ )(1 − λ ) − 8
= − (1 − λ 2 ) − 8 = −1 + λ 2 − 8 = λ 2 − 9
Solving the equation λ − 9 = 0 gives
2

λ2 = 9
λ = 9 = −3, 3
⎛ x⎞
2. (a) We have 2 eigenvalues λ = −4, 7 . Let u = ⎜ be the eigenvector for
⎝ y⎠
λ = 7. We have
⎛7 −7 3 ⎞⎛ x ⎞ ⎛ 0⎞
⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 0 −4 − 7 ⎠ ⎝ y ⎠ ⎝ 0 ⎠
⎛ 0 3 ⎞⎛ x ⎞ ⎛ 0 ⎞
⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 0 −11⎠⎝ y ⎠ ⎝ 0 ⎠
Multiplying out the matrices gives
3y = 0
−11 y = 0
y
Thus =0 and x is any real number apart from zero. A particular value of x
⎛ 1⎞
can be 1. So a particular eigenvector for λ = 7 is u = ⎜ .
⎝ 0⎠
Similarly let v be an eigenvector for λ = − 4:

⎛a b ⎞
(11.1) det ⎜ ⎟ = ad − cb
⎝c d ⎠
 Solutions 11(f) 2

⎛ 7 − ( −4 ) 3 ⎞⎛ x ⎞ ⎛0⎞
⎜ ⎟ =
⎝ 0 −4 − ( −4 ) ⎠ ⎜⎝ y ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 0 ⎟⎠
⎛11 3 ⎞⎛ x ⎞ ⎛ 0 ⎞
⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 0 0 ⎠⎝ y ⎠ ⎝ 0 ⎠
Multiplying out the first row yields
11x + 3 y = 0
3
x=− y
11
⎛ − 3 11⎞ ⎛ −3 ⎞
If y =1 then x = − 3 11 , thus v = ⎜ ⎟ or using smallest integers gives ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 1 ⎠ ⎝ 11 ⎠
⎛ x⎞
(b) Let u = ⎜ ⎟ be the eigenvector for λ = 1:
⎝ y⎠
⎛ 5 − 1 −2 ⎞⎛ x ⎞ ⎛ 0 ⎞
⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 4 −1 − 1⎠⎝ y ⎠ ⎝ 0 ⎠
⎛ 4 −2 ⎞ ⎛ x ⎞ ⎛ 0 ⎞
⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 4 −2 ⎠ ⎝ y ⎠ ⎝ 0 ⎠
Multiplying out the matrix
4x − 2 y = 0
4x − 2 y = 0
⎛1⎞
Solving these gives x = 1, y = 2 . Thus u = ⎜ ⎟ is an eigenvector for λ = 1.
⎝ 2⎠
⎛ x⎞
Let v = ⎜ be the eigenvector for λ = 3:
⎝ y⎠
⎛5 −3 −2 ⎞⎛ x ⎞ ⎛ 0 ⎞
⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 4 −1 − 3 ⎠⎝ y ⎠ ⎝ 0 ⎠
⎛ 2 −2 ⎞⎛ x ⎞ ⎛ 0 ⎞
⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 4 −4 ⎠⎝ y ⎠ ⎝ 0 ⎠
Multiplying gives
2x − 2 y = 0
4x − 4 y = 0
⎛ 1⎞
Solving these gives x = y = 1 . An eigenvector corresponding to λ = 3 is ⎜ ⎟ .
⎝ 1⎠
⎛ x⎞
(c) Let u = ⎜ ⎟ be the eigenvector for λ = −3.
⎝ y⎠
⎛ −1 − ( − 3 ) 4 ⎞⎛ x ⎞ ⎛ 0⎞
⎜ ⎟ =
⎝ 2 1 − ( −3) ⎠ ⎜⎝ y ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 0 ⎟⎠
⎛ 2 4⎞⎛ x ⎞ ⎛ 0⎞
⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 4⎠⎝ y ⎠ ⎝ 0⎠
 Solutions 11(f) 3

⎛ −2 ⎞
Solving gives x = −2, y = 1. An eigenvector is ⎜ ⎟ corresponding to λ = − 3.
⎝1⎠
⎛ x⎞
Let v = ⎜ ⎟ be an eigenvector for λ = 3:
⎝ y⎠
⎛ −1 − 3 4 ⎞⎛ x ⎞ ⎛ 0 ⎞
⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 1 − 3 ⎠⎝ y ⎠ ⎝ 0 ⎠
⎛ −4 4 ⎞⎛ x ⎞ ⎛ 0 ⎞
⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 −2 ⎠⎝ y ⎠ ⎝ 0 ⎠
⎛ 1⎞
Hence x = y = 1 . The eigenvector ⎜ ⎟ corresponds to λ = 3.
⎝ 1⎠
3. (a) Using det (A − λ I ) = 0 :
⎛ −1 − λ 1 ⎞
det ( A − λ I ) = ⎜ ⎟
⎝ −2 1− λ ⎠
= ( −1 − λ )(1 − λ ) − ( −2 × 1)
= − (1 + λ )(1 − λ ) + 2 = − (1 − λ 2 ) + 2 = −1 + λ 2 + 2 = λ 2 + 1
Putting this quadratic to zero yields
λ2 +1 = 0
λ 2 = −1 which gives λ = ± −1 = ± j
The system poles are λ1 = j, λ 2 = − j
(b) Substituting the given matrix into det (A − λ I ) gives
⎛1 − λ 2 ⎞
det ⎜ ⎟ = (1 − λ )( −3 − λ ) − ( −4 × 2 )
⎝ −4 −3 − λ ⎠
= − (1 − λ )( 3 + λ ) + 8
= − ( 3 + λ − 3λ − λ 2 ) + 8
= − ( 3 − 2λ − λ 2 ) + 8 = −3 + 2λ + λ 2 + 8 = λ 2 + 2λ + 5
Putting the resulting quadratic to zero λ + 2λ + 5 = 0 . How do we solve this
2

quadratic?
Using the quadratic formula (1.16) with a = 1, b = 2 and c = 5 gives
−2 ± 4 − ( 4 × 1 × 5 )
−2 ± −16 −2 ± j 4
λ= = = = −1 ± j 2
2 2 2
The system poles are λ1 = −1+ j 2, λ 2 = −1 − j 2 .
(c) The system poles are given by the eigenvalues of the matrix.

− b ± b 2 − 4ac
(1.16) x=
2a
 Solutions 11(f) 4

⎛5 − λ −5 ⎞
det ⎜ ⎟ = ( 5 − λ )( −2 − λ ) − ( 5 × ( −5 ) )
⎝ 5 −2 − λ ⎠
= − ( 5 − λ )( 2 + λ ) + 25
= − (10 + 5λ − 2λ − λ 2 ) + 25
= − (10 + 3λ − λ 2 ) + 25 = −10 − 3λ + λ 2 + 25 = λ 2 − 3λ + 15
Putting the quadratic to zero, λ − 3λ + 15 = 0 and solving by using (1.16):
2

3 ± 9 − ( 4 × 1× 15 ) 3 ± −51
λ= = = 1.50 ± j 3.57
2 2
System poles are λ1 = 1.50 + j3.57, λ2 = 1.50 − j3.57
⎛ x⎞
⎜ ⎟
4. Let w = ⎜ y ⎟ be the eigenvector for the eigenvalue λ = −5 of the matrix in
⎜z⎟
⎝ ⎠
EXAMPLE 29. Substituting this, λ = −5, into (A − λ I )w = 0 gives
⎛1 − ( −5 ) 0 4 ⎞⎛ x ⎞ ⎛ 0⎞
⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 0 4 − ( −5 ) 0 ⎟⎜ y ⎟ = ⎜0⎟
⎜ 3
⎝ 5 −3 − ( −5 ) ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ z ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 0 ⎟⎠
⎛ 6 0 4 ⎞⎛ x ⎞ ⎛ 0 ⎞
⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 0 9 0 ⎟⎜ y ⎟ = ⎜ 0 ⎟
⎜ 3 5 2 ⎟⎜ z ⎟ ⎜ 0 ⎟
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
Multiplying the matrices
+ 4z = 0
6x (†)
9y =0 (††)
3x + 5 y + 2 z = 0 (†††)
From († †) we have y = 0 . Substituting this into (†††)
3x + 2 z = 0
3 x = −2 z
2
x=− z
3
⎛ −2 3 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
Let z = a where a ≠ 0, thus the general eigenvector is a ⎜ 0 ⎟ .
⎜ 1 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
Let v be the eigenvector for λ = 4 :

− b ± b 2 − 4ac
(1.16) x=
2a
 Solutions 11(f) 5

⎛1 − 4 0 4 ⎞⎛ x ⎞ ⎛ 0 ⎞
⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 0 4−4 0 ⎟⎜ y ⎟ = ⎜ 0 ⎟
⎜ 3 −3 − 4 ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 5 ⎠⎝ z ⎠ ⎝ 0 ⎠
⎛ −3 0 4 ⎞ ⎛ x ⎞ ⎛ 0 ⎞
⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 0 0 0 ⎟⎜ y ⎟ = ⎜0⎟
⎜ 3 5 −7 ⎟ ⎜ z ⎟ ⎜ 0 ⎟
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛ 20 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
The general eigenvector is v = a ⎜ 9 ⎟ .
⎜ 15 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
5. We first find det (A − λ I ):
⎛5 − λ 0 0 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
det ( A − λ I ) = det ⎜ −9 4 − λ −1 ⎟
⎜ −6 1 − λ ⎟⎠
⎝ 2
= ( 5 − λ ) ⎡⎣( 4 − λ )(1 − λ ) − ( 2 × ( −1) ) ⎤⎦
= ( 5 − λ ) ⎡⎣ 4 − 5λ + λ 2 + 2 ⎤⎦ = ( 5 − λ ) ⎡⎣λ 2 − 5λ + 6 ⎤⎦ = ( 5 − λ )( λ − 3)( λ − 2 )
Putting this to zero and solving gives
λ1 = 2, λ2 = 3 and λ3 = 5
Let u be the eigenvector for λ1 = 2 , then we have
⎛5− 2 0 0 ⎞⎛ x ⎞ ⎛ 0⎞
⎜ 9 4 2 ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ − − −1 ⎟ ⎜ y ⎟ = ⎜ 0 ⎟
⎜ −6
⎝ 2 1 − 2 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ z ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 0 ⎟⎠
⎛ 3 0 0 ⎞⎛ x ⎞ ⎛0⎞
⎜ 9 2 1⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 0 ⎟
⎜− − ⎟⎜ y ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟
⎜ − 6 2 −1 ⎟ ⎜ z ⎟ ⎜ 0 ⎟
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
Multiplying out
3x =0 (*)
−9 x + 2 y − z = 0 (**)
−6 x + 2 y − z = 0 (***)
From (*) we have x =0. By substituting x =0 into (**) or (***) we have
2y − z = 0 gives 2y = z
⎛0⎞
⎜ ⎟
If y = 1 then z = 2 . Thus the eigenvector ⎜ 1 ⎟ corresponds to λ1 = 2 .
⎜ 2⎟
⎝ ⎠
Let v be the eigenvector for λ 2 = 3 :
 Solutions 11(f) 6

⎛5 − 3 0 0 ⎞⎛ x ⎞ ⎛ 0 ⎞
⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ −9 4 − 3 −1 ⎟⎜ y ⎟ = ⎜ 0 ⎟
⎜ −6 2 1 − 3 ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠⎝ z ⎠ ⎝ 0 ⎠
⎛ 2 0 0 ⎞⎛ x ⎞ ⎛ 0⎞
⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ −9 1 −1 ⎟ ⎜ y ⎟ = ⎜ 0 ⎟
⎜ −6 2 −2 ⎟ ⎜ z ⎟ ⎜ 0 ⎟
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
Multiplying the matrices gives the equations.
2x =0 ( †)
− 9x + y − z = 0 ( ††)
−6 x + 2 y − 2 z = 0 ( †††)
From (†) we have x = 0 . From (††) or (†††) we have y = z . If y = 1 then z = 1
⎛0⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 1 ⎟ is an eigenvector for λ 2 = 3
⎜1⎟
⎝ ⎠
Let w be an eigenvector for λ 3 = 5:
⎛5 − 5 0 0 ⎞⎛ x ⎞ ⎛0⎞
⎜ 9 4 5 ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ − − −1 ⎟ ⎜ y ⎟ = ⎜ 0 ⎟
⎜ −6
⎝ 2 1 − 5 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ z ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 0 ⎟⎠
⎛ 0 0 0 ⎞⎛ x ⎞ ⎛0⎞
⎜ 9 1 1⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 0 ⎟
⎜ − − − ⎟⎜ y ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟
⎜ −6 2 −4 ⎟ ⎜ z ⎟ ⎜ 0 ⎟
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛1⎞
⎜ ⎟
A solution for this matrix is x = 1, y = −5, z = −4 . Thus ⎜ −5 ⎟ is an eigenvector
⎜ −4 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
for λ 3 = 5.
6. Very similar to EXAMPLE 28.
⎛ −15 − λ 5 ⎞
det ⎜ ⎟ = ( −15 − λ )( −10 − λ ) − 50
⎝ 10 −10 − λ ⎠
= (15 + λ )(10 + λ ) − 50
= 150 + 25λ + λ 2 − 50 = λ 2 + 25λ + 100
Factorizing this, λ + 25λ + 100 , and putting the quadratic to zero gives
2

(λ + 20)(λ + 5) = 0 which gives λ 1 = −20, λ 2 = −5

Substituting these into T gives the period
2π 2π
T1 = = 1.40 s , T2 = = 2.81s
20 5