MODULE -1

MATHEMATICS (Descriptive Part)

Part 01

**What is partial , proper and improper fraction ? Explain with example.

A fraction is a number representing a part of a whole. Example one third (1/3), one fifth
(1/5) etc.
The whole may be a single object or a group of objects.

Proper fraction is that where numerator is less than denominator.

Example:

1/8 (1 upon 8) is a proper fraction because it is actually a fraction that is a part of a

whole number. A proper fraction is always less than one.

Improper fraction is that where it appears to be a fraction but actually a mixture of whole
and a fraction.

Here the numerator > denominator and either fully or partially divisible.

When numerator is partially divisible by denominator then it is a partial fraction

Example of improper fraction.

100/3 is improper but a mixture of whole and a fraction because the result is 33.33..

Here 33 is a whole number and the rest is a fraction.

Partial fraction: Partial fraction is a part of a fraction. It is possible to split many fractions
into the sum or difference of two or more fractions. such a fraction is known as a partial
fraction.

Partial fractions have many uses (such as in integration). The method of partial
fractions allows us to split the right-hand side of an equation into the left-hand side.

Example:

Algebric expression of partial fraction is given below.

3x+5/2x^2-5x+3 can be decomposed/broken into simpler parts such as

(2/x-3) - (1/2x+1)

**How can you solve a partial fraction . (Write only the steps of solution)
 1. Start with Proper Rational Expressions (if not, you need to division first).
2. You need to factor the bottom into linear factors.
3. Now you need to write out a partial fraction for each factor (and every exponent of
each)
4. Next, multiply the whole equation by the bottom.
5. For solving the coefficients, you need to substitute zeros of the bottoms.

** What do you mean by polynomial expression ?

In the word Polynomial "poly" means many and "nomial" mean terms. Thus
Polynomial means many terms. A polynomial is made up of terms and each term has a coefficient.

So the equation written in the form of polynomial that is with a minimum of two numbers
and at least one math operation is called Polynomial Expression.

To become a Polynomial expression the variable should has Whole number or integer power
value.
So an expression where a variable has fractional exponent or power is not a polynomial.

Example: ax^2+ bx + c is a polynomial

but ax^2 + b√x + 3 is not a polynomial because x has a fractional power (1/2) in the term
b√x

Depending on the number of terms a polynomial may be of different types

Monomial: A monomial consistes of only one term. With a condition that this term should be
non-zero.

Binomial: It consists of two terms . It is written as the sum or difference of two or more
monomials.

Trinomial: It is a polynomial that consists of three terms.

** How can you find out the degree of a polynomial expression ?

We find the degree of a polynomial expression using the following steps:

 Step 1: Combine the like terms of the polynomial expression.

 Step 2: Write the polynomial expression in the standard form.
 Step 3: Check and select the highest exponent.

The highest exponent of the expression gives the degree of the polynomial. Let's consider
the polynomial expression, 5x3 + 4x2 - x4 - 2x3 - 5x2 + x4. In this case, the expression can
be simplified as, 3x3 - x2. Here, the highest exponent corresponding to the polynomial
expression is 3. Hence, the degree of polynomial expression is 3.
 ** How many types of polynomials are there,. Define each / Define three
basic types of polynomials.

In the word Polynomial "poly" means many and "nomial" mean terms. Thus
Polynomial means many terms. A polynomial is made up of terms and each term has a
coefficient.

So the equation written in the form of polynomial that is with a minimum of two
numbers and at least one math operation is called Polynomial Expression.

There are 4 three basic types of polynomials :

Depending on the number of terms a polynomial may be of different types

Monomial: A monomial consistes of only one term. With a condition that this term should
be non-zero.

Binomial: It consists of two terms . It is written as the sum or difference of two or more
monomials.

Trinomial: It is a polynomial that consists of three terms.

** What is a quadratic equation ? /What are the properties of it ?

Quadratic equations are second-degree algebraic expressions. The term
"quadratic" comes from the Latin word "quadratus" meaning square, which refers to the
fact that the variable x is squared in the equation. In other words, a quadratic equation is an
“equation of degree 2.”

Its simple form is:

f (x)= ax2 + bx + c = 0. Or [ ax^2 +bx +c = 0]

where a and b are the Leading coefficients, x is the variable, and c is the
constant (absolute term)

Following points are important: / Properties:

1. Quadratic equations have maximum of two solutions.

These can be real or complex numbers.

2. These two solutions (values of x) are also called the roots of the quadratic
equations and are designated as Alpha and Beta (α, β).

3. The important condition for an equation to be a quadratic equation is

the coefficient of x2 is a non-zero term (a ≠ 0). [a is not equal to zero ]