Advanced Mathematics for Engineers Assignment - 1

Question 1

Given the matrix,

1 1 3
A=(1 1 −3)
3 −3 −3

i) Find all eigen pairs of A

ii) Find an invertible matrix P such that P-1AP=D=Diag(d1,d2,d3)
iii) Find a matrix B such that A5= B
iv) Find a matrix F such that eA= F

Solution

1 0 0 1 1 3
i) λI – A= λ(0 1 0) - (1 1 −3)
0 0 1 3 −3 −3

λ 0 0 1 1 3
= (0 λ 0 ) - ( 1 1 −3 )
0 0 λ 3 −3 −3

λ − 1 −1 −3
= ( −1 λ − 1 3 )
−3 3 λ+3

 Characteristic equation

Det (λI – A)=0

λ−1 3 −1 3 −1 λ − 1
 λ-1( ) + 1( ) -3( )=0
3 λ+3 −3 λ + 3 −3 3
 (λ-1)[(λ-1) (λ+3)-9] +[- (λ+3)+9] -3[-3+ 3λ-3]
 (λ-1)( λ2+3 λ- λ-3-9) - 10 λ + 24 = 0
 (λ-1)( λ2+2λ- 12) - 10 λ + 24 = 0
 λ(λ2+2λ- 12) -1(λ2+2λ- 12) - 10 λ + 24=0
 λ3 + λ2 - 24 λ + 36 = 0
o λ1= -6
o λ2= 2
o λ3=3
 therefore the spectrum is (A)={−6, 2, 3}

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 Advanced Mathematics for Engineers Assignment - 1

For λ1= -6,

−6 0 0 1 1 3
λI – A = -6I – A( 0 −6 0)- (1 1 −3)
0 0 −6 3 −3 −3

−7 −1 −3
λI – A = (−1 −7 3)
−3 3 −3

(-6I – A)ν = Φ

−7 −1 −3 𝑥 0
 (−1 −7 3 ) (𝑦)=(0)
−3 3 −3 𝑧 0
 R1 + R2 = new R2
−7 −1 −3 𝑥 0
 (−8 −8 0 ) (𝑦)=(0)
−3 3 −3 𝑧 0
 Dividing row 2 by -8
−7 −1 −3 𝑥 0
 (1 1 0 ) (𝑦)=(0)
−3 3 −3 𝑧 0
 3R2 – R3= new R3
−7 −1 −3 𝑥 0
 (1 1 0 ) (𝑦)=(0)
6 0 3 𝑧 0
 R1 + R2 = new R1
−6 0 −3 𝑥 0
 (1 1 0 ) (𝑦)=(0)
6 0 3 𝑧 0
 -6x - 3z = 0
 x+y=0
 6x + 3z = 0
𝑥 1
 ν1= ( −𝑥 ) = x(−1), where x≠ 0
−2𝑥 −2
𝟏
 choosing x=0, we get ν1=(−𝟏)
−𝟐

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For λ2= 2,

2 0 0 1 1 3
λI – A = 2I – A(0 2 0) - (1 1 −3)
0 0 2 3 −3 −3

1 −1 −3
λI – A = (−1 1 3)
−3 3 5

(2I – A)ν = Φ

1 −1 −3 𝑥 0
 (−1 1 3 ) (𝑦)=(0)
−3 3 5 𝑧 0
 R1 + R2 = new R2
1 −1 −3 𝑥 0
 (0 0 0 ) (𝑦)=(0)
−3 3 5 𝑧 0
 3R1 + R3 = new R3
1 −1 −3 𝑥 0
 (0 0 0 ) (𝑦)=(0)
0 0 −4 𝑧 0
 Divinding by R3 -4
1 −1 −3 𝑥 0
 (0 0 0 ) (𝑦)=(0)
0 0 −1 𝑧 0
 x – y - 3z = 0
 -z = 0
 x=y
𝑥 1
 ν2= ( ) = x(1), where x≠ 0
𝑥
0 0
𝟏
 choosing x=1, we get ν2=(𝟏)
𝟎

For λ3= 3,

3 0 0 1 1 3
λI – A = 3I – A(0 3 0) - (1 1 −3)
0 0 3 3 −3 −3

2 −1 −3
λI – A = (−1 2 3)
−3 3 6

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 Advanced Mathematics for Engineers Assignment - 1

(3I – A)ν = Φ

2 −1 −3 𝑥 0
 (−1 2 3 ) (𝑦 )=( 0)
−3 3 6 𝑧 0
 3R2 – R3 = new R3
2 −1 −3 𝑥 0
 (−1 2 3 ) (𝑦)=(0)
0 3 3 𝑧 0
 R1 + R3 = new R1
2 2 0 𝑥 0
 (−1 2 3) (𝑦)=(0)
0 3 3 𝑧 0
 R1 – R2 = new R2
2 2 0 𝑥 0
 (3 0 −3) (𝑦)=(0)
0 3 3 𝑧 0
 Dividing R1 by 2 R2 by 3, R3 and by 3
1 1 0 𝑥 0
 (1 0 −1) (𝑦)=(0)
0 1 1 𝑧 0
 x+y=0
 x -z = 0
 y+z=0
𝑥 1
 ν3= (−𝑥) = x(−1), where x≠ 0
𝑥 1
𝟏
 choosing x=1, we get ν3=(−𝟏)
𝟏

Therefore the Eigen pairs of A are,

1 1 1
{−6, (−1)} , {2, (1)} , {3, (−1)}
−2 0 1

1 1 1
ii) P= (−1 1 −1)
−2 0 1

To find P-1 we need to adjoin P with I

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 Advanced Mathematics for Engineers Assignment - 1

1 1 1 1 0 0
P-1= (−1 1 −1 ⋮ 0 1 0)
−2 0 1 0 0 1

 R1 + R2 = new R2
1 1 1 1 0 0
 ( 0 1 0 ⋮ 1/2 1/2 0)
−2 0 1 0 0 1
 R1 - R2 = new R1
1 0 1 1/2 −1/2 0
 ( 0 1 0 ⋮ 1/2 1/2 0)
−2 0 1 0 0 1
 2R1 + R3 = new R3
1 0 1 1/2 −1/2 0
 (0 1 0 ⋮ 1/2 1/2 0)
0 0 3 1 −1 1
 Dividing R3 by 3
1 0 1 1/2 −1/2 0
 (0 1 0 ⋮ 1/2 1/2 0 )
0 0 1 1/3 −1/3 1/3
 R1 – R3 = new R1
1 0 0 1/6 −1/6 −1/3
 (0 1 0 ⋮ 1/2 1/2 0 )
0 0 1 1/3 −1/3 1/3
1/6 −1/6 −1/3
 P-1 = (1/2 1/2 0 )
1/3 −1/3 1/3

1/6 −1/6 −1/3 1 1 3 1 1 1

P-1 A P= (1/2 1/2 0 ) (1 1 −3) (−1 1 −1)
1/3 −1/3 1/3 3 −3 −3 −2 0 1

−1 1 2 1 1 1 −6 0 0
 (1 1 0) (−1 1 −1)=( 0 2 0)= Diag(-6,2-3)
1 −1 1 −2 0 1 0 0 3

−𝟔 𝟎 𝟎
Therefore P-1 A P= diag (-6, 2, 3) =( 𝟎 𝟐 𝟎)
𝟎 𝟎 𝟑

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 Advanced Mathematics for Engineers Assignment - 1

iii) A5=B
 A5= PD5 P-1
1 1 1 −65 0 0 1/6 −1/6 −1/3
 A5= (−1 1 −1) ( 0 25 0 ) (1/2 1/2 0 )
−2 0 1 0 0 35 1/3 −1/3 1/3
1 1 1 −7776 0 0 1/6 −1/6 −1/3
 A5= (−1 1 −1) ( 0 32 0 ) ( 1/2 1/2 0 )
−2 0 1 0 0 243 1/3 −1/3 1/3
−7776 32 243 1/6 −1/6 −1/3
 ( 7776 32 −243) (1/2 1/2 0 )
15552 0 243 1/3 −1/3 1/3
1393 1231 −2511
 (1231 −1199 −2673)
2673 −2673 −5103

𝟏𝟑𝟗𝟑 𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟏 −𝟐𝟓𝟏𝟏

Therefore, B= A5=(𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟏 −𝟏𝟏𝟗𝟗 −𝟐𝟔𝟕𝟑)
𝟐𝟔𝟕𝟑 −𝟐𝟔𝟕𝟑 −𝟓𝟏𝟎𝟑

iv) eA = F
 eA = P eA P-1
1 1 1 𝑒 −6 0 0 1/6 −1/6 −1/3
 P eA P-1 = (−1 1 −1) ( 0 𝑒2 0 ) (1/2 1/2 0 )
−2 0 1 3 1/3 −1/3 1/3
0 0 𝑒
𝑒 −6 𝑒2 𝑒3 1/6 −1/6 −1/3
 ( −𝑒 −6 𝑒2 −𝑒 3 ) (1/2 1/2 0 )
−2𝑒 −6 0 𝑒 3 1/3 −1/3 1/3
𝑒 −6 +3𝑒 2 +2𝑒 3 −𝑒 −6 +3𝑒 2 −2𝑒 3 −𝑒 −6 +𝑒 3
6 6 3
−𝑒 −6 +3𝑒 2 −2𝑒 3 𝑒 −6 +3𝑒 2 +2𝑒 3 𝑒 −6 −𝑒 3

6 6 3
−𝑒 −6 +𝑒 3 𝑒 −6 −𝑒 3 −2𝑒 −6 −𝑒 3
( 3 3 3 )

𝒆−𝟔 +𝟑𝒆𝟐 +𝟐𝒆𝟑 −𝒆−𝟔 +𝟑𝒆𝟐 −𝟐𝒆𝟑 −𝒆−𝟔 +𝒆𝟑

𝟔 𝟔 𝟑
−𝒆−𝟔 +𝟑𝒆𝟐 −𝟐𝒆𝟑 𝒆−𝟔 +𝟑𝒆𝟐 +𝟐𝒆𝟑 𝒆−𝟔 −𝒆𝟑
Therefore, F= eA =
𝟔 𝟔 𝟑
−𝒆−𝟔 +𝒆𝟑 𝒆−𝟔 −𝒆𝟑 −𝟐𝒆−𝟔 −𝒆𝟑
( 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 )

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 Advanced Mathematics for Engineers Assignment - 1

Question 2

Find the general solution of coupled system of first order linear ODEs

𝑥̇ 1= x1 + x2 + 3x3

𝑥̇ 2= x1 + x2 - 3x3

𝑥̇ 3= 3x1 - 3x2 - 3x3

Solution

𝑥̇ 1 1 1 3 𝑥1
 (𝑥̇ 2 ) = (1 𝑥
1 −3) ( 2 )
𝑥̇ 3 3 −3 −3 𝑥3
1 0 0 1 1 3
iv) λI – A= λ(0 1 0) - (1 1 −3)
0 0 1 3 −3 −3

λ 0 0 1 1 3
= (0 λ 0) - (1 1 −3)
0 0 λ 3 −3 −3

λ − 1 −1 −3
= ( −1 λ − 1 3 )
−3 3 λ+3

 Characteristic equation

Det (λI – A)=0

λ−1 3 −1 3 −1 λ − 1
 λ-1( ) + 1( ) -3( )=0
3 λ+3 −3 λ + 3 −3 3
 (λ-1)[(λ-1) (λ+3)-9] +[- (λ+3)+9] -3[-3+ 3λ-3]
 (λ-1)( λ2+3 λ- λ-3-9) - 10 λ + 24 = 0
 (λ-1)( λ2+2λ- 12) - 10 λ + 24 = 0
 λ(λ2+2λ- 12) -1(λ2+2λ- 12) - 10 λ + 24=0
 λ3 + λ2 - 24 λ + 36 = 0
o λ1= -6
o λ2= 2
o λ3=3
 therefore the spectrum is (A)={−6, 2, 3}

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 Advanced Mathematics for Engineers Assignment - 1

For λ1= -6,

−6 0 0 1 1 3
λI – A = -6I – A( 0 −6 0)- (1 1 −3)
0 0 −6 3 −3 −3

−7 −1 −3
λI – A = (−1 −7 3)
−3 3 −3

(-6I – A)ν = Φ

−7 −1 −3 𝑥 0
 (−1 −7 3 ) (𝑦)=(0)
−3 3 −3 𝑧 0
 R1 + R2 = new R2
−7 −1 −3 𝑥 0
 (−8 −8 0 ) (𝑦)=(0)
−3 3 −3 𝑧 0
 Dividing row 2 by -8
−7 −1 −3 𝑥 0
 (1 1 0 ) (𝑦)=(0)
−3 3 −3 𝑧 0
 3R2 – R3= new R3
−7 −1 −3 𝑥 0
 (1 1 0 ) (𝑦)=(0)
6 0 3 𝑧 0
 R1 + R2 = new R1
−6 0 −3 𝑥 0
 (1 1 0 ) (𝑦)=(0)
6 0 3 𝑧 0
 -6x - 3z = 0
 x+y=0
 6x + 3z = 0
𝑥 1
 ν1= ( −𝑥 ) = x(−1), where x≠ 0
−2𝑥 −2
𝟏
 choosing x=0, we get ν1=(−𝟏)
−𝟐

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 Advanced Mathematics for Engineers Assignment - 1

For λ2= 2,

2 0 0 1 1 3
λI – A = 2I – A(0 2 0) - (1 1 −3)
0 0 2 3 −3 −3

1 −1 −3
λI – A = (−1 1 3)
−3 3 5

(2I – A)ν = Φ

1 −1 −3 𝑥 0
 (−1 1 3 ) (𝑦)=(0)
−3 3 5 𝑧 0
 R1 + R2 = new R2
1 −1 −3 𝑥 0
 (0 0 0 ) (𝑦)=(0)
−3 3 5 𝑧 0
 3R1 + R3 = new R3
1 −1 −3 𝑥 0
 (0 0 0 ) (𝑦)=(0)
0 0 −4 𝑧 0
 Divinding by R3 -4
1 −1 −3 𝑥 0
 (0 0 0 ) (𝑦)=(0)
0 0 −1 𝑧 0
 x – y - 3z = 0
 -z = 0
 x=y
𝑥 1
 ν2= ( ) = x(1), where x≠ 0
𝑥
0 0
𝟏
 choosing x=1, we get ν2=(𝟏)
𝟎

For λ3= 3,

3 0 0 1 1 3
λI – A = 3I – A(0 3 0) - (1 1 −3)
0 0 3 3 −3 −3

2 −1 −3
λI – A = (−1 2 3)
−3 3 6

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 Advanced Mathematics for Engineers Assignment - 1

(3I – A)ν = Φ

2 −1 −3 𝑥 0
 (−1 2 3 ) (𝑦 )=( 0)
−3 3 6 𝑧 0
 3R2 – R3 = new R3
2 −1 −3 𝑥 0
 (−1 2 3 ) (𝑦)=(0)
0 3 3 𝑧 0
 R1 + R3 = new R1
2 2 0 𝑥 0
 (−1 2 3) (𝑦)=(0)
0 3 3 𝑧 0
 R1 – R2 = new R2
2 2 0 𝑥 0
 (3 0 −3) (𝑦)=(0)
0 3 3 𝑧 0
 Dividing R1 by 2 R2 by 3, R3 and by 3
1 1 0 𝑥 0
 (1 0 −1) (𝑦)=(0)
0 1 1 𝑧 0
 x+y=0
 x -z = 0
 y+z=0
𝑥 1
 ν3= (−𝑥) = x(−1), where x≠ 0
𝑥 1
𝟏
 choosing x=1, we get ν3=(−𝟏)
𝟏

1 1 1
Therefore x1= e-6t(−1), x2= e2t(1), and x3= e3t(−1) are the solutions
−2 0 1

Hence, the general solution is

1 1 1
Y= c1e-6t (−1) + c2 e2t (1) + c3 e3t (−1)
−2 0 1

𝐞−𝟔𝒕 𝐞𝟐𝒕 𝐞𝟑𝐭 𝒄𝟏

Y= (−𝟔𝒆−𝟔𝒕 𝟐𝐞𝟐𝒕 𝟑𝐞 𝟑𝐭 ) (𝒄𝟐 )

𝟑𝟔𝐞−𝟔𝒕 𝟒𝐞𝟐𝒕 𝟗𝐞𝟑𝐭 𝒄𝟑

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 Advanced Mathematics for Engineers Assignment - 1

Question-3

Given the nonlinear system,

𝑥̇ = 10x + 3y + xy

𝑦̇ = 4x + y – x2

i. Find all equilibrium points.

ii. Linearize the system around each equilibrium point.
iii. Identify the type of each equilibrium point.

Solution

𝑥̇ = 10x + 3y + xy : = f (x, y)

𝑦̇ = 4x + y – x2 : = g (x, y)

i. Find all equilibrium points

f (x, y) = 0
10x + 3y+ xy = 0
xy ( 10/y + 3/x +1 ) = 0
xy = 0 or 10/y + 3/x + 1 = 0
10x + 3y = -xy
10x + 3y = 0; since xy=0
y= -10/3 x
g (x, y) = 0
4x + y – x2 = 0
x2 – 4x – y = 0
x ( x – 4 – y/x) = 0
x=0
Therefore the only equilibrium point is 0 .
0

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 Advanced Mathematics for Engineers Assignment - 1

ii. Linearize the system around each equilibrium point.

f (x, y) = 10x + 3y + xy

g (x, y) 4x + y – x2

F (x, y) = fx fy = 10 + y 3+x
gx gy 4 – 2x 1
For equilibrium point (0,0);
xo = 0
yo 0
F (0, 0) = 10 3 :=A
4 1

𝑥̇ = 10 3 x
𝑦̇ 4 1 y

𝑥̇ = 10x + 3y 0

i.e. 𝒚̇ = 4x + y is linearization near 0

iii. Identify the type of equilibrium point.

Equilibrium point: xo = 0 Matrix A = 10 3

yo 0 , 4 1

λI – A = λ – 10 3

4 λ-1

Det (λI – A) = 0

λ – 10 3 =0

4 λ-1

(λ – 10) (λ – 1) – 12 = 0

λ 2 - λ - 10λ +10 – 12 = 0

λ 2 - 11λ – 2 = 0……….…………Quadratic equation

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 Advanced Mathematics for Engineers Assignment - 1

Solving for λ 1, λ 2;

a = 1, b = -11, c = -2

−𝑏±√𝑏 2 −4𝑎𝑐
λ 1, λ 2 = 2𝑎

11±√112 −4(1∗−1)
= 2∗1

11+√129 11−√129
λ1 = , λ 2 =
2 2

λ 1 = 11.18, λ 2 = -0.18

λ 1 * λ 2 = (11.18) * (- 0.18)

= -2.01

Since λ 1 * λ 2 < 0, 0 is unstable (Saddle) type equilibrium point.

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 Advanced Mathematics for Engineers Assignment - 1

Question 4

Employing Laplace transform method solve the IVP

𝑦 ′′ − 2𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦 = −2𝑥; 𝑦(0) = 0, 𝑦 ′ (0) = −5

Solution: by using Laplace transform method

ℒ(𝑦 ′′ ) − 2ℒ(𝑦 ′ ) + 2ℒ(𝑦) = −2ℒ(𝑥)

Let ℒ(𝑦) = 𝑌 and

ℒ(𝑦 ′′ ) = 𝑆𝑌 − 𝑆𝑦(0) − 𝑦′(0)

ℒ(𝑦 ′ ) = 𝑆𝑌 − 𝑦(0)

ℒ(𝑦) = 𝑌

−2
ℒ(−2𝑥) =
𝑆2

 Both side under Laplace transform

−2
[𝑆 2 𝑌 − 𝑆𝑦(0) − 𝑦 ′ (0)] − 2[𝑆𝑌 − 𝑦(0)] + 2𝑌 =
𝑆2
−2
𝑆 2 𝑌 − (𝑆 × 0) − (−5) − 2[𝑆𝑌 − 0] + 2𝑌 = 𝑆2

−2
𝑆 2 𝑌 + 5 − 2𝑆𝑌 + 2𝑌 = 𝑆2

−2
𝑌(𝑆 2 − 2𝑆 + 2) = −5
𝑆2

−2−5𝑆 2
𝑌=
𝑆 2 (𝑆 2 −2𝑆+2)

−2 − 5𝑆 2 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶𝑆 + 𝐷 −2 − 5𝑆 2
𝑌= 2 2 = + 2+ 2 =
𝑆 (𝑆 − 2𝑆 + 2) 𝑆 𝑆 (𝑆 − 2𝑆 + 2) 𝑆 2 (𝑆 2 − 2𝑆 + 2)

Then find the value of each variables ( A, B, C and D)

𝐴𝑆[𝑆 2 − 2𝑆 + 2] + 𝐵[𝑆 2 − 2𝑆 + 2] + [𝐶𝑆 + 𝐷]𝑆 2 −2 − 5𝑆 2

= 2 2
𝑆 2 (𝑆 2 − 2𝑆 + 2) 𝑆 (𝑆 − 2𝑆 + 2)

𝐴𝑆 3 − 2𝐴𝑆 2 + 2𝐴𝑆 + 𝐵𝑆 2 − 2𝐵𝑆 + 2𝐵 + 𝐶𝑆 3 + 𝐷𝑆 2 −2 − 5𝑆 2

=
𝑆 2 (𝑆 2 − 2𝑆 + 2) 𝑆 2 (𝑆 2 − 2𝑆 + 2)

𝐴𝑆 3 + 𝐶𝑆 3 = 0, 𝐴+𝐶 =0=, 𝐴 = −𝐶 … … … … … … … . .1

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 Advanced Mathematics for Engineers Assignment - 1

−2𝐴𝑆 2 + 𝐵𝑆 2 + 𝐷𝑆 2 = −5,

−2𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐷 = −5 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . .2

2𝐴𝑆 − 2𝐵𝑆 = 0 , 2𝐴 = 2𝐵 , 𝐴 = 𝐵 … … … … … … … … .3

2𝐵 = −2, 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑩 = −𝟏 ,

Then substitute in equation (3) 𝐴 = 𝐵, 𝑨 = −𝟏

Substitute value of A in equation (1)

𝐴 = −𝐶, 𝑪 = 𝟏

Finally substitute value of A and B in equation (2)

−2𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐷 = −5,

(−2 × −1) − 1 + 𝐷 = −5,

𝑫 = −𝟔,

Then substitute the value of A, B, C and D in the above

−1 (−1) 𝑆−6
𝑌= + 2 + 2
𝑆 𝑆 (𝑆 − 2𝑆 + 2)

 Take the inverse of Laplace transform

ℒ −1 𝑌
−1 1
= ℒ −1 [ ] − ℒ −1 [ 2 ]
𝑆 𝑆
𝑆−1−5
+ ℒ −1 [ ]
(𝑆 − 1)2 + 1)

−1 1 𝑆−1
ℒ −1 𝑌 = ℒ −1 [ ] − ℒ −1 [ 2 ] + ℒ −1 [ ]
𝑆 𝑆 (𝑆 − 1)2 + 1)
5
− ℒ −1 [ ]
(𝑆 − 1)2 + 1)

Finally the Answer is 𝒚(𝒙) = −𝟏 − 𝒙 + 𝒆𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 − 𝟓𝒆𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙

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 Advanced Mathematics for Engineers Assignment - 1

Question 5

The horizontal displacement of a cantilever column shown below is given by the

second order ODE,
𝑑2𝑦 𝑞
2
= (𝐿 − 𝑧)
𝑑𝑧 2𝐸𝐼

If the intensity of the load acting on the column is 1kN/m, determine the
deflection of the column at the top. [Use the data, E = 210GPa and I = 5 ×
108mm4]

Given: E = 210GPa 𝑞 = 1𝑘𝑁/𝑚

I = 5 × 108mm4 𝐿 = 5𝑚

Required: deflection of the column at 𝐿 = 5𝑚

Solution

 Substitute each given value in the given horizontal displacement

equation.

𝑞
𝑦 ′′ = (𝐿 − 𝑧);
2𝐸𝐼
1𝑘𝑁/𝑚
𝑦′′ = 9 8 (5 − 𝑧)
2×(210×10 𝑝𝑎)×(5×10 𝑚𝑚4 )

𝑦 ′′ = 0.00002381 −
0.000004762𝑧
 Here the above equation is Non homogenous linear second order of
differential equation. To get the solution for this equation, first solve for

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 Advanced Mathematics for Engineers Assignment - 1

homogenous part and next solve for the remaining Non homogenous
equation.
 The general solution for this equation is to be
𝑦(𝑧) = 𝑦𝐻 + 𝑌
 So the solution for this homogenous equation is

𝑦 ′′ = 0

𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝜆2 = 0 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝜆1 = 𝜆2

=0

Then the solution to be 𝑦𝐻 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝜆1 𝑡 + 𝑐2 𝑧𝑒 𝜆2 𝑡

𝑦𝐻 = 𝑐1 𝑒 0𝑡 + 𝑐2 𝑧𝑒 0𝑡

𝒚𝑯 = 𝒄𝟏 + 𝒄𝟐 𝒛
 Then the solution for the Non homogenous part is
𝑔(𝑡) = 0.00002381 − 0.00000476𝑧
Select 𝑌 = 𝑍 2 (𝐴𝑧 + 𝐵)
𝑌 = 𝐴𝑧 3 + 𝐵𝑧 2
𝑌 ′ = 3𝐴𝑧 2 + 2𝐵𝑧
𝑌 ′′ = 6𝐴𝑧 + 2𝐵
 Then substitute in the first general equation
𝑦 ′′ = 0.00002381
− 0.000004762𝑧

6𝐴𝑧 + 2𝐵
= 0.00002381
− 0.000004762𝑧

6𝐴 = −0.000004762 And 2𝐵 = 0.00002381

𝑨 = −𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟕𝟗𝟒 𝑩 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟏𝟗

Then 𝑌 = −0.000000794𝑧 3 + 0.0000119𝑧 2

Finally the general solution for the equation is to be

𝑦(𝑧) = 𝑦𝐻 + 𝑌
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 Advanced Mathematics for Engineers Assignment - 1

𝑦(𝑧) = 𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑧 − 0.000000794𝑧 3 + 0.0000119𝑧 2

 Here it is known that 𝑦(𝑧) = 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑦′ (𝑧) = 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑦 ′′ (𝑧) = 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡

 So to find the deflection of the column at the top, first there are two
initial conditions. These are: 𝐷𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝑍 = 0 𝑖𝑠 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜.

𝑠𝑜 𝑦(0) = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑

𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝑍 = 0 𝑖𝑠 𝑧𝑒𝑜

𝑠𝑜 𝑦 ′ (0) = 0

 Then using these two initial conditions we solve for the

constants𝐶1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶2 .
For the first initial condition
𝑦(0) = 𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑧 + −0.00000074𝑧 3 + 0.0000119𝑧 2
=0
𝑦(0) = 𝐶1 + (𝐶2 × 0) − (0.00000074 × 03 ) + (0.0000119 × 0)2 =
0
𝑪𝟏 = 𝟎
For the second initial condition
𝑦′(0) = 𝑐2 + −3 × 0.00000074𝑧 2 + 2 × 0.0000119𝑧
=0
𝑦 ′ (0) = 𝑐2 + −(3 × 0.00000074 × 02 ) + (2 × 0.0000119 × 0) = 0
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑪𝟐 = 0

The two constants 𝐶1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶2 = 0

 So final general solution become

𝑦(𝑧) = −0.00000074𝑧 3 + 0.0000119𝑧 2
 Then the deflection of column at 𝐿 = 5𝑚 is
𝑦(5) = (−0.00000074 × 53 ) + (0.0000119 × 52 )

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 Advanced Mathematics for Engineers Assignment - 1

𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝑦(5)
= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟗𝟖𝟑𝒎
 Then the deflection at the top of the column is 𝟎. 𝟏𝟗𝟖𝟑𝒎𝒎

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 Advanced Mathematics for Engineers Assignment - 1

Question 6

An elastic membrane in the xy-plane with boundary circle x2+y2=1 is

stretched so that a point P = (x1, y1 ) goes into the point Q = (x2 , y2 ) (with
corresponding position vectors denoted by x and y respectively) given by;

Y = (y1.y2) t = Ax; where A = (52 85)

Find the principal directions that is the directions of the position vector X
of P for which the direction of the position vector Y of Q is the same or
exactly opposite. What shape does the boundary circle take under this
deformation?

Given

x2 + y2 = 1 P = (x1 , y1 ) Q = (x2 , y2 ) A = (52 85)

Required

Principal directions

Solution

The principal direction, vector ‘V’ is AV = ለV, ለ∈R but A = (52 85)

𝑥2
Y =(𝑦2 ) = AX = (52 85) (𝑦1
𝑥1
)

We are looking for vector X such that Y=λX

Y=AX= λX

(A-λI)X=0

det(A-λI)X= 0 then;

Find the Eigen value of the above matrix:

ለ−5 −8
ለI - A = ( )
−2 ለ−5

det (ለI - A) = 0

⟹ (ለ - 5) (ለ - 5) – 16 = 0

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 Advanced Mathematics for Engineers Assignment - 1

⟹ ለ2 - 10ለ + 25 – 16 = 0

⟹ ለ2 - 10ለ + 9 = 0

⟹ (ለ - 1) (ለ - 9) = 0

⟹ ለ1 = 1, ለ2 = 9

For (ለ1 = 1)

(A - ለ1I)X = ∅

(A - ለ1I) = ?

⟹ (52 85) − (10 01) = (42 84)

⟹ (42 84) ˜ (12 24) ˜ (11 22)˜ (10 20)

(A - ለ1I)V = ∅

𝑥 0
⟹ (10 20) (𝑦) = ( )
0

⟹ x+2y = 0 ⟹ x = -2y

−2
Choose V1= ( )
1

For (ለ2 = 9)

(A - ለ2I)V = ∅

(A - ለ2I) = ?

⟹ (52 85) − (90 09) = (−4 8

2 −4
)

⟹ (−4 8
2 −4
) ˜ (−1 2
2 −4
) ˜ (−1 2
1 −2
) ˜ (−1
0 0
2
)

(A - ለ1I)V = ∅

𝑥 0
⟹ (−1
0 0
2
) (𝑦) = ( )
0

⟹ -x+2y = 0 ⟹ x = 2y

2
Choose V2= ( )
1

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 Advanced Mathematics for Engineers Assignment - 1

Hence the principal directions are;

−2 2
Choose V1= ( ) and Choose V2= ( )
1 1

P = (x1, y1) Q = (x2, y2)

P = (-2, 1) Q = (2, 1)

Y = (y1.y2) t = Ax

Y = (1.1) t = AX

Y = 1 = AX

The principal direction for vector is (−2

1
) is tanθ = - ½ then, θ= tan-1(-0.5) =
333.440 from positive x-axis.

The principal direction for vector is (21) is tanθ = ½ then, θ= tan-1(0.5) =

26.560 from positive x-axis.

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 Advanced Mathematics for Engineers Assignment - 1

Question 7

The bending of a vertical column of length l is governed by the second order

ODE

d2y/dx2 + p/EI(𝑒 𝑘𝑥/𝑙 )(y-a) =0

If E is the modulus of elasticity, I the moment of inertia at the base of the

column about an axis perpendicular to the plane of bending then find the
general solution of the pertinent system of the first order non homogenous
ODE at the top of the pole, taking into account p ,a, and k are parameters

Solution

The given ODE function can be written as

𝑝 𝑝
y’’ + 𝐸𝐼 𝑒 𝑘𝑥/𝑙 y = 𝑒 𝑘𝑥/𝑙 𝑎
𝐸𝐼

ODE with this form has the solution

y(x) = u1(x)y1(x) + U2(x)y2(x) ……………………………………………………………………(1)

− 𝑦2(𝑥)𝑓(𝑥) y1(x) 𝑓(𝑥)

where u1(x) = and U2(x) =
𝑤(𝑥) 𝑤(𝑥)

…………………………………...……………….(2)

According to Cauchy Euler:

y1(x) = xa y2(x )= xb where a and b are routes of the quadratic equation

𝑝
m2 –m + =0
𝐸𝐼

Solving the quadratic equation

√(1−4 𝑝/𝐸𝐼) +1
a= 2

−√(1−4 𝑝/𝐸𝐼) +1
b= 2

√(1−4 𝑝/𝐸𝐼) +1 −√(1−4 𝑝/𝐸𝐼) +1

y1(x) = 𝑥 2 and y2(x) = 𝑥 2

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 Advanced Mathematics for Engineers Assignment - 1

w(x) = y1 y2’ - y2 y1’……………………………………………………………………………..(3)

√(1−4 𝑝/𝐸𝐼) −1
√(1−4 𝑝/𝐸𝐼) +1
y1’ = (𝑥 2 )
2

√(1−4 𝑝/𝐸𝐼) −1
−√(1−4 𝑝/𝐸𝐼) +1
y2’ = ((𝑥 2 )
2

substituting the values of y1, y2 ,y1’ and y2’ into eq (3)

√(1−4 𝑝/𝐸𝐼) −1 √(1−4 𝑝/𝐸𝐼) +1

w(x) = (𝑥 √(1−4 𝑝/𝐸𝐼) ) -
2 2

Substituting the values of w(x) , y1(x) ,y2(x) and f(x) into eq (2)

𝑥^((−√(1−4 𝑝/𝐸𝐼) +1)/2) ∗ 𝑝/𝐸𝐼 𝑒^(𝑘𝑥/𝑙) 𝑎

u1(x) = 𝑤(𝑋)

𝑥^((√(1−4 𝑝/𝐸𝐼) +1)/2) ∗ 𝑝/𝐸𝐼 𝑒^(𝑘𝑥/𝑙)

U2(x) = 𝑤(𝑋)

Therefore the general solution will be

y(x) = u1(x)y1(x) + U2(x)y2(x)

√(𝟏−𝟒 𝒑/𝑬𝑰) +𝟏
𝒙^((−√(𝟏−𝟒 𝒑/𝑬𝑰) +𝟏)/𝟐) ∗ 𝒑/𝑬𝑰 𝒆^(𝒌𝒙/𝒍) 𝒂
y(x) = *𝒙 𝟐 +
𝒘(𝑿)
−√(𝟏−𝟒 𝒑/𝑬𝑰) +𝟏
𝒙^((√(𝟏−𝟒 𝒑/𝑬𝑰) +𝟏)/𝟐) ∗ 𝒑/𝑬𝑰 𝒆^(𝒌𝒙/𝒍)
*𝒙 𝟐
𝒘(𝑿)

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