ESTHER ANSI - 192065103

Chapter 3:

QN 1;

2 1
X 1 =−3 X2= 1
−1 −1

2
| X 1| =22+(−3)2 +1=14

|X 1|=√ 14

X1 2
1
Unit Vector = = −3
|X 1| √ 14 −1

(X 2 , X 1 )
Y 2= X 2= . X1
(X ¿ ¿1 , X 1 )¿

(X 2 , X 1 )=2−3−1=−2

(X 1 , X 1 )=4 +9+1=14

1 2
(−2)
Y 2= 1 − −3
14
−1 1

9
7
1 2
1 4
Y 2= 1 + −3=
7 7
−1 1
−6
7

2 81 16 36 133
|Y 2| = 49 + 49 + 49 = 49

|Y 2|= √133
7
 2
1
a 1= −3
√14 1

9
7
Y2 7 4
a 1= =
|Y 2| √133 7
−6
7

9
1
a 2= 4
√133 −6

2 9
1 1
⸫ −3 , 4 Are Orthogonal Vectors that span space of the
√ 14 1 √133 −6
two vectors.

QN 2;

1 4 10 0 1 0
A1= 0 2 0 A 2= 0 0 1
0 0 3 −2 −4 −3

1 0 −1 0 4 3
A3 =0 1 0 A 4 =0 20 16
0 0 2 0 −25 20

1 4 10
A1= 0 2 0
0 0 3

A1 isupper triangular ¿ the diagonal element are eigenvalues

1 0 0
D =
Jurdan form 1 0 2 0
0 0 3
 t
e 0 0
A t D t
e =e = 0
1 1 1
e
2t
0
3t
0 0 e

0 4 3
A 4=0 20 16 Eigen Value
0 −25 −20

0− ⅄ 4 3
0 20− ⅄ 16 =0
0 −25 −20− ⅄

-⅄ [(20 - ⅄) (-20 - ⅄) + (0x25) – 0+0] = 0

⅄ [ -400 + ⅄2+ 400 ¿=0

⅄3=0

0 5 4
2
( A 4 ) =0 0 0 ¿
0 0 0

0 0 0
= 0 0 0
0 0 0

The Jurdan form of A 4=3 x 3

0 1 0
D4 = 0 0 1
0 0 0

0t
e 0 0 1 0 0
D4t
e =0 e0 t 0 = 0 1 0
0 e 0 0 1
0t
0

1 t 0
= 0 1 t
0 0 1
QN 3;

⅄1 1 0 0 Characteristics polynomial

0 ⅄1 1 0 P(U) = (X - ⅄1)3 – X1 - ⅄2)

0 0 ⅄1 0 Minimal polynomial

0 00 ⅄2 q(U) = (U - ⅄1)3 – (U - ⅄2)

⅄1 1 0 0 Characteristics polynomial

0 ⅄1 1 0 P(U) = (X - ⅄1)4

0 0 ⅄1 0 Minimal polynomial

0 00 ⅄1 q(U) = (U - ⅄1)3

⅄1 1 0 0 Characteristics polynomial

0 ⅄1 0 0 P(U) = (U - ⅄1)4

0 0 ⅄1 0 Minimal polynomial

0 00 ⅄1 q(X) = (X - ⅄1)2

⅄1 0 0 0 Characteristics polynomial

0 ⅄1 0 0 P(U) = (U - ⅄1)4
 0 0 ⅄1 0 Minimal polynomial

0 00 ⅄1 q(X) = (X - ⅄1)

QN 4;

1 1 0
A=0 0 1
0 0 1

1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1
2
A = A . A=0 0 1 . 0 0 1=0 0 1
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1

1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 2
3 2
A =A . A=0 0 1 . 0 0 1 =0 0 1
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1

1 1 n−1
n
A =0 0 1
0 0 1

1 1 10−1 1 1 9
10
A =0 0 1 =0 0 1
0 0 1 0 0 1

1 1 103−1 1 1 102
103
A =0 0 1 =0 0 1
0 0 1 0 0 1
 1 1 0 t t 0
At
e =e 0 0 1 t=e 0 0 t
0 0 1 0 0 t

QN 5;

0 0 −2
A1= 0 1 0
1 0 3

−2 0 −6
2 2 (−2¿¿ 2+2)¿ 0 (−2¿¿ 3+2)¿ 0 1 0
( A1 ) = 0 1 0 ∨(A 1) =
(2¿¿ 2−1) ¿ 0 ¿ ¿ ¿
3 0 7

−6 0 −4
3 3 (−2¿¿ 3+ 2)¿ 0 (−2¿¿ 4+2)¿ 0 1 0
( A1 ) = 0 1 0 ∨(A 1) =
7 0 15 (2¿¿ 3−1) ¿ 0 ¿ ¿ ¿

n n+1
−2 0 −2 +2
n
( A1 ) =¿ 0 1 0
n−1 n +1
2 0 2 −1

2 3 ∞ n
X X X
e =1+ X + + +… …=∑
X
2! 3 ! n=0 n!

2t t 2t t
−e + 2 e 0 −2 e +2 e
A1
e = 0 1 0
e −et
2t
0 2 e −et
2t